Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The state of the art in the field of composite polymer bridges in Poland is presented below. Such bridges were built from 1999. Some of them are fully composite polymer structure. Others are developed as hybrid structure. There are two kind of structures: steel girders with FRP deck and FRP girders with concrete deck. Different production methods of FRP elements were used: pultrusion and infusion. Some bridges are the result of research programs, but there are also some commercial projects. Also, the short application history of FRP bridges all over the world is presented and material properties of the construction material are given in the paper. Those materials are much more lighter than steel or concrete. Low weight of FRP materials is an advantage but also disadvantage. It is good from structural and economical point of view because the dimensions of girders, piers and foundation will be smaller. From opposite side to light structure could cause problems related to response of structure against dynamic actions. As a final result the fatigue strength and durability will be reduced. Of course, the high cost of FRP (CFRP especially) limits at the moment range of application. The presented in the paper bridge structures show that despite of mentioned above problems they are now in good conditions and their future life looks optimistic. It could be supposed that modification and/or development of FRP production technologies more better utilizing their properties will create more elegant and useful bridges.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Chróścielewski J., Miśkiewicz M., Pyrzowski Ł, Wilde K., “Composite GFRP U-shaped footbridge”, Polish Maritime Research, Special Issue 2017 S1 (93) 2017 Vol. 24, pp. 25–31.
[2] Chróścielewski J., Miśkiewicz M., Pyrzowski Ł, Sobczyk B., Wilde K., “A novel sandwich footbridge – Practical application of laminated composites in bridge design and in situ measurements of static response”, Composites Part B Vol. 126, 2017, pp. 153–161.
[3] De Corte W., Jansseune A., Van Paepegem W., Peeters J., “Structural behaviour and robustness assessment of an InfraCore inside bridge deck specimen subjected to static and dynamic local loading”, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Composite Materials, Xi’an, 2017.
[4] Dong C.J., “Development of a process model for the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding simulation by the response surface method”, Composites: Part A Vol. 37, 2006, pp. 1316–1324.
[5] Grotte, B., Karwowski W., Mossakowski, P., Wróbel, M., Zobel, H., Żółtowski, P.: Steel, arch footbridge with composite polymer deck. „Wroclaw Bridge Days” - „Footbridges – Architecture, design, construction, research”. 29–30 November 2007, pp. 135–146.
[6] Grotte B., Karwowski W., Mossakowski P., Wróbel M., Zobel H., Żółtowski P., “Steel, arch footbridge with composite polymer deck with suspended composite polymer deck over S-11 highway nearby Kórnik”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo 1-2/2009, pp. 69–73.
[7] Karwowski W., “Material - structural conditions of joints in FRP bridges”, Ph. D. thesis, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 2011.
[8] Madaj A., “Composite polymer bridges. New structural solutions of bridge girders”, Mosty 3/2015, pp. 58-60.
[9] Mossakowski P., Wróbel M., Zobel H., Żółtowski P. ,Pedestrian steel arch bridge with composite polymer deck. IV International Conference on “Current and future trends in bridge design, construction and maintenance”. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. October 2005.
[10] Mylavarapu R., Patnaik A., Puli K., R. K., “Basalt FRP: A new FRP material for infrastructure market?”, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Montreal, 2004.
[11] Patnaik A., “Applications of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforcement for transportation infrastructure”. Developing a Research Agenda for Transportation Infrastructure, TRB November, 2009.
[12] Pilarczyk K., “Application of composite panels InfraCore inside bridge structures”, Mosty 5/ 2019, pp. 74–75.
[13] Siwowski T., Kaleta D., Rajchel M., “Structural behaviour of an all-composite road bridge”, Composite Structures 192: pp. 555–567, 2018.
[14] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., Własak L., “Experimental study on static and dynamic performance of a novel GFRP bridge girder”, Composite Structures Vol. 259, 2021.
[15] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., Kulpa M, “Design and field evaluation of a hybrid FRP composite – lightweight concrete road bridge”, Composite Structures, Vol. 230, 2019.
[16] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., “Structural performance of a hybrid FRP composite – lightweight concrete bridge girder”, Composites Part B Vol. 174, 2019.
[17] Wąchalski K., “The design of renovation and widening of the J. Piłsudskiego bridge across Vistula river in Toruń, Poland”, Mosty 1/2021, pp. 50–56, (in Polish).
[18] Zobel H., Karwowski W, Wróbel M., „GFRP pedestrianbridge”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo nr 2/2003, pp. 107–108, (in Polish).
[19] Zobel H., “Composite Polymer Bridges”, Proceedings of 50-tie Conference „Scientific and Research Problems in Civil Engineering”, Krynica 2004, Vol I, pp. 381–410 (in Polish).
[20] Zobel H., Grotte B., Karwowski W., Wasiliew P., Wrobel M., Zoltowski P.: Pedestrian steel arch bridge with composite polymer deck and CFRP stays. IABSE Symposium “Metropolitan Habitats and Infrastructure”. Shanghai, China. September 2004. pp. 88–89 + CD.
[21] Zobel H., Karwowski W., Bridge composite polymer decks. Inżynieria i Budownictwo 11/2005, pp. 594–598. (in Polish).
[22] PN-EN 13706-3: 2004 Composite polymers. Technical Specifications for the profiles produced with pultrusion method. Part 3: Detailed requirements.
[23] http://www.mdacomposites.org/, 2005.
[24] Information Materials of the Mostostal Warszawa S.A. “Com-bridge – construction of the FRP structure”, 2016.
[25] Report of the Research Project “Material and structural conditions for joints in bridge structures made of FRP profiles realized in the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology”. The project realized in 2005–2008 and financed by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science.
[26] https://fiberline.com/, 2021.
[27] https://www.kolbudy.pl, 2021.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Siwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
2
ORCID: ORCID
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Karwowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Architecture, ul. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-859 Rzeszow, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The subject of this paper is to analyse the climate change and its influence on the energy performance of building and indoor temperatures. The research was made on the example of the city of Kielce, Poland. It was was carried out basing on the Municipal Adaptive Plan for the city of Kielce and climate data from the Ministry of Investment and Development.The predicted, future parameters of the climate were estimated using the tool Weather Shift for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The analysis took into consideration the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for years 2035 and 2065, representing different greenhouse gas concentration trajectories. Scenario RCP4.5represents possible, additional radiative forcing of 4.5 W/m2 in 2100, and RCP8.5 an additional 8.5 W/m2. The calculated parameters included average month values of temperature and relative humidity of outdoor air, wind velocity and solar radiation. The results confirmed the increase of outdoor temperature in the following year. The values of relative humidity do not change significantly for the winter months, while in the summer months decrease is visible. No major changes were spotted in the level of solar radiation or wind speed. Based on the calculated parameters dynamic building modelling was carried out using the TRNSYS software. The methodology and results of the calculations will be presented in the second part of the paper.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] D. Burghila, C.-E. Bordun, M. Doru, N. Sarbu, A. Badea, and S. M. Cimpeanu, “Climate Change Effects – Where to Next?,” Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.107
[2] H. Kawase et al., “Changes in extremely heavy and light snow-cover winters due to global warming over high mountainous areas in central Japan,” Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-0322-x
[3] Z. Zhou et al., “Is the cold region in Northeast China still getting warmer under climate change impact?,” Atmos. Res., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104864
[4] J. Hansen, M. Sato, R. Ruedy, K. Lo, D. W. Lea, and M. Medina-Elizade, “Global temperature change,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606291103
[5] Z. W. Kundzewicz et al., “Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives,” Hydrol. Sci. J., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.857411
[6] L. Gu et al., “Projected increases in magnitude and socioeconomic exposure of global droughts in 1.5 and 2 °C warmer climates,” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-451-2020
[7] M. Kocsis, A. Dunai, A. Makó, A. Farsang, and J. Mészáros, “Estimation of the drought sensitivity of Hungarian soils based on corn yield responses,” J. Maps, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1709576
[8] E. M. Blyth, A. Martínez-de la Torre, and E. L. Robinson, “Trends in evapotranspiration and its drivers in Great Britain: 1961 to 2015,” Prog. Phys. Geogr., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133319841891
[9] V. Diaz, G. A. Corzo Perez, H. A. J. Van Lanen, D. Solomatine, and E. A. Varouchakis, “Characterisation of the dynamics of past droughts,” Sci. Total Environ., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134588
[10] J. Ma et al., “The Characteristics of Climate Change and Adaptability Assessment of Migratory Bird Habitats in Wolonghu Wetlands,” Wetlands, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1068-8
[11] R. Bhambri et al., “The hazardous 2017–2019 surge and river damming by Shispare Glacier, Karakoram,” Sci. Rep., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61277-8
[12] D. Parkes and B. Marzeion, “Twentieth-century contribution to sea-level rise from uncharted glaciers,” Nature. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0687-9
[13] M. Zemp et al., “Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016,” Nature. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0
[14] A. F. S. Ribeiro, A. Russo, C. M. Gouveia, P. Páscoa, and C. A. L. Pires, “Probabilistic modelling of the dependence between rainfed crops and drought hazard,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-37
[15] T. Frederikse et al., “Antarctic Ice Sheet and emission scenario controls on 21st-century extreme sea-level changes,” Nat. Commun., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14049-6
[16] A. Di Luca, R. de Elía, M. Bador, and D. Argüeso, “Contribution of mean climate to hot temperature extremes for present and future climates,” Weather Clim. Extrem., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WACE.2020.100255
[17] T. F. Stocker et al., Climate change 2013 the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2013.
[18] S. Schaphoff, U. Heyder, S. Ostberg, D. Gerten, J. Heinke, and W. Lucht, “Contribution of permafrost soils to the global carbon budget,” Environ. Res. Lett., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014026
[19] D. M. Lawrence, C. D. Koven, S. C. Swenson, W. J. Riley, and A. G. Slater, “Permafrost thaw and resulting soil moisture changes regulate projected high-latitude CO2 and CH4 emissions,” Environ. Res. Lett., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094011
[20] S. T. Ngai et al., “Future projections of Malaysia daily precipitation characteristics using bias correction technique,” Atmos. Res., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104926
[21] B. E. Berglund, “Human impact and climate changes - Synchronous events and a causal link?,” Quat. Int., 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00144-1
[22] C. K. Folland et al., “Global temperature change and its uncertainties since 1861,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL012877
[23] A. Goliger et al., “Comparative study between poland and south africa wind climates, the related damage and implications of adopting the eurocode for wind action on buildings,” Arch. Civ. Eng., 2013, https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0003
[24] T. Skoczkowski, S. Bielecki, A. Węglarz, M. Włodarczak, and P. Gutowski, “Impact assessment of climate policy on Poland’s power sector,” Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-018-9786-z
[25] A. Miszczuk, “Influence of air tightness of the building on its energy-efficiency in single-family buildings in Poland,” in MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 117, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201711700120
[26] S. Firlag, “Wpływ rodzaju systemu ogrzewczego na komfort cieplny i zużycie energii w jednorodzinnych budynkach pasywnych,” Czas. Tech., vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 49–57, 2010.
[27] Sotiris Vardoulakis, Chrysanthi Dimitroulopoulou, John Thornes, Ka-Man Lai, Jonathon Taylor, Isabella Myers, Clare Heaviside, Anna Mavrogianni, Clive Shrubsole, Zaid Chalabi, Michael Davies, Paul Wilkinson, Impact of climate change on the domestic indoor environment and associated health risks in the UK, Environment International, Volume 85, 2015, Pages 299–313, ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.010
[28] Mancini F, Lo Basso G. How Climate Change Affects the Building Energy Consumptions Due to Cooling, Heating, and Electricity Demands of Italian Residential Sector. Energies. 2020; 13(2): p. 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020410
[29] Stagrum, A.E.; Andenæs, E.; Kvande, T.; Lohne, J. Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Buildings – A Scoping Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051721
[30] I. Szer, E. Błazik-Borowa, and J. Szer, “The Influence of Environmental Factors on Employee Comfort Based on an Example of Location Temperature,” Arch. Civ. Eng., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0035
[31] Knera D, Heim D. Application of a BIPV to cover net energy use of the adjacent office room. Manag Environ Qual An Int J 2016;27:649–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-05-2015-0104
[32] Wieprzkowicz A, Heim D. Energy performance of dynamic thermal insulation built in the experimental façade system. Manag Environ Qual 2016;27. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-05-2015-0097
[33] Barecka MH, Zbicinski I, Heim D. Environmental, energy and economic aspects in a zero-emission façade system design. Manag Environ Qual An Int J 2016;27:708–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-05-2015-0105
[34] Firląg S, Piasecki M. NZEB Renovation Definition in a Heating Dominated Climate: Case Study of Poland. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(9):1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091605
[35] M. Kuśmierz, A., Hajto, M., Kacprzyk, W., Lisowska-Mieszkowska, E., Pawlak, J., Rymwid-Mickiewicz, K., Śnieżek, T., Grzegorczyk, I., Gorczyński, C., Kacprzyk, K., Borzyszkowski, J., Kamiński, Plan Adaptacji do zmian klimatu Miasta Kielce do roku 2030. Kielce, Warszawa, 2018.
[36] S. C. Maberly et al., “Global lake thermal regions shift under climate change,” Nat. Commun., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15108-z
[37] Ministry of Investment and Development, Typical meteorological years and statistical climate data for energy calculations of buildings. Warsaw, 2018
[38] A. D. McGuire et al., “Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719903115
[39] K. Riahi, A. Grübler, and N. Nakicenovic, “Scenarios of long-term socio-economic and environmental development under climate stabilization,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2006.05.026
[40] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Towards new scenarios for analysis of emissions, climate change, impacts, and response strategies. IPCC Expert Meeting Report on New Scenarios. Noordwijkerhout, 2008.
[41] J. Wibig, “Heat waves in Poland in the period 1951–2015: trends, patterns and driving factors”, Meteorol. Hydrol. Water Manag., 2017, https://doi.org/10.26491/mhwm/78420
[42] A. Krzyżewska and J. Dyer, “The August 2015 mega-heatwave in Poland in the context of past events”, Weather, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3244
[43] S. Russo, J. Sillmann, and E. M. Fischer, “Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades”, Environ. Res. Lett., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Firląg
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Miszczuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Witkowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Na Grobli 15, 50-421 Wrocław, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In this study, we tried to understand the horizontal bearing performances of step-tapered piles using numerical simulations. The influence of the geometric parameters, e.g. the diameter ( D) and the distance (L), and the length ( H) of the pile were considered, and the soil distribution imposed on the horizontal bearing capacity of the piles was simulated. Numerical results show that when the other geometrical parameters of step-tapered piles are kept unchanged: (a) the increasing diameter ( D) of the enlarged upper part of step-tapered piles improves the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of step-tapered piles; (b) reduced distance ( L) improves the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of the step-tapered piles; (c) Increasing length ( H) of the enlarged upper part of steptapered piles increases the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity; (d) the reduced length ( H) decreases the bending moment of the pile body. Higher soil strength surrounding the enlarged upper part of step-tapered piles can increase the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of step-tapered piles. The change of soil strengths at the end of the step-tapered piles does not influence the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of step-tapered piles.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] M. Ghazavi, O. Tavasoli, “Characteristics of non-uniform cross-section piles in drivability”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 43: pp. 287–299, 2012.
[2] A.M. Rybnikov, “Experimental investigations of bearing capacity of bored-cast-in-place tapered piles”, Foundation Engineering 43: pp. 48–52, 1990.
[3] K.K. Jayantha, D.M. Ian, “Axial response of tapered piles in cohesive frictional ground”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 119: pp. 675–693, 1993.
[4] M. Sakr, M.H. El Naggar, M. Nehdi, “Wave equation analyses of tapered FRP–concrete piles in dense sand”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 27: pp. 166–182, 2007.
[5] J.H. Lee, K.H. Paik, D.H. Kim, S.H. Hwang, “Estimation of axial load capacity for bored tapered piles using CPT results in sand”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135: pp. 1284–1294, 2009.
[6] Y.G. Zhan, H. Wang, “Numerical study on load capacity behavior of tapered pile foundations”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 17: pp. 1969–1980, 2012.
[7] G.Q. Kong, H. Zhou, H.L. Liu, X.M. Ding, R. Liang, “A simplified approach for negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge”, Journal of Central South University of Technology, 21: pp. 3648–3655, 2014.
[8] N. Hataf, A. Shafaghat, “Optimizing the bearing capacity of tapered piles in realistic scale using 3D finite element method”, Geotech Geol Eng 33: pp. 1465–1473, 2015.
[9] F.I. Nabil, “Behavior of step tapered bored piles in sand under static lateral loading”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136: pp. 669–676, 2010.
[10] Y.R. Lv, H.L. Liu, X.M. Ding, G.Q. Kong, “Field tests on bearing characteristics of x-section pile composite foundation”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 26: pp. 180–189, 2012.
[11] L.X. Xiong, H.J. Chen, “A numerical study and simulation of vertical bearing performance of step-tapered pile under vertical and horizontal loads”, Indian Geotech J 50: pp. 383–409, 2020.
[12] N.F. Ismael, “A behavior of laterally loaded bored piles in cemented sands”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 116: pp. 1678–1699, 1990.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Liangxiao Xiong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haijun Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhongyuan Xu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Changheng Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
  2. Geotechnical Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210029, PR China
  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, DE 19716, United States
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The overall efficiency of a construction of a deep excavation urban project does not depend only on the duration of the construction but also on its influence on the urban environment and the traffic [9, 10]. These two things depend greatly on the excavation method and the construction stages defined during the design process. This paper describes the construction stages of three metro stations (two stations in Warsaw and one in Paris) and discusses their advantages and disadvantages including among other things its impact on neighbouring infrastructure and the city’s traffic. An important conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the shape of the slabs used can considerably affect the design and the construction stages. For example, a vaulted top slab allows an almost immediate traffic restoration and a vaulted bottom raft allows a much shorter dewatering period.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] A. Stańczyk, “Doświadczenia z budowy stacji metra "Ratusz" i "Marymont" w Warszawie”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 5, pp. 244–247, 2008.
[2] Daktera, T., Bourgeois, E., Schmitt, P., Jeanmaire, T., Delva, L., & Priol, G., “Design of deep supported excavations: comparison between real behavior and predictions based on the subgrade coefficient method”, Proceedings of the XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 2608–2615, 2019.
[3] Daktera T. “Amélioration des méthodes de calcul des écrans de soutènement à partir du retour d'expérience de grands travaux récents » PhD Thesis, Univ Gustave Eiffel, (to be published) 2020.
[4] M. Graff, “Subway in Warsaw”, Transport systems, 12, pp. 25–35, 2018.
[5] K.F. Unrug, “Shaft design criteria”, International Journal of Mining Engineering, 2, 141–155, 1984.
[6] ILF CONSULTING ENGINEERS, “Design and construction of the underground line II from “Rondo Daszyńskiego” station to the “DworzecWileński” station in Warsaw”, 2010.
[7] M. Mitew-Czajewska, “Geotechnical investigation and static analysis of deep excavation walls – a case study of metro station construction in Warsaw”, Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. – SGGW, Land Reclam. 47 (2), pp. 163–171, 2015. http://doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2015-0022
[8] A. Sieminska-Lewandowska, “Budowa obiektu a obudowa wykopu – niełatwe zależności”, Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, marzec kwiecień, pp. 64–71, 2010.
[9] A. Siemińska-Lewandowska, “Głębokie wykopy. Projektowanie i wykonawstwo.”, WKŁ, Warszawa, 2010.
[10] G. Kacprzak, S. Bodus, “The modelling of excavation protection in a highly urbanised environment”, Technical Transactions, Vol. 1, pp. 133–142, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.009.10049
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kacprzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Daktera
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Stańczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Tomczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seweryn Bodus
3
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Werle
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Soletanche Bachy International 280 Avenue Napoléon Bonaparte, 92500 Rueil Malmaison, France
  3. Warbud S.A.
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents analysis of effect of structural soil backfill parameters on load capacity of culvert made as buried flexible steel structure. The work is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to the assumptions of the Sundquist-Pettersson method. The principles of the analysis of the structure in terms of ultimate limit strength, serviceability and fatigue in permanent and temporary calculation situations are described. The second part presents a design example of a soil steel composite bridge in the form of a closed profile culvert made of MulitiPlate-type corrugated sheet. The static and strength calculations were conducted according to the Sundquist-Pettersson method and the guidelines presented in the Eurocodes. According to the guidelines, the value of the backfill tangent modulus was determined using the simplified (A) and precise (B) methods. It was found that the modulus values determined by the simplified method were about three times lower than for the exact method, leading to very conservative, uneconomical results. The structural calculations using the tangent modulus determined by the simplified method, indicated that the load capacity of the structure was exceeded, regardless of the thickness of the backfill used (in the range from 0.5 to 5 m). The use of the tangent modulus determined using the precise method resulted in a significant reduction in stress to bearing capacity ratio of analysed parameters. Similar reduction was observed with the increase in the thickness of the backfill.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Cz. Machelski, “Modeling of soil–steel composite bridges” [in Polish], 1nd ed., Dolnośląskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne, Wrocław, 2008.
[2] A. Wysokowski and L. Janusz, “Soil steel composite bridges. Laboratory destructive testing. Failures during construction and operation” [in Polish], in Proceedings of Conference XXIII Konferencja Naukowo – Techniczna Awarie Budowlane – 23rd International Conference on Structural Failures, Szczecin-Międzyzdroje, 2007, pp. 541–550.
[3] A. Wysokowski and J. Vaslestadt, “Full scale fatigue testing of large-diameter multi-plate corrugated steel culverts”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 31–57, 2002.
[4] A. Wysokowski, J. Vaslestad and A. Pryga, “Fatigue resistance of modern corrugated steel culverts” [in Polish], Konstrukcje Stalowe, no. 5, pp. 45–47, 2000.
[5] A. Wysokowski and J. Howis, “Operational durability of steel soil-shell structures as ecological bridges” [in Polish], in Proceedings of Conference XXVII Konferencja Naukowo – Techniczna Awarie Budowlane – 27th International Conference on Structural Failures, Szczecin-Międzyzdroje, 2017, pp. 879–890.
[6] D. Bęben, “Soil-steel bridge structures design problems and construction faults” [in Polish], Drogownictwo, no. 3, pp. 74–79, 2013.
[7] Cz. Machelski, L. Korusiewicz, “Deformation of buried corrugated metal box structure under railway load”, Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, vol. 16, no. 3: pp. 191–201, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.017.013
[8] Cz. Machelski, “Steel plate curvatures of soil-steel structures during construction and exploitation”, Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 207–220, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.016.013
[9] L. Korusiewicz, “Verification of the method of estimating bending moments in soil-shell structures on the basis of shell deformation”, Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 221–230, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.016.014
[10] J. Howis and A. Wysokowski, “Culverts in the communication infrastructure – part 9. Methods for calculating culverts – part III. New calculation methods" [in Polish], Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, no. 5, pp. 72–81, 2010.
[11] L. Pettersson and H. Sundquist, “Design of soil steel composite bridges”, Trita-BKN, Report 112, 5th Edition, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Structural Design and Bridges, Stockholm, Sweden, 2014.
[12] PN-EN 1997-1:2008. Projektowanie geotechniczne. Część 1: Zasady ogólne.
[13] PN-EN 1997-2:2009. Projektowanie geotechniczne. Część 2: Rozpoznanie i badanie podłoża gruntowego.
[14] L. Janusz and A. Madaj, “Engineering objects made of corrugated sheets. Design and construction” [in Polish], 1nd ed., Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa, 2007.
[15] W. Rowińska, A. Wysokowski and A. Pryga, “Design and technological recommendations for engineering structures made of corrugated sheets” [in Polish], 1nd ed., Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad, IBDiM, Żmigród, 2004.
[16] D. Bęben, “Soil-steel bridges. Design, maintenance and durability”, 1nd ed., Springer, Cham, 2020.
[17] A. Wysokowski and J. Howis, “Culverts in the communication infrastructure – part 1” [in Polish], Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, no. 2, pp. 52–56, 2008.
[18] L. Pettersson, “Full scale tests and structural evaluation of soil steel flexible culverts with low height of cover”, PhD Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Structural Design and Bridges, Stockholm, Sweden, 2007.
[19] PN-EN 1993-1-1:2006. Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych. Część 1–1: Reguły ogólne i reguły dla budynków.
[20] L. Pettersson, “Design of soil steel composite bridges according to the Eurocode”, Archives of Institute of Civil Engineering, no. 12, pp. 21–25, 2012.
[21] PN-EN 1993-1-8:2008. Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych. Część 1–8: Projektowanie węzłów.
[22] PN-EN 1991-2:2007. Oddziaływania na konstrukcje. Część 2: Obciążenia ruchome mostów.
[23] PN-EN 1993-1-9:2008. Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych. Część 1–9: Zmęczenie.
[24] PN-EN 1993-2:2007. Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych. Część 2: Mosty stalowe.
[25] www.viacon.pl (access: November 6, 2020).
[26] PN-EN 1990:2004. Podstawy projektowania konstrukcji.
[27] P. G. Kossakowski, “Fatigue Strength of an Over One Hundred Year Old Railway Bridge”, Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 166–173, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2013.21
[28] P. G. Kossakowski, “Influence of Initial Porosity on Strength Properties of S235JR Steel at Low Stress Triaxiality”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 293–308, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-012-0017-9
[29] P. G. Kossakowski, “Experimental Determination of the Void Volume Fraction For S235JR Steel at Failure in the Range of High Stress Triaxialities”, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 167–172, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0023
[30] P. G. Kossakowski, “Analysis of the Void Volume Fraction For S235JR Steel at Failure for Low Initial Stress Triaxiality”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 101–115, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0007
[31] P. G. Kossakowski, “Application of Damage Mechanics for Prediction of Failure of Structural Materials and Elements”, DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering, pp. 62–72, 2020. https://doi.org/10.12783/dtcse/msam2020/34228
[32] E. Bernatowska, “Numerical Simulations of Ductile Fracture in Steel Angle Tension Members Connected with Bolts”, Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 32–54, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0018
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bakalarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kossakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiktor Wciślik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

A comprehensive assessment of buildings in accordance with the concept of sustainable development requires their analysis in three economic, environmental and social aspects. J It is a multi-criteria assessment, which takes into account many factors and their significance for the purpose of this assessment. Due to the complexity of this assessment, it can be performed due to a particular aspect, and the result obtained is a component of the global quality indicator as an additive function. The article presents the results of research conducted in large-panel buildings (LPB) enabling their assessment due to the social aspect. It is particularly important in the assessment of residential buildings, and the existing large resources of LPB are the basis for choosing them for such assessment According to the PN-EN 16309 + A1: 2014-12 standard, during conducting a social assessment of buildings, six main categories should be taken into account, which include: accessibility, adaptability, health and comfort, impact on the neighborhood, maintenance and maintainability, safety and security. The presented data was obtained as a result of the analysis of the features of selected buildings from the “large panel” located in housing estates in Cracow and Jędrzejów using a computer application. It is based on a mathematical model that was developed as part of a doctoral dissertation.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] L. Runkiewicz, B. Szudrowicz, H. Prejzner, R. Geryło, J. Szulc and J. Sieczkowski, “Diagnostics and modernization of large-panel buildings”. Vol. 1 and Part 2, Przegląd budowlany, 7–8, 9 2014.
[2] J. Sieczkowski and J. Szulc, “Three-layer walls in large-panel buildings,” Inżynier budownictwa, 10 2019.
[3] M. Wójtowicz, “Possibility of failure of the outer walls of multi-panel buildings - a real problem or a media sensation,” in XXV Konferencja Naukowo-Techniczna „Awarie Budowlane”, Szczecin-Międzyzdroje, 2011.
[4] M. Wójtowicz, “Durability of large-panel buildings in the light of research,” in XIII Konferencja naukowo-techniczna. Warsztat Pracy rzeczoznawcy budowlanego, Cedzyna, 2014.
[5] J. Szulc, “General technical condition of large-panel buildings in the aspect of historical systemic irregularities,” IZOLACJE, http://www.izolacje.com.pl/artykul/id2763,ogolny-stan-techniczny-budynkow-wielkoplytowych-w-aspekcie-historycznych-nieprawidlowosci-systemowych?p=4, 08.04.2019.
[6] A. Radziejowska, A method of assessing the social performance of residential buildings in the aspect of sustainable construction, Cracow, 2018.
[7] D. Walach, J. Sagan and M. Gicala, “Assessment of Material Solutions of Multi-level Garage Structure Within Integrated Life Cycle Design Process,” IOP Conference Series-Materials Science and Engineering. Volume: 245, 2017.
[8] A. Ajdukiewicz, “Aspects of durability and impact on environment in design of concrete structures,” Przeglad budowlany, pp. 20–29, 2 2011.
[9] A. Wodyński, Technical wear of buildings in mining areas, Kraków: Uczelniane Wydaw. Nauk.-Dydakt. AGH im. S. Staszica, 2007.
[10] J. Arendalski, Durability and reliability of residential buildings, Warszawa: Arkady, 1978.
[11] Knyziak, “A proposal for a new method for determining the technical wear of buildings,” in Problemy naukowo-badawcze budownictwa, Białystok, 2008.
[12] W. Drozd, “Methods of evaluation of technical condition of buildings in the aspect of their practical use,” Przegląd budowlany, pp. 43–47, 4 2017.
[13] E. Marcinkowska and P. Urbański, “Assessment of the technical degree of wear of residential buildings using artificial neural networks,” Ekologia w inżynierii procesów budowlanych. Konferencja naukowa, Lublin-Kazimierz Dolny, pp. 319–325, 21–24 5 1998.
[14] L. Miks, M. Radim, V. Mencl and J. Kosulic, “Assessment of the technical condition of older urban buildings as a base for recontruction proposal,” Slovac Journal of Civil Enginering, pp. 30–34, 2004.
[15] P. Knyziak, Analysis of the technical condition of prefabricated residential buildings using artificial neural networks, Warszawa, 2007.
[16] J. Rusek, Modeling the degree of technical wear of buildings in mining areas using selected methods of artificial intelligence, Kraków, 2010.
[17] P. E. O. PEO, “Structural Condition Assessments of Existing Buidlings and Designated Structures Guideline,” 11 2016 . [Online]. Available: http://www.peo.on.ca/index.php/ci_id/31399/la_id/1.htm
[18] J. Jaskowska-Lemańska, D. Wałach and J. Sagan, “Technical condition assessment of historical buildings – flowchart development,” INFRASTRUCTURE AND ECOLOGY OF RURAL AREAS, http://dx.doi.org/10.14597/infraeco.2016.4.4.132
[19] B. Nowogońska, "Method for predicting the technical condition of a residential building," Materiały budowlane, 8 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0020
[20] P. Urbański, “Assessment of the degree of technical wear of a selected group of residential buildings using artificial neural networks,” in Zastosowania metod statystycznych w badaniach naukowych II, Kraków, 2003.
[21] No. 305 UE, Regulation No. 305/2011, 2011.
[22] Dz. U. Nr 75, Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure on technical conditions to be met by buildings and their location, 2002, p. 6.
[23] EN 15643-1, Sustainability of buildings - Assessment of building sustainability – Part 1: General principles, 2011.
[24] ISO 15392, Sustainability in building construction — General principles, 2008.
[25] J. Konior, The impact of housing maintenance on the degree of wear of elements, 1997.
[26] D. Caccavelli and G. H., “TOBUS - an European diagnosis and decision making tool for Office building upgrading Energy and Building,” 2002. [Online]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00100-1.
[27] B. Nowogońska, Selected factors determining the programming of renovation activities of buildings made in traditional technology, Zielonagóra, 2003.
[28] A. Kaklauskas, E. Zavadskas and S. Raslanas, “Mulivariant design and multiple criteria analysis of building refurbishemnt,” Energy and Buildings, pp. 361–372, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.07.005.
[29] T. Kasprowicz, “Identification analysis of the exploitation of building objects,” in Polish construction a year after joining the European Union. Selected technological and organizational problems, Gdańsk, 2005.
[30] T. Truchanowicz, “The concept of methods for identifying the state of use of a building,” Prace Naukowe Instytutu Budownictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały Vol. 87, nr 18, pp. 353–360, 2006.
[31] M. Starzec, “Programming the operation of residential buildings. Problems of preparation and implementation of construction investments,” Puławy, 2008.
[32] M. Prystupa, “Hierarchy of legal and methodological conditions in the real estate valuation process,” Rzeczoznawca majątkowy, pp. 8–12, marzec 2013.
[33] Z. Orłowski and A. Radziejowska, “Model for assessing the utility properties of a building,” in Conference: People, Buildings And Environment, Kromeriz, 2014.
[34] A. Ostańska, “Revitalization programs of settlements with prefabricated buildings in Europe, a contribution to the development of Polish programs,” Przegląd budowlany, 3 2010.
[35] A. Ostańska, „Social research as a contribution to improving the built environment,” in Badania Interdyscyplinarne w Architekturze 1”, tom 1 „Problemy jakości środowiska w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju”, Gliwice, Wydział Architektury Politechniki Śląskiej, 2015, pp. 227–237.
[36] R. Bucoń, Decision model for the selection of variants for renovation or reconstruction of residential buildings, Lublin, 2017.
[37] E. Bolewińska, Engineering thesis: Social assessment of buildings from a large slab, 2019.
[38] K. Firek and J. Dębowski, “Influence of the mining effects on the technical state of the panel housing,” Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura, pp. 275–280, 2007.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Radziejowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Sobotka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the comparison of dynamic modulus and phase lag in different loading conditions for asphalt concrete mixture with or without reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS) addition. For each mixture, 6 samples were tested using the four point bending beam method, at four temperatures and at six frequencies. The results of the study were subjected to the analysis of the statistical significance of differences between mixtures. The graphic form of results presentation includes Black curves and Cole-Cole plots. Then, matching the sigmoidal functions enabled the creation of master curves of the complex stiffness module and the phase shift angle, being a function of the load frequency. It has been observed that the mixture with the addition of RAS has higher stiffness and elasticity in the range of higher temperatures (20°C and 30°C) and lower load frequencies, which results in higher values of the complex stiffness module and lower values of the phase lag. At 0°C, the behavior of both mixtures is very similar, while at 10°C significant differences between the tested mixtures were found only for low frequency loads (up to 5 Hz). Test results have shown that mixtures with the addition of RAS have a lower thermal sensitivity in terms of the complex stiffness modulus and phase lag than the reference mixture. The above results confirmed an improvement in rutting resistance for RAS mixes observed in previous work.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Pouranian M. R., Shishehbor M., “Sustainability Assessment of Green Asphalt Mixtures: A Review”, Environments 2019, 6, 73, p. 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060073
[2] Williams R.C., Cascione A., Yu J., Haugen D., Marasteanu M., McGraw J., “Performance of recycled asphalt shingles in hot mix asphalt”, Institute for Transportation and Iowa State University, August 2013.
[3] J.J. Foxlow, J.S. Daniel, A.K. Swamy, ”RAP or RAS? The differences in performance of HMA containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and reclaimed asphalt shingles”, Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Volume 80, pp 347–376, 2011.
[4] Barry K., Daniel J. S., Foxlow J., Gray K., “An evaluation of reclaimed asphalt shingles in hot mix asphalt by varying sources and quantity of reclaimed asphalt shingles”, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2014, pp. 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.861765
[5] H. Baaj, M. Ech, N. Tapsoba, C. Sauzeat, H. Di Benedetto, “Thermomechanical characterization of asphalt Mixtures modified with high contents of asphalt shingle modifier (ASM®) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)”, Materials and Structures, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0015-7
[6] Zhou F., Li H., Hu S., Button J.W., Epps J.A., ”Characterization and best use of recycled asphalt shingles in hot-mix asphalt”, Report No. FHWA/TX-13/0-6614-2, TEXAS A&M TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE, USA, 2013, p. 107.
[7] J. Darnell, C.A. Bell, ”Performance based selection of RAP/RAS in asphalt mixtures”, Report No. FHWA/OR-RD-16-08, Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Washington, USA, p. 107, 2015.
[8] Jaczewski M., Judycki J., Jaskuła P., „Lepkoplastyczne modelowanie mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych przy długim czasie obciążenia za pomocą krzywych wiodących i jego ograniczenia”, Drogownictwo, 10/2015, pp. 336–340.
[9] P. Zieliński, “Study of the possibility of increasing manufacture waste asphalt shingles additive to hot mix asphalt”, 18 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2018, Volume 18, 2018, pp. 191–198. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/4.2/S18.025
[10] PN-EN 12697-33 „Mieszanki mineralno-asfaltowe. Metody badań mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych na gorąco”. Część 33: Przygotowanie próbek zagęszczanych urządzeniem wałującym.
[11] PN-EN 12697-26 „Mieszanki mineralno-asfaltowe. Metody badań mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych na gorąco”. Część 26: Sztywność.
[12] Computer Program Statgraphics Plus v. 5.1, A Manugistics Inc. Product, Rockville, MD USA, 2000,
[13] R. Bonaquist, “NCHRP Report 614 Refining the Simple Performance Tester for Use In Routine Practice”, Project 9–29, Transportation Research Board, Washington 2008. https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/14158
[14] źródło internetowe, https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/docs/NCHRP09-29_mastersolver2-2.xls, dostęp: 25.03.2019r.
[15] M. Jaczewski, Ł. Mejłun, „Wyznaczanie parametrów lepkosprężystego modelu Burgersa mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych na podstawie badania pod obciążeniem dynamicznym”, Drogownictwo, 11/2013, pp. 344–348.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Zieliński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The cost estimation at the pre-project stage provides an important decision-making indicator for the future of the project. With a preliminary cost estimation, project participants can make financial decisions and cost control. The aim of this paper is to propose a model for estimating the costs of facade systems before the pre-design stage, using the GAM (Generalized Additive Model) method. The commonly used method for the valuation of facade systems is based on individual calculation. Such valuation process is complicated and time consuming. For this reason the search for a new forecasting method is justified. The database developed for modelling purposes includes 61 cases of real costs of system façade execution for public buildings. Each case is described by 16 parameters (namely, input variables). The average absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to assess the model, which takes the value of 14,26% for the generalized model with a logarithmic binding function and 11.77% for the model with an identity binding function. On the basis of the studies and the results obtained, it can be concluded that the constructed model is useful and can improve the process of forecasting system façade costs at the pre-projection stage.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] D. A. Aczel, “Statystyka w Zarządzaniu”, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2017.
[2] H. Anysz, „Managing Delays in Construction Projects Aiming at Cost Overrun Minimization”, In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 603, No. 3, 2004, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032004
[3] A. Belusic, I. Herceg-Bulic, Z. Bencetic Klaic, “Using a generalized additive model to quantify the influence of local meterology on air quality in Zagreb”, Geofizyka, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 47–77, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15233/gfz.2015.32.5
[4] K. Coussement, D. F. Benoit, D. Van den Poel, “Improved marketing decision making in a customer churn prediction context using generalized additive models”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 2132–2143, 2009.
[5] M. S. El-Abbasy, t. Zayed, “Generic scheduling optimization model for multiple construction projects”, Journal of computing in civil engineering, Vol. 31, No. 4, 04017003, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000659
[6] M. Górka, „Use of aluminium and glass facades in urban architecture”, Budownictwo i Architektura, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 29–40, 2019. https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.586
[7] T. J. Hastii, R. J. Tibshirani, „Generalized Additive Models”, Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs on Statistics & Applied Probability, 1990.
[8] M. Juszczyk, “Residential buildings conceptual cost estimates with the use of support vector regression”, In MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 196, 04090, 2018.
[9] M. Juszczyk, K. Zima, W. Lelek, „Forecasting of sports fields construction costs aided by ensembles of neural networks”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 715–729, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.10534
[10] P. Kamble, N. Sanadi, “Optimization of Time and Cost of Building Construction using Fast Tracking Method of Scheduling”, Optimization, Vol. 6, No. 07, 2019.
[11] O. Kapliński, “Problematyka inżynierii przedsięwzięć budowlanych na konferencjach krynickich 2017 i 2018”, Przegląd Budowlany, 89, 2018.
[12] T. Kasprowicz, „Inżynieria przedsięwzięć budowlanych. Metody i modele w Inżynierii przedsięwzięć budowlanych”, Pr. zb. pod red. Kapliński Oleg, PAN KILiW, IPPT, 2007.
[13] M. Kozlovska, M. Spisakova, D. Mackova, „Identifying the construction waste types relating to modern methods of construction”, Book Series: International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM, pp. 129–136, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5593/SGEM2016/B62/S26.018
[14] M. Krzemiński, “Optimization of work schedules executed using the flow shop model, assuming multitasking performed by work crews”, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 3–19, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0037
[15] A. Kylili, P.A. Fokaides, “Policy trends for the sustainability assessment of construction materials: A review”, Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 35, pp. 280–288, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.013
[16] A. Leśniak, M. Górka, “Analysis of the cost structure of aluminum and glass facades”, In Advances and Trends in Engineering Sciences and Technologies III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences and Technologies (ESaT 2018), CRC Press, 445, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429021596-70
[17] A. Leśniak, M. Górka, D. Wieczorek, „Identification of factors shaping tender prices for lightweight”, Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 2, pp. 171–182, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2019.28.2.16
[18] A. Leśniak, F. Janowiec. “Risk Assessment of Additional Works in Railway Construction Investments Using the Bayes Network”, Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 19, pp. 53–88, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195388
[19] A. Leśniak, M. Juszczyk, “Prediction of site overhead costs with the use of artificial neural network based model”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 973–982, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.01.014
[20] A. Leśniak, M. Juszczyk, G. Piskorz, „Modelling Delays in Bridge Construction Projects Based on the Logit and Probit Regression”, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 107–120, 2019. http://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0022
[21] A. Leśniak, K. Zima, „Cost calculation of construction projects including sustainability factors using the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method”, Sustainability, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1608, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051608
[22] P. Mccullagh, J.A. Nelder, “Generalized Linear models”, Chapman and Hall, 1989.
[23] M. Mrówczyńska, M. Sztubecka, M. Skiba, A. Bazan-Krzywoszańska, P. Bejga, „The Use of Artificial Intelligence as a Tool Supporting Sustainable Development Local Policy”, Sustainbility, Vol. 11, No. 15, 4199, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154199
[24] T. Nivea, T. Anu V, “Regression modelling for prediction of construction cost and duration”, In: Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publications, pp. 195–199, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.857.195
[25] B. Nowogońska, J. Korentz, “Value of Technical Wear and Costs of Restoring Performance Characteristics to Residential Buildings”, Buildings, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 2075–5309, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010009
[26] A. Oke, C. Aigbavboa, E. Dlamini, “Factors Affecting Quality of Construction Projects in Swazilland”, In Conference: Conference: 9th International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century, At Dubai, UAE, 2017.
[27] A. Panwar, K.N. Jha, “A many-objective optimization model for construction scheduling”, Construction management and economics, Vo. 37, No. 12, pp. 727–739, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2019.1590615
[28] Z. Rachid, B. Toufik, B. Mohammed, “Causes of schedule delays in construction projects in Algeria”, International Journal of Construction Management, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 371–381, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1435234
[29] M. Rogalska, “Prognozowanie rzeczywistego zużycia mieszanki betonowej do wykonania ścian szczelinowych metodą uogólnionych modeli addytywnych GAM”, Materiały Budowalne, Vol. 6, pp. 88–89, 2016.
[30] M. Rogalska, „Wieloczynnikowe modele w prognozowaniu czasu procesów budowlanych”, Politechnika Lubelska, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15199/33.2016.06.38
[31] M. Rogalska, P. Wolski, „Prognozowanie ceny 1m2 mieszkania na rynku pierwotnym w warszawie metodą uogólnionych modeli addytywnych”, Logistyka, Vol. 6, pp. 9101–9110, 2014.
[32] M. Saeedi, “Study the Effects of Constructions New Techniques and Technologies on Time, Cost and Quality of Construction Projects from the Perspective of Construction Management”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 61–76, 2017.
[33] S.S. Shaikh, M.M. Darade, “Key performance indicator for measuring and improving quality of construction projects”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 2133–2139, 2017.
[34] D. Skorupka, A. Duchaczek, M. Kowacka, P. Zagrodnik, „Quantification of geodetic risk factors occurring at the construction project preparation stage”, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 195–200, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0039
[35] M. Sztubecka, M. Skiba, M. Mrówczyńska, A. Bazan-Krzywoszańska, „An Innovative Decision Support System to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Buildings in Urban Areas”, Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, No. 2, 259, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020259
[36] Y. Wang, B. Yu, J. Wei, F. Li, „Direct numerical simulation on drag-reducing flow by polymer additives using a spring-dumbbell model”, Progress in Computational Fliud Dynamics, an International Journal, Vol. 9, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1504/PCFD.2009.024822
[37] D. Wieczorek, E. Plebankiewicz, K. Zima, „Model estimation of the whole life cost of a building with respect to risk factors”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 20–38, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7455
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Leśniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Górka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute, 24 Warszawska street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of experimental tests on the reinforcement of bent laminated veneer lumber beams with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips glued to the bottom of elements. CFRP strips (1.4×43×2800 mm) were glued to the beams by means of epoxy resin. The tests were performed on full-size components with nominal dimensions of 45×200×3400 mm. Static bending tests were performed in a static scheme of the so-called four-point bending. The increase in the load bearing capacity of the reinforced elements (maximum bending moment and loading force) was 38% when compared to reference beams. A similar increase was noted in relation to the deflection of the elements at maximum loading force. For the global stiffness coefficient in bending, the increase for reinforced beams was 21%. There was a change in the way elements were destroyed from brittle, sudden destruction for reference beams resulting from the exhaustion of tensile strength to more ductile destruction initiated in the compressive zone for reinforced beams. The presented method can be applied to existing structures.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] A. Borri, M. Corradi, “Strengthening of timber beams with high strength steel cords”, Composites: Part B, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1480–1491, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.051
[2] A. Borri, M. Corradi, A. Grazini, “A method for flexural reinforcement of old wood beams with CFRP materials”, Composites: Part B, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 143–153, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.04.013
[3] A. D’Ambrisi, F. Focacci, R. Luciano, “Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of timber beams repaired with CFRP plates”, Composite Structures, vol. 108, pp. 720–728, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.10.005
[4] A. De Jesus, J. Pinto, J. Morais, “Analysis of solid wood beams strengthened with CFRP laminates of distinct lengths”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 35, pp. 817–828, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.124
[5] B. Anshari, Z.W. Guan, A. Kitamori, K. Jung, K. Komatsu, “Structural behaviour of glued laminated timber beams pre-stressed by compressed wood”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 24–32, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.002
[6] E.R. Thorhallsson, G.I. Hinriksson, J.T. Snæbj€ornsson, “Strength and stiffness of glulam beams reinforced with glass and basalt fibres”, Composites: Part B, vol. 115, pp. 300–307, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.074
[7] F.H. Theakston, “A feasibility study for strengthening timber beams with fiberglass”, Canadian agricultural engineering, 1965, pp. 17-19.
[8] G.M. Raftery, A.M. Harte, “Low-grade glued laminated timber reinforced with FRP plate”, Composites: Part B, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 724–735, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.029
[9] G.M. Raftery, F. Kelly, “Basalt FRP rods for reinforcement and repair of timber”, Composites: Part B, vol. 70, pp. 9–19, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.036
[10] H. Gezer, B. Aydemir, “The effect of the wrapped carbon fiber reinforced polymer material on fir and pine woods”, Materials and Design, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 3564–3567, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.031
[11] H. Yang, D. Ju, W. Liu, W. Lu, “Prestressed glulam beams reinforced with CFRP bars”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 109, pp. 73–83, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.008
[12] H. Yang, W. Liu, W. Lu, S. Zhu, Q. Geng, “Flexural behavior of FRP and steel reinforced glulam beams, Experimental and theoretical evaluation”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 106, pp. 550–563, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.135
[13] I. Glišović, B. Stevanović, M. Todorović, T. Stevanović, “Glulam beams externally reinforced with CFRP plates”, Wood research, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 141–154, 2016.
[14] J.A. Balmori, L.A. Basterra, L. Acuña, “Internal GFRP Reinforcement of Low-Grade Maritime Pine Duo Timber Beams”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 3, 571, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030571
[15] J. Soriano, B.P. Pellis, N.T. Mascia, “Mechanical performance of glued-laminated timber beams symmetrically reinforced with steel bars”, Composite Structures, vol. 150, pp. 200–207, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.05.016
[16] K. Andor, A. Lengyel, R. Polgár, T. Fodor, Z. Karácsonyi, “Experimental and statistical analysis of spruce timber beams reinforced with CFRP fabric”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 99, pp. 200–207, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.026
[17] L.A. Basterra, J.A. Balmori, L. Morillas, L. Acuña, M. Casado, “Internal reinforcement of laminated duo beams of low-grade timber with GFRP sheets”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 914–920, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.007
[18] L. Rudziński, “Konstrukcje drewniane. Naprawy, wzmocnienia, przykłady obliczeń”, Skrypt Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej, Kielce, 2010.
[19] L. Ye, B. Wang, P. Shao, “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Reinforced Wood Lap Joint”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 18, 4117, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184117
[20] M. Bakalarz, P. Kossakowski, “Mechanical Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with CFRP Sheets”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 57–66, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0018
[21] M. Bakalarz, P. Kossakowski, “The flexural capacity of laminated veneer lumber beams strengthened with AFRP and GFRP sheets”, Technical Transactions, vol. 2, pp. 85–95, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.023.10159
[22] M.M. Bakalarz, P.G. Kossakowski, P. Tworzewski, “Strengthening of Bent LVL Beams with Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP Reinforcement”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1–12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102350
[23] M. Corradi, A. Borri, “Fir and chestnut timber beams reinforced with GFRP pultruded elements”, Composites: Part B, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 172–181, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.003
[24] M. Dudziak, I. Malujda, K. Talaśka, T. Łodygowski, W. Sumelka, “Analysis of the process of wood plasticization by hot rolling”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 503–516, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.54.2.503
[25] M. Fossetti, G. Minafò, M. Papia, “Flexural behaviour of glulam timber beams reinforced with FRP cords”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 95, pp. 54-64, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.116
[26] P. De La Rosa, A. Cobo, M.N. González García, “Bending reinforcement of timber beams with composite carbon fiber and basalt fiber materials”, Composites: Part B, vol. 55, pp. 528–536, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.07.016
[27] P. De La Rosa García, A.C. Escamilla, M.N. González García, “Analysis of the flexural stiffness of timber beams reinforced with carbon and basalt composite materials”, Composites: Part B, vol. 86, pp. 152–159, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.10.003
[28] P.G. Kossakowski, “Influence of anisotropy on the energy release rate GI for highly orthotropic materials”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 739–752, 2007.
[29] PN-EN 14374:2005 Timber Structures. Structural Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). Requirements, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2005.
[30] PN-EN 1995-1-1:2010 Eurocode 5, Design of timber structures. Part 1-1: General. Common rules and rules for buildings, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2010.
[31] PN-EN 408+A1:2012 Timber Structures. Structural Timber and Glued Laminated Timber. Determination of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2012.
[32] PN-EN 527-1:2012 Plastics. Determination of tensile properties. Part 1: General principles, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2013.
[33] PN-EN 527-5:2010 Plastics. Determination of tensile properties. Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2010.
[34] T.P. Nowak, J. Jasieńko, D. Czepiżak, “Experimental tests and numerical analysis of historic bent timber elements reinforced with CFRP strips”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 40, pp. 197–206, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.106
[35] V. De Luca, C. Marano, “Prestressed glulam timbers reinforced with steel bars”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 30, pp. 206–217, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.016
[36] Y. Nadir, P. Nagarajan, M. Ameen, M. Arif M, “Flexural stiffness and strength enhancement of horizontally glued laminated wood beams with GFRP and CFRP composite sheets”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 112, pp. 547–555, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.133
[37] Y.-F. Li, M.-J. Tsai, T.-F. Wei, W.-C. Wang, “A study on wood beams strengthened by FRP composite materials”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 62, pp. 118–125, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.036
[38] Y.-F. Li, Y.-M. Xie, M.-J. Tsai, “Enhancement of the flexural performance of retrofitted wood beams using CFRP composite sheets”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, pp. 411–422, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.11.005
[39] Z.W. Guan, P.D. Rodd, D.J. Pope, “Study of glulam beams pre-stressed with pultruded GRP”, Computers and Structures, vol. 83, pp. 2476–2487, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.03.021
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bakalarz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents a modified finite element method for nonlinear analysis of 2D beam structures. To take into account the influence of the shear flexibility, a Timoshenko beam element was adopted. The algorithm proposed enables using complex material laws without the need of implementing advanced constitutive models in finite element routines. The method is easy to implement in commonly available CAE software for linear analysis of beam structures. It allows to extend the functionality of these programs with material nonlinearities. By using the structure deformations, computed from the nodal displacements, and the presented here generalized nonlinear constitutive law, it is possible to iteratively reduce the bending, tensile and shear stiffnesses of the structures. By applying a beam model with a multi layered cross-section and generalized stresses and strains to obtain a representative constitutive law, it is easy to model not only the complex multi-material cross-sections, but also the advanced nonlinear constitutive laws (e.g. material softening in tension). The proposed method was implemented in the MATLAB environment, its performance was shown on the several numerical examples. The cross-sections such us a steel I-beam and a steel I-beam with a concrete encasement for different slenderness ratios were considered here. To verify the accuracy of the computations, all results are compared with the ones received from a commercial CAE software. The comparison reveals a good correlation between the reference model and the method proposed.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Abaqus Documentation Collection, Abaqus Analysis User's Manual, Abaqus/CAE User's Manual, 2020.
[2] A. M. Barszcz, “Direct design and assessment of the limit states of steel planar frames using CSD advanced analysis”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 64(4), pp. 203–241, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0071
[3] S. El-Tawil, C. F. Sanz-Picon, G. G. Deierlein, „Evaluation of ACI 318 and AISC (LRFD) strength provisions for composite beam-columns”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 34(1): pp 103–123, 1995.
[4] K. A. Farhan, M. A. Shallal, „Experimental behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube composite beams”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 66(2), pp. 235–252, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131807
[5] T. Gajewski, T. Garbowski, „Calibration of concrete parameters based on digital image correlation and inverse analysis”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 14, pp. 170–180, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACME.2013.05.012
[6] T. Gajewski, T. Garbowski, „Mixed experimental/numerical methods applied for concrete parameters estimation”, Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics: proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics (CMM 2013), Poznan, August, 2013, Editors: T. Łodygowski, J. Rakowski, P. Litewka, CRC Press/Balkema, pp. 293–302, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1201/B16513
[7] T. Garbowski, G. Maier, G. Novati, “Diagnosis of concrete dams by flat-jack tests and inverse analyses based on proper orthogonal decomposition”, Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 6 (1–4), pp. 181–202, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2140/JOMMS.2011.6.181
[8] B. Grzeszykowski, E. Szmigiera, „Nonlinear longitudinal shear distribution in steel-concrete composite beams”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(1), pp. 65–82, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0005
[9] T. Jankowiak, T. Łodygowski, „Identification of parameters of concrete damage plasticity constitutive model”, Foundations of Civil and Environmental Engineering, No. 6, pp. 53–69, 2005.
[10] V. Jayanthi, C. Umarani, „Performance evaluation of different types of shear connectors in steel-concrete composite construction”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 64(2), pp. 97–110, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0019
[11] T. Łodygowski, „Geometrycznie nieliniowa analiza sztywno-plastycznych i sprężysto-plastycznych belek i ram płaskich”, Warsaw, 1982.
[12] T. Łodygowski, M. Szumigała, „Engineering models for numerical analysis of composite bending members”, Mechanics of Structures and Machines, 20, pp. 363–380, 1992.
[13] S. A. Mahin, V. V. Bertero, RCCOLA, „a Computer Program for Reinforced Concrete Column Analysis: User's Manual and Documentation”, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, 1977.
[14] S. A. Mirza, B. W. Skrabek, „Reliability of short composite beam-column strength interaction”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 117(8): pp 2320–2339, 1991.
[15] PN-EN 1992-1-1:2008 - Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules, and rules for buildings, 2008.
[16] G. Rakowski, Z. Kasprzyk, „Metoda Elementów Skończonych w mechanice konstrukcji”, OWPW, Poland, 2016.
[17] C. N. Reid, „Deformation geometry for materials scientists”, Pergamon, 1973.
[18] J. Rotter, P. Ansourian, „Cross-section behaviour and ductility in composite beams”, 1978.
[19] J. Siwiński, A. Stolarski, „Homogeneous substitute material model for reinforced concrete modeling”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 64(1), pp. 87–99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0006
[20] P. Szeptyński, „Teoria sprężystości”, Cracow, 2018.
[21] M. Szumigała, „Zespolone stalowo-betonowe konstrukcje szkieletowe pod obciążeniem doraźnym”, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poland, 2007.
[22] A. Zirpoli, G. Maier, G. Novati, T. Garbowski, „Dilatometric tests combined with computer simulations and parameter identification for in-depth diagnostic analysis of concrete dams”, Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE '08), Varenna, Lake Como, June, 2008, Editors: F. Biondini, D. M. Frangopol, CRC Press, 1, pp. 259–264, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203885307
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Damian Mrówczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Gajewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Garbowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Research and Development Division, FEMAT Sp. z o.o., Romana Maya 1, 61-371, Poznan, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Structural Analysis, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  3. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The subject of the wind tunnel tests is a steel chimney 85 m high of cylindrical – type structure with a grid-type curtain structure situated at its upper part. The model of the upper part of the chimney made in the scale of 1:19 was equipped with 3 levels of wind pressure measurement points. Each level contained 24 points connected with pressure scanners. On the base of the pressure measurements, both mean and instantaneous aerodynamic drag and side force coefficients were determined. Next wind gust factors for these two wind action components were determined. Moreover, for each pressure signal Fast Fourier Transform was done. Mean wind action components were also determined using stain gauge aerodynamic balance. Obtained results make possible to conclude that the solution applied in the upper part of the designed chimney is correct from building aerodynamics point of view. Some minor vortex excitations were observed during model tests of the upper part of the chimney. The basic dynamic excitation of this part of the chimney is atmospheric turbulence.
Go to article

Bibliography



[1] Zdravkovich M.M., “Review and classification oof various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic means for suppressing vortex shedding”. J.Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 7(2): pp. 145-189, 1981.
[2] Arunachalam, S., & Lakshmanan, N. (2015). “Across-wind response of tall circular chimneys to vortex shedding”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 145, pp. 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.06.005.
[3] Wang, L., & Fan, X. (2019). “Failure cases of high chimneys: A review”. Engineering Failure Analysis, 105, pp. 1107–1117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.07.032.
[4] Vickery, B. J., & Basu, R. I., “The response of reinforced concrete chimneys to vortex shedding”. Engineering Structures, 6(4), pp. 324–333, 1974
[5] Flaga A., “Wind vortex-induced excitation and vibration of slender structures-single structure of circular cross-section normal to flow”. Monograph No. 202. Cracow University of Technology, Cracow 1996.
[6] Lipecki, T., & Flaga, A. (2013). “Vortex excitation model. Part I. mathematical description and numerical implementation”. Wind and Structures, 16(5), pp. 457–476.
[7] Lipecki, T., & Flaga, A. (2013). “Vortex excitation model. Part II. application to real structures and validation”. Wind and Structures, 16(5), pp. 477–490, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2013.16.5.477.
[8] Brownjohn, J. M. W., Carden, E. P., Goddard, C. R., & Oudin, G. (2010). “Real-time performance monitoring of tuned mass damper system for a 183 m reinforced concrete chimney”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 98(3), pp. 169–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.10.013.
[9] Christensen, R. M., Nielsen, M. G., & Støttrup-Andersen, U. (2017). “Effective vibration dampers for masts, towers and chimneys”. Steel Construction, 10(3), pp. 234–240, https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.201710032.
[10] Belver, A. V., Ibán, A. L., & Lavín Martín, C. E. (2012). “Coupling between structural and fluid dynamic problems applied to vortex shedding in a 90m steel chimney”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 100(1), pp. 30–37. .
[11] Verboom, G. K., & van Koten, H. (2010). “Vortex excitation: Three design rules tested on 13 industrial chimneys”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 98(3), pp. 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.10.008.
[12] Kawecki, J., & Żurański, J. A. (2007). ”Cross-wind vibrations of steel chimneys – A new case history”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95(9–11), pp. 1166–1175.
[13] Lupi, F., Höffer, R., & Niemann, H.-J. (2021). “Aerodynamic damping in vortex resonance from aeroelastic wind tunnel tests on a stack”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 208, pp. 104–438.
[14] Lupi, F., Niemann, H.-J., & Höffer, R. (2017). “A novel spectral method for cross-wind vibrations: Application to 27 full-scale chimneys”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 171, pp. 353–365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.10.014.
[15] Rahman, S., Jain, A. K., Bharti, S. D., & Datta, T. K. (2020). “Comparison of international wind codes for across wind response of concrete chimneys”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 207, pp. 104–401.
[16] Ruscheweyh H., “Dynamische Windwirkung an Bauwerken. Band 2: Praktische Anwendungen. Bauverlag”. Wiesbaden und Berlin, 1982.
[17] Blevins R.D., “Flow-induced vibration. Second edition”. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1990.
[18] Flaga A., “Wind engineering – fundamentals and applications” (in Polish), Arkady, Warsaw (2008).
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Flaga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Renata Kłaput
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Flaga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Krajewski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wind Engineering Laboratory, Jana Pawła II 37/3a, 31-864 Cracow
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Being negatively impressed by the data published by the European Commission in CARE (Community database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe), where Poland is presented as the European Country with the highest rate of fatalities in road crashes involving cyclists during 4 years period (2009–2013), the Authors decided to analyse available data. Bikes become a more and more popular means of transport and the way of active recreation. In Warsaw, the share of bicycle trips rises 1 to 3% per year. The aforementioned, together with increasing traffic density, caused 4233 registered injuries among cyclists in 2018 in Poland. In 286 cases the accidents were direct reasons for the cyclists’ death. Considering these facts, it becomes extremely important to point the most influencing factors and conditions contributing to cyclists’ serious accidents. Onedimensional or two-dimensional statistics are not sufficient to find all important associations between the road conditions and the number of cyclists’ accidents. To overcome that the association analysis is applied. The results of the analysis can contribute to increasing the knowledge and safety of transport.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Warsaw Cycle Report website: http://transport.um.warszawa.pl/ruch-rowerowy/raporty-rowerowe
[2] N. Stamatiadis, S. Cafiso and G. Pappalardo, A Comparison of Bicyclist Attitudes in Two Urban Areas in USA and Italy, The 4th Conference on Sustainable Urban Mobility, pp. 272–279, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_33
[3] Police website: http://statystyka.policja.pl/st/ruch-drogowy/76562,wypadki-drogowe-raporty-roczne.html
[4] P. Włodarek, P. Olszewski, Traffic safety on cycle track crossings – traffic conflict technique, Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 12: pp. 194–209, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2019.1622615
[5] Y.A. Ünvan, Market basket analysis with association rules, Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2020.1716255
[6] D.T. Larose, C.T. Larose, Discovering Knowledge in Data, 2nd edition, Wiley, 2016.
[7] T. Morzy, Eksploracja danych. Metody i algorytmy, PWN, Warsaw, 2013.
[8] A. Shi, B. Mou, J.C. Correl, Association analysis for oxalate concentration in spinach, Euphytica, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-016-1740-0
[9] M. Lasek, M. Pęczkowski, Analiza asocjacji i reguły asocjacyjne w badaniu wyborów zajęć dydaktycznych dokonywanych przez studentów. Zastosowanie algorytmu Apriori, Ekonomia. Rynek. Gospodarka, Warsaw, 2013.
[10] T. Klimanek, M. Szymkowiak, T. Józefowski, Application of market basket analysis in biological disability, Research Papers of Wrocław University of Economics 507, 2018. https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.2018.507.09
[11] A.M. Ahmed, A.A. Bakar AA, A.R. Hamdana, S.M. Abdullah, O. Jaafarb, Sequential pattern discovery algorithm for Malaysia rainfall prediction. Acta Phys Pol A 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-324
[12] A. Nicał, H. Anysz, The quality management in precast concrete production and delivery processes supported by association analysis, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02597-9
[13] H. Anysz, A. Foremny, J. Kulejewski, Comparison of ANN classifier to the neuro-fuzzy system for collusion detection in the tender procedures of road construction sector. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng., 2019. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/11/112064
[14] H. Anysz, B. Buczkowski, The association analysis for risk evaluation of significant delay occurrence in the completion date of construction project, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1892-7
[15] K. Guerts, G, Wets, T. Brijs, K. Vanhoof, Profiling High Frequency Accident Locations Using Association Rules, Transportation Research Record - Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1840, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1840-14
[16] A. Pande, M. Abdel-Aty, Market basket analysis of crash data from large jurisdictions and its potential as a decision support tool, Elsevier, Safety Science 47: pp. 145–154, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.12.001
[17] C. Xu, J. Bao, C. Wang, P. Liu, Association rule analysis of factors contributing to extraordinarily severe traffic crashes in China, Journal of Safety Research 67: 65-75, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2018.09.013
[18] D. Nenadić, Ranking dangerous sections of the road using MCDM model. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 2(1): pp. 115–131, 2019. Retrieved from https://dmame.rabek.org/index.php/dmame/article/view/31
[19] P. Olszewski, P. Szagała, D. Rabczenko, & A. Zielińska, Investigating safety of vulnerable road users in selected EU countries. Journal of Safety Research, 68: pp. 49–57, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2018.12.001
[20] https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/statistics# (access June 2019)
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Hubert Anysz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Włodarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Salvatore Cafiso
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. University of Catania, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95131 Catania, Italy
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Waste tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste today, due to the large volume produced and their long-lasting decomposition and resistance to water and extreme temperatures. Since 2000 in Europe the EU Landfill Directive has forbidden the disposal of waste tyres in a landfill. Since then waste tyre derived products (TDP), including whole tyres, tyre bales, shreds, chips, and crumb rubber, have been widely used also in civil engineering applications. The baling is nowadays the best way for the product recycling of waste tyres. Waste tyre bales have considerable potential for use in road applications, particularly where their low density, permeability and ease of handling give them an advantage. Road applications include but are not limited to: embankments construction, slope stabilization and repair (landslides), road foundations over soft ground, backfill material for retaining walls and gravity retaining structures (gabion-type). Several case studies, showing the opportunities to use waste tyre bales in road construction, are presented and illustrated in the paper preceded by providing the engineering properties of waste tyre bales, used within the road structures constructed worldwide. The article also describes the first world application of abutment backfill from the tyre bales in a road bridge, realized in Poland.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] P.J. Bosscher, T.B. Edil, S. Kuraoka, “Design of highway embankments using tire chips”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123: pp. 295–304, 1997.
[2] J.H. Lee, R. Salgado, A. Bernal, C.W. Lovell, “Shredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125: pp. 132–141, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1999)125:2(132).
[3] R.K. Mittal, G. Gill, “Sustainable application of waste tire chips and geogrid for improving load carrying capacity of granular soils”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 200: pp. 542–551, 2018. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.287.
[4] A. Mahgoub, H.E. Naggar, “Coupled TDA-geocell stress-bridging system for buried corrugated metal pipes”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 146: July, 2020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103761.
[5] J.D. Simm, M.G. Winter, S. Waite, “Design and specification of tyre bales in construction”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Waste and Resource Management, 161: pp. 67–76, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1680/warm.2008.161.2.67.
[6] M.G. Winter, J.M. Reid, P.I.J. Griffiths, “Tyre bales in construction: case studies”, Report PPR 045. TRL Limited, Crowthorne, UK, 2005.
[7] PAS (Publicly Available Specification), “Specification for production of tyre bales for use in construction”, PAS 108. London, UK, 2007.
[8] A. Duda, M. Kida, S. Ziembowicz, P. Koszelnik, “Application of material from used car tyres in geotechnics – an environmental impact analysis”, PeerJ 8:e9546, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9546
[9] M. Gualtieri, M. Andrioletti, C. Vismara, M. Milani, M. Camatini, “Toxicity of tire debris leachates”, Environment International, 31: pp. 723–730, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.001
[10] P. Hennebert, S. Lambert, F. Fouillen, B. Charrasse, “Assessing the environmental impact of shredded tires as embankment fill material”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51: pp. 469–478, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0194.
[11] L. Liu, G. Cai, J. Zhang, X. Liu, K. Liu, “Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled waste tire-sand/soil in geotechnical engineering: A compressive review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 126: pp. 109–831, 2020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109831.
[12] K. Sonti, S. Senadheera. P. W. Jayawickrama, P. T. Nash, D. D. Gransberg, “Evaluate the uses for scrap tires in transportation facilities”. Research Study No 0-1808, Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Transportation. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA, 2000.
[13] I.F. Hodgson, S.P. Beales, M.J. Curd, “Use of tyre bales as lightweight fill for the A421 improvements scheme near Bedford, UK”, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 26: pp. 101–108, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP26.12.
[14] H. Harri, “Tyre bales form part of Finnish Road”, World Highways, 14: March, 18, 2005.
[15] M.G. Winter, G.R.A. Watts, P.E. Johnson, “Tyre bales in construction”. Report PPR 080. TRL Limited, Crowthorne, UK, 2006.
[16] W. Prikryl, R. Williammee, M.G. Winter, “Slope failure repair using tyre bales at Interstate Highway 20, Tarrant County, Texas, USA”, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 38: pp. 377–386, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/04-065.
[17] M.G. Winter, “Road foundation construction using lightweight tyre bales”, Proceedings of the 18th ICSMGE, Paris, pp. 3275–3278, 2013.
[18] C. Mackenzie, T. Saarenketo, “The B871 tyre bale project. The use of recycled tyre bales in a lightweight road embankment over peat”, Research report. Roadscanners, Rovaniemi, Finland, 2003.
[19] P. Bandini, A. T. Hanson, F. P. Castorena, S. Ahmed, “Use of tire bales for erosion control projects in New Mexico”, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 179: Characterization, Monitoring, and Modeling of Geosystems, pp. 638–645, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2008.
[20] A. Duda, D. Sobala, “Initial research on recycled tyre bales for road infrastructure applications”, SSP - Journal of Civil Engineering, 12: pp. 55–62, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2017-0019
[21] A. Duda, T. Siwowski, “Pressure evaluation of bridge abutment backfill made of waste tyre bales and shreds: experimental and numerical study”, Transportation Geotechnics, 24: pp. 100–366, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100366.
[22] A. Duda, T. Siwowski, “Experimental investigation and first application of lightweight abutment backfill made of used tyre bales”, Proceedings of CEE 2019. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 47: pp. 66–73, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27011-7_9
[23] B. Freilich, J.G. Zornberg, “Mechanical properties of tire bales for highway applications”. Report No. FHWA/TX-10/0-5517-1, Center for Transportation Research. University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA, 2009.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Duda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Siwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Helicopters of the Medical Air Rescue (LPR) help transport the patients to large hospitals quickly. The requirements for the space around the helipad and flight safety mean that more elevated helipads than ground helipads are built at hospitals located in proximity to the city centres. Elevated helipads can vary in design and location depending on the opportunities offered by the hospital buildings and their surroundings. The Vibroacoustic Laboratory of the Warsaw Institute of Aviation took measurements to determine the impact of a helicopter on a hospital elevated helipad during landing or taking off. Helicopter landings are neither frequent nor long, however, they can have a significant impact on a helipad structure, the hospital building itself and its patients, staff or equipment. The impact of the helicopter includes both the noise, vibrations transmitted by the helicopter chassis and air pulsations under the rotor (low-frequency ones). This paper discusses some methods used for measuring vibration properties of several elevated helipads and building recorded during the landing and take-off of the EC135 helicopter. The sample results of such tests are also presented. The tests discussed can be used to verify both the assumptions and calculations referring to helipads and to meet the requirements of the standards in the field of noise and vibrations.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Act dated 8 September 2006 r. on National Medical Rescue (J. of L. 191 No. 1410).
[2] Regulation of the Min. of Health, 27 June 2019 on the hospital emergency department (J. of L. 2019 No. 1213)
[3] Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation, 2012, Heliport Design -AC 150/5390-2c, Chapter 4 - Hospital Heliports.
[4] K. Wąchalski, „Wyniesione lądowiska dla helikopterów na budynkach szpitalnych” (Elevated helipads on hospital buildings), „Inżynier Budownictwa”, Warsaw, 2018.
[5] K. Wąchalski, “Assessment of the current construction conditions for elevated helipad on hospital buildings in Poland”, Warsaw, Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa No. 3 (244), pp 189–201, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/05096669.1226158
[6] Polish Standard PN-B-02171_2017 “Ocena wpływu drgań na ludzi w budynkach” (Assessment of the effects of vibration on people in buildings).
[7] S. Cieślak, W. Krzymień, “Initial analysis of helicopter impact on hospital helipads”, Transactions of the Institute of Aviation (256), Warsaw, pp 14 –23, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0014
[8] W. Krzymień, S. Cieślak, “Investigation of the vibration properties of concrete elevated hospital helipads”, Vibrations in Physical Systems No. 31, Poznan, 2020.
[9] M. Szmidt, W. Krzymień, S. Cieślak, “Vibration properties of steel constructed hospital elevated helipads”, Transactions on Aerospace Research (260), Warsaw, pp 11–20 , 2020. https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2020-0013
[10] Eric E. Ungar, “Vibration criteria for healthcare facility floors”, Sound & Vibration, 41(9) pp. 26–27, 2007.
[11] P. Ruchała, K. Grabowska “Problems of an aerodynamic interference between helicopter rotor slipstream and an elevated heliport”, Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0072
[12] A. Dziubiński, A. Sieradzki, R. Żurawski, “The elevated helipads – study of wind and rotor wash influence for most common configuration types”, 44th European Rotorcraft Forum, Netherlands, 2018.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Krzymień
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation, Al. Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warsaw
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents numerical analysis of a typical residential building in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which was erected in the early twentieth century and was not protected against mining ground deformations. The greatest impact of ground deformation on buildings are ground horizontal strain ε and ground curvature K. Numerical calculations included the building and the ground to take into account the effect of soilstructure interaction. The structure of the analysed building was made of masonry with wooden ceiling and roof elements. The ground was implemented as a layer 3.0m below the foundations and 3.0 m outside the building's projection. Construction loads are divided into two stages – permanent and functional loads as well as ground mining deformation. The maximum convex curvature K+ and the horizontal strain of the substrate ε+ were achieved in the 8th load step. The results of the analyses were presented in the form of stress and deformation maps. The most important results are the magnitude of the main tensile stresses σmax, which could to create cracks in the structure may occur after exceeding the tensile strength ft of the material. The presented method can be used to the analysis of endangered building objects by mining ground deformations.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Ochrona powierzchni przed szkodami górniczymi, Group work, Publishing House Śląsk; 1980.
[2] J. Rusek, L. Słowik, K. Firek, M. Pitas, “Determining the Dynamic Resistance of Existing Steel Industrial Hall Structures for Areas with Different Seismic Activity”. Archives of Civil Engineering LXVI(4): 2020; pp. 525–542; https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.135235.
[3] J. Rusek, W. Kocot, “Proposed Assessment of Dynamic Resistance of the Existing Industrial Portal Frame Building Structures to the Impact of Mining Tremors”. 2017 IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering; 245(3):032020; https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/3/032020.
[4] J. Rusek, K. Tajduś, K. Firek, A. Jędrzejczyk, “Bayesian networks and Support Vector Classifier in damage risk assessment of RC prefabricated building structures in mining areas”. 2020 5th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech); https://doi.org/10.23919/SpliTech49282.2020.9243718
[5] Y. Jiang, R. Misa, K. Tajduś, A. Sroka, Y. Jiang, “A new prediction model of surface subsidence with Cauchy distribution in the coal mine of thick topsoil condition”. Archives of Mining Sciences 65(1): 2020; pp. 147–158; https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.132712.
[6] A. Sroka, S. Knothe, K. Tajduś, R Misa., “Point Movement Trace Vs. The Range Of Mining Exploitation Effects In The Rock Mass”. Archives of Mining Sciences, Vol. 60 (2015), No 4, pp. 921–929; https://doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0060
[7] K. Tajduś, “Analysis of horizontal displacement distribution caused by single advancing longwall panel excavation”. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 1(4) 2015; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.03.012.
[8] R. Bals, “Beitrag zur Frage der Vorausberechnung bergbaulicher Senkungen. Mitteilungen aus dem Markscheidewese”. Verlag Konrad Witter. Stuttgart; 1931/32.
[9] Knothe S., „Równanie profilu ostatecznie wykształconej niecki osiadania”, Archiwum Górnictwa i Hutnictwa, 1953, t.1, z.1.
[10] W. Ehrhard, A. Sauer, “Die Vorausberechnung von Senkung, Schieflage und Krummung uber dem Abbau in flacher Lagerung”. Bergbau-Wissenschaften, 1961.
[11] K. Tajduś, “Numerical Simulation of Underground Mining Exploitation Influence Upon Terrain Surface”. Archives of Mining Sciences 58(3) 2013; https://doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0042.
[12] M. Cała, J. Flisiak, A. Tajduś, „Wpływ niepodsadzkowych wyrobisk przyszybowych na deformacje powierzchni. Człowiek i środowisko wobec procesu restrukturyzacji górnictwa węgla kamiennego”. Biblioteka Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej, 2001, nr 6.
[13] K. Tajduś, S. Knothe, A. Sroka, R. Misa, “Underground exploitations inside safety pillar shafts when considering the effective use of a coal deposit”. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 31(3): 2015; pp. 93–110; https://doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2015-0027.
[14] Z. Budzianowski, „Działanie wygiętego podłoża na sztywną budowlę znajdującą się w obszarze eksploatacji górniczej”. Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 1964, nr 6 i 7.
[15] O. Deck, M. Al Heib, F. Homand, “Taking the soil–structure interaction into account in assessing the loading of a structure in a mining subsidence area”. Engineering Structures 2003; 25, pp. 435–448; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00184-0
[16] A. Saeidi, O. Deck, T. Verdel, “Development of building vulnerability functions in subsidence regions from empirical methods”. Engineering Structures 2009; 31 (10), pp. 2275–2286; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.04.010
[17] J. Kwiatek, “Protection of construction objects in mining areas”. Publishing House of Central Mining Institute, Katowice, (in Polish) 1997; p. 726.
[18] J. Kwiatek, “Construction facilities on mining areas”. Wyd. GiG Katowice (in Polish), 2007; p. 266.
[19] L. Szojda, “Numerical analysis of the influence of non-continuous ground displacement on masonry structure”. Silesian University of Technology Publishing House, Gliwice, Monography (in Polish), p. 194; 2009.
[20] D. Mrozek, M. Mrozek, J. Fedorowicz, “The protection of masonry buildings in a mining area”. Procedia Engineering 193 International Conference on Analytical Models and New Concepts in Concrete and Masonry Structures AMCM’2017, pp.184–191; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.202
[21] R. Misa, K. Tajduś, A. Sroka, “Impact of geotechnical barrier modelled in the vicinity of a building structures located in mining area”. Archives of Mining Sciences 2018; no 4, vol. 63 Kraków, pp. 919–933; https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2018.124984
[22] A. Sroka, R. Misa, K. Tajduś, M. Dudek, “Analytical design of selected geotechnical solutions which protect civil structures from the effects of underground mining”. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2018.10.002
[23] L. Szojda, Ł. Kapusta, “Evaluation of the elastic model of a building on a curved mining ground based on the result of geodetic monitoring”. Archives of Mining Sciences 65(2): 2020; pp. 213–224, https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.133188
[24] L. Szojda, G. Wandzik, “Discontinuous terrain deformation - forecasting and consequences of their occurrence for building structures”. 29th International Conference on Structural Failures, 2019, art. no. 03010 pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928403010
[25] L. Szojda, „Analiza numeryczna zmian naprężeń w konstrukcji ściany wywołanych nieciągłymi deformacjami podłoża górniczego”. Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury, 2017 t. 34 z. 64, nr 3/I, p. 511–522, https://doi.org/10.7862/rb.2017.142
[26] V. Červenka, L. Jendele, J. Červenka, “ATENA Program documentation”. Part 1, Theory, Prague, 2016, p. 330.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5,44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This paper discusses the use of mechanical cone penetration test CPTM for estimating the soil unit weight of selected organic soils in Rzeszow site, Poland. A search was made for direct relationships between the empirically determined the soil unit weight value and cone penetration test leading parameters (cone resistance qc, sleeve friction fs. The selected, existing models were also analysed in terms of suitability for estimating the soil unit weight and tests were performed to predict the value soil unit weight of local, different organic soils. Based on own the regression analysis, the relationships between empirically determined values of soil unit weight and leading parameters cone penetration test were determined. The results of research and analysis have shown that both existing models and new, determined regression analysis methods are poorly matched to the unit weight values determined in laboratory, the main reason may be the fact that organic soils are characterized by an extremely complicated, diverse and heterogeneous structure. This often results in a large divergence and lack of repeatability of results in a satisfactorily range. Therefore, in addition, to improve the predictive performances of the relationships, analysis using the artificial neural networks (ANN) was carried out.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] EN 1997-1: 2008. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design – Part 1: General rules.
[2] EN 1997-2: 2009. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design – Part 2: Ground Investigation and Testing.
[3] P.K. Robertson, K.L. Cabal, “Guide to Cone Penetration Testing for Geotechnical Engineering”. Gregg Drilling & Testing, Inc, 5-th Edition, 2012.
[4] Y. Cal, “Soil classification by neural-network”, Adv. Eng. Softw. 22: pp. 95–97, 1995.
[5] A. Goh, “Empirical design in geotechnics using neural networks”, Geotechnique 45: pp. 709–714, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1995.45.4.709
[6] M. Shahin, M. Jaksa, H. Maier, “Artificial neural network applications in geotechnical engineering”, Aust. Geomech. 36: 49–62, 2001.
[7] N. Nawari, R, Liang, J. Nusairat, “Artificial intelligence techniques for the design and analysis of deep foundations”. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 4: pp 1–21, 1999. Available online: http://geotech.civeng.okstate.edu/ejge/ppr9909/index.html (accessed on).
[8] D. Penumadu, C. Jean-Lou, “Geomaterial modeling using artificial neural networks”, In Artificial Neural Networks for Civil Engineers: Fundamentals and Applications, ASCE: Reston, WV, USA, pp 160–184, 1997.
[9] C.H. Zhiming, M. Guotao, Z. Ye, Z. Yanjie, H. Hengyang, “The application of artificial neural network in geotechnical engineering”, In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Civil and Hydraulic Engineering (IConCHE 2018), Qingdao, China, 23–25 November 2018; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2018; http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/189/2/022054
[10] Z. Wang, Y. Li, “Correction of soil parameters in calculation of embankment settlement using a BP network back-analysis model”, Eng. Geol. 91: pp. 168–177, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.01.007
[11] M.J. Sulewska, “Applying Artificial Neural Networks for analysis of geotechnical problems”, Comput. Assist. Methods Eng. Sci. 18: pp. 230–241, 2011.
[12] M.J. Sulewska, “Artificial Neural modeling of compaction characteristics of cohesionless soil”, Comput. Assist. Methods Eng. Sci. 17: pp. 27–40, 2010.
[13] M.J. Sulewska, “Artificial Neural Networks in the Evaluation of Non-Cohesive Soil Compaction Parameters”, Committee Civil Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Warsaw, Poland, 2009.
[14] M.J. Sulewska, “Prediction Models for Minimum and Maximum Dry Density of Non-Cohesive Soils”, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 19: pp. 797–804, 2010.
[15] M. Ochmański, J. Bzówka, “Selected examples of the use of artificial neural networks in geotechnics”, Civ. Environ. Eng. 4: pp. 287–294, 2013.
[16] A. Borowiec, K. Wilk, “Prediction of consistency parameters of fen soils by neural networks”, Comput. Assist. Methods Eng. Sci.21: pp. 67–75, 2014.
[17] M. Kłos, M.J. Sulewska, Z. Waszczyszyn, “Neural identification of compaction characteristics for granular soils”, Comput. Assist. Methods Eng. Sci.18: pp. 265–273, 2011.
[18] G. Wrzesiński, M.J. Sulewska, Z. Lechowicz, “Evaluation of the Change in Undrained Shear Strength in Cohesive Soils due to Principal Stress Rotation Using an Artificial Neural Network”, Appl. Sci. 8: p. 781, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050781
[19] Z. Lechowicz, M. Fukue, S. Rabarijoely, M.J. Sulewska, “Evaluation of the Undrained Shear Strength of Organic Soils from a Dilatometer Test Using Artificial Neural Networks”, Appl. Sci. 8: p. 1395, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081395
[20] S. Rabarijoely, “A new Approach to the Determination of Mineral and Organic Soil Types Based on Dilatometer Tests (DMT)”, Appl. Sci.8 (11):, p. 2249, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112249
[21] G. Straż, A. Borowiec, “Estimating the Unit Weight of Local Organic Soils from Laboratory Tests Using Artificial Neural Networks”, Appl. Sci. 10 (7): p. 2261, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072261
[22] Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Rzeszów, “Report on the state of the environment of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in 2013–2015”, Environmental Monitoring Library, Rzeszow, 2016.
[23] Geotech, Ltd. Department of Geological Services Design and Construction and the Environment, “Geological and Engineering Geological Conditions for Recognition – Engineering for the Construction of Multi-Storey Building at UL; Witolda in Rzeszów”: Rzeszow, Poland, 2010.
[24] PN-EN ISO 17892-2:2014. Geotechnical Investigation and Testing – Laboratory Testing of Soil – Part 2: Determination of Bulk Density.
[25] PN-EN ISO 22476-12:2009. Geotechnical Investigation and Testing – Field Testing – Part 12: Mechanical Cone Penetration Test.
[26] L. Wysokiński, W. Kotlicki, T. Godlewski, “Geotechnical design according to Eurocode 7”, Guide. ITB, Warsaw, 2011.
[27] P.W. Mayne, G.J. Rix, “Correlations Between Shear Wave Velocity and Cone Tip Resistance in Clays”, Soils and Foundations 35 (2): pp. 107–110, 1995.
[28] P.W. Mayne, “The 2nd James K. Mitchell Lecture: Undisturbed Sand Strength from Seismic Cone Tests,” Geomechanics and Geoengineering Vol. 1, No. 4: pp. 239–247, 2006.
[29] P.W. Mayne, “Cone Penetration Testing”, “A Synthesis of Highway Practice”, NCHRP Synthesis 368; Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC, USA, 2007.
[30] P.W. Mayne, J. Peuchen, D. Bouwmeester, “Soil unit weight estimation from CPTs”, In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Huntington Beach, CA, USA, 9–11 May, pp 169–176, 2010.
[31] P.W. Mayne, “Evaluating effective stress parameters and undrained shear strengths of soft-firm clays from CPTu and DMT”, Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterisation 5 – Lehane, Acosta-Martínez & Kelly (Eds) © Australian Geomechanics Society, Sydney, Australia, 2016.
[32] P. Robertson, K. Cabal, “Estimating soil unit weight from CPT”, In Proceedings of the 2nd International
[33] Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Huntington Beach, CA, USA, 9–11 May, 2010.
[34] A.T. Ozer, S.F. Bartlett, E.C. Lawton, “CPTU and DMT for estimating soil unit weight of Lake Bonneville Clay”, Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization 4: pp. 291–296, 2012.
[35] R.K. Ghanekar, “Unit weight estimation from CPT for Indian offshore soft calcareous clay”, in: “CPTU and DMT in soft clays and organic soils” (eds. Z. Młynarek and J. Wierzbicki), Exlemplum Press, Poznań, Poland, pp. 31–44, 2014.
[36] M.S. Kovacevic, K.G. Gavin, C. Reale, L. Libric, “The use of neural networks to develop CPT correlations for soils in northern Croatia”, Cone Penetration Testing 2018 – Hicks, Pisano & Peuchen (eds), Delft University of Technology, June 2018, The Netherlands.
[37] G. Straż, “Estimating soil unit weight from CPT for selected organic soils”, in: “Selected technical, economic and ecological aspects of contemporary construction” (eds. K. Pujer), Exante, pp. 63–77, 2016.
[38] S.O. Haykin, “Neural Networks and Learning Machines”, 3rd ed.; Pearson Education: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 798, 2009.
[39] M.T. Hagan, H.B. Demuth, M.H. Beale, “Neural Network Design”, PWS Publishing: Boston, MA, USA, 1996.
[40] D. Marquardt, “An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters”, SIAM J. Appl. Math.3: 11, pp. 431–441, 1963.
[41] M.T. Hagan, M. Menhaj, “Training feed-forward networks with the Marquardt algorithm”. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 5: pp. 989–993, 1994.
[42] J.E. Dennis, R.B. Schnabel, “Numerical Methods for Unconstrained Optimization and Nonlinear Equations”, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Clis, NJ, USA, 1983.
[43] D.J.C. MacKay, “Bayesian interpolation”, Neural Comput.4: pp. 415–447, 1992.
[44] Beale, M.H.; Hagan, M.T.; Demuth, H.B.Neural Network ToolboxUser’s Guide; TheMathWorks: Natick, MA,USA, 2010.
[45] GEO5. Geotechnical software. Fine – Civil Engineering Softwere. https://www.finesoftware.pl/.
[46] Statistica 13.3. TIBCO Software Inc. https://www.statsoft.pl/Czytelnia .
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Straż
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Borowiec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Civil Engineering, Powstańców Warszawy 12 Av., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The liquidation of underground mines by the flooding leads to movements of the rock mass and land surface as a result of pressure changes in the flooded zones. The changes resulting from the rising water table caused by the changes in the stress and strain state, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of rock layers, can lead to damage to building structures and environmental changes, such as chemical pollution of the surface water. For this reason, the ability to predict the movements of rock masses generated as a result of mine closure by flooding serves a key function in relation to the protection of the land surface and buildings present thereon. This paper presents an analysis of a steel industrial portal-frame structure under loading generated by the liquidation of a mine by flooding. The authors obtained land surface uplift results for the liquidated mine and used them in a numerical simulation for the example building. Calculations were performed for different cases, and the results were compared to determine whether limit states may be exceeded. A comparison was made between the cases for the design state and for additional loading caused by the uplift of the subsurface layer of the rock mass.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] M. Kawulok, "Mining damages in construction". Warszawa: Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, 2010. (in Polish)
[2] J. Kwiatek, "Civil structures in mining areas". Katowice: Główny Instytut Górnictwa, 2006. (in Polish)
[3] J. A. Ledwoń, "Civil engineering in mining areas". Warszawa: Arkady, 1983. (in Polish)
[4] K. Tajdus, “Numerical simulation of underground mining exploitation influence upon terrain surface,” Arch. Min. Sci., vol. 58, no. 3, 2013, https:/doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0042
[5] K. Tajduś, R. Misa, and A. Sroka, “Analysis of the surface horizontal displacement changes due to longwall panel advance,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., vol. 104, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.02.005
[6] A. Saeidi, O. Deck, M. Al heib, and T. Verdel, “Development of a damage simulator for the probabilistic assessment of building vulnerability in subsidence areas,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., vol. 73, pp. 42–53, Jan. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.10.007
[7] A. Sroka, S. Knothe, K. Tajduś, and R. Misa, “Point Movement Trace Vs. The Range Of Mining Exploitation Effects In The Rock Mass,” Arch. Min. Sci., vol. 60, no. 4, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0060
[8] A. Misa Rafałand Sroka, K. Tajduś, and M. Dudek, “Analytical design of selected geotechnical solutions which protect civil structures from the effects of underground mining,” J. Sustain. Min., 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2018.10.002
[9] L. Szojda and Ł. Kapusta, “Evaluation of the Elastic Model of a Building on a Curved Mining Ground Based on the Results of Geodetic Monitoring,” Arch. Min. Sci., vol. 65, no. No 2, pp. 213–224, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.133188
[10] I. Djamaluddin, Y. Mitani, and T. Esaki, “Evaluation of ground movement and damage to structures from Chinese coal mining using a new GIS coupling model,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 380–393, Apr. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.01.004
[11] C. Braitenberg, T. Pivetta, D. F. Barbolla, F. Gabrovšek, R. Devoti, and I. Nagy, “Terrain uplift due to natural hydrologic overpressure in karstic conduits,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 3934, Dec. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38814-1
[12] N. Fowkes et al., “Models for the effect of rising water in abandoned mines on seismic activity,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., vol. 77, pp. 246–256, Jul. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.04.011
[13] G. Strozik, R. Jendruś, A. Manowska, and M. Popczyk, “Mine Subsidence as a Post-Mining Effect in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin,” Polish J. Environ. Stud., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 777–785, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/61117
[14] K. Heitfeld, M. Heitfeld, P. Rosner, and H. Sahl, “The controlled rise in mine water in the Aachen and Sud Limburg coalfields” in 5. Aachener Bergschandemkundliches Kolloquium, 2003, pp. 71–85. (in German)
[15] A. Jakubick, U. Jenk, and R. Kahnt, “Modelling of mine flooding and consequences in the mine hydrogeological environment: flooding of the Koenigstein mine, Germany,” Environ. Geol., vol. 42, no. 2–3, pp. 222–234, Jun. 2002, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-001-0492-9
[16] A. Krzemień, A. Suárez Sánchez, P. Riesgo Fernández, K. Zimmermann, and F. González Coto, “Towards sustainability in underground coal mine closure contexts: A methodology proposal for environmental risk management,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 139, pp. 1044–1056, Dec. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.149
[17] A. Sroka, K. Tajduś, and R. Misa, “Expert opinion on the impact of the rise in mine water in the eastern field of the Ibbenbüren mine on the land surface”, 2017. (in German)
[18] “Management of environmental risks during and after mine closure (acronym: MERIDA), Contract No. RFCR-CT-2015-00004,” 2020.
[19] P. Riesgo Fernández, G. Rodríguez Granda, A. Krzemień, S. García Cortés, and G. Fidalgo Valverde, “Subsidence versus natural landslides when dealing with property damage liabilities in underground coal mines,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., vol. 126, p. 104175, Feb. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104175
[20] A. Vervoort, “Surface movement above an underground coal longwall mine after closure,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 2107–2121, Sep. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2107-2016
[21] M. Dudek, K. Tajduś, R. Misa, and A. Sroka, “Predicting of land surface uplift caused by the flooding of underground coal mines – A case study,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., vol. 132, pp. 104–377, Aug. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104377
[22] A. Preuβe, H. J. Kateloe, and A. Sroka, “Subsidence and uplift prediction in German and Polish hard coal mining,” Markscheidewesen, vol. 120, pp. 23–34, 2013.
[23] A. Vervoort and P.-Y. Declercq, “Surface movement above old coal longwalls after mine closure,” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 481–490, May 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2017.03.007
[24] A. Vervoort and P.-Y. Declercq, “Upward surface movement above deep coal mines after closure and flooding of underground workings,” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 53–59, Jan. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2017.11.008
[25] M. Wesołowski, R. Mielimąka, R. Jendruś, and M. Popczyk, “Influence Analysis of Mine Flooding from the Environmental Standpoint: Surface Protection,” Polish J. Environ. Stud., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 905–915, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/doi: 10.15244/pjoes/76114
[26] V. Baglikow, “Damage-relevant effects of the rise in mine water in the Erkelenz hard coal district. Publication series Institute for Mining Surveying,” Rheinisch- Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2010. (in German)
[27] K. Firek, J. Rusek, and A. Wodyński, “Decision Trees in the Analysis of the Intensity of Damage to Portal Frame Buildings in Mining Areas,” Arch. Min. Sci., vol. 60, no. 3, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0055
[28] A. Cholewicki, M. Kawulok, Z. Lipski, and J. Szulc, Principles for determining loads and checking the limit states of civil structures located in mining areas with reference to the Eurocodes. Design according to Eurocodes. Warszawa: Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, 2012. (in Polish)
[29] EN 1990:2004 Eurocode - Basis of structural design
[30] Autodesk, “Robot Structural Analysis Professional.” 2020.
[31] EN 1991-1-3. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1–3: General actions – Snow loads
[32] EN 1991-1-4. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1–3: General actions – Wind loads
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Dudek
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Rusek
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek Słowik
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the results of investigation of mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight concrete with waste copper slag as fine aggregate. The obtained results were compared with the results of concrete of the same composition in which natural fine aggregate (river sand) was used. The thermal properties tests carried out with the ISOMET 2114 device included determination of the following values: thermal conductivity coefficient, thermal volume capacity and thermal diffusivity. After determining the material density, the specific heat values were also calculated. The thermal parameters were determined in two states of water saturation: on fully saturated material and dried to constant mass at 65°C. Compressive strength, open porosity and bulk density are given as supplementary values. The results of the conducted research indicate that replacing sand with waste copper slag allows to obtain concrete of higher ecological values, with similar mechanical parameters and allowing to obtain significant energy savings in functioning of cubature structures made of it, due to a significantly lower value of thermal conductivity coefficient.
Go to article

Bibliography



[1] L.H. Hawkins, “The influence of air ions, temperature and humidity on subjective wellbeing and comfort”, Journal of Environmental Psychology 1: pp. 279–292, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(81)80026-6
[2] U. Franck, M. Krüger, N. Schwarz, K. Grossmann, S. Röder, U. Schlink, “Heat stress in urban areas: Indoor and outdoor temperatures in different urban structure types and subjectively reported well-being during a heat wave in the city of Leipzig”, Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: pp. 167–177, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0384
[3] L. Pérez-Lombard, J. Ortiz, C. Pout, “A review on buildings energy consumption information”, Energy and Buildings 40: 394–398, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.007
[4] H. Oktay, R. Yumrutaş, A. Akpolat, “Mechanical and thermophysical properties of lightweight aggregate concretes”, Construction and Building Materials 96: pp. 217–225, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.015
[5] D. Chwieduk, “Prospects for low energy buildings in Poland", Renewable Energy 16: pp. 1196–1199, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00472-8
[6] R. Baetens, B.P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen, “Aerogel insulation for building applications: A state-of-the-art review”, Energy and Buildings 43: pp. 761–769, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.012
[7] A. Soleimani Dorcheh, M.H. Abbasi, “Silica aerogel; synthesis, properties and characterization”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 199: 10–26, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.060
[8] K. Prałat, W. Kubissa, R. Jaskulski, J. Ciemnicka, “Influence of selected micro additives content on thermal properties of gypsum”, Architecture Civil Engineering Environment 12: pp. 69–79, 2019. https://doi.org/10.21307/ACEE-2019-037
[9] S. Ng, B.P. Jelle, L.I.C. Sandberg, T. Gao, Ó.H. Wallevik, “Experimental investigations of aerogel-incorporated ultra-high performance concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 77: pp. 307–316, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.064
[10] J. Strzałkowski, H. Garbalińska, “Thermal and strength properties of lightweight concretes with the addition of aerogel particles”, Advances in Cement Research 28: pp. 567–575, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.16.00032
[11] M.G. Gomes, I. Flores-Colen, F. da Silva, M. Pedroso, “Thermal conductivity measurement of thermal insulating mortars with EPS and silica aerogel by steady-state and transient methods”, Construction and Building Materials 172: pp. 696–705, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.162
[12] C. Buratti, E. Moretti, E. Belloni, F. Agosti, “Development of Innovative Aerogel Based Plasters: Preliminary Thermal and Acoustic Performance Evaluation”, Sustainability 6: pp. 5839–5852, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095839
[13] K. Łuczaj, P. Urbańska, „Certyd - nowe, lekkie, wysokowytrzymałe kruszywo spiekane”, Materiały Budowlane 1: pp. 44–47, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15199/33.2015.12.13
[14] P. Olszak, „Lekkie kruszywa CERTYD – unikatowym wyrobem budowlanym”, Kruszywa: Produkcja - Transport - Zastosowanie 5: pp. 38–42, 2016.
[15] Z. Suchorab, D. Barnat-Hunek, M. Franus, G. Łagód, “Mechanical and Physical Properties of Hydrophobized Lightweight Aggregate Concrete with Sewage Sludge”, Materials 9: p. 317, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9050317
[16] A. Bouguerra, A. Ledhem, F. de Barquin, R.M. Dheilly, M. Quéneudec, “Effect of microstructure on the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight concrete prepared from clay, cement, and wood aggregates”, Cement and Concrete Research 28: pp. 1179–1190, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00075-1
[17] D.K. Panesar, “Cellular concrete properties and the effect of synthetic and protein foaming agents”, Construction and Building Materials 44: pp. 575–584, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.024
[18] F.J. Blanco, P. Garciéa, P. Mateos, J.M. Ayala, “Characteristics and properties of lightweight concrete manufactured with cenospheres”, Cement and Concrete Research 30: pp. 1715–1722, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00357-4
[19] T. Lecompte, P. Le Bideau, P. Glouannec, D. Nortershauser, S. Le Masson, “Mechanical and thermo-physical behaviour of concretes and mortars containing phase change material”, Energy and Buildings 94: pp. 52–60, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.044
[20] V.D. Cao, S. Pilehvar, C. Salas-Bringas, A.M. Szczotok, J.F. Rodriguez, M. Carmona, N. Al-Manasir, A.-L. Kjøniksen, “Microencapsulated phase change materials for enhancing the thermal performance of Portland cement concrete and geopolymer concrete for passive building applications”, Energy Conversion and Management 133: pp. 56–66, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.061
[21] N.P. Sharifi, A. Sakulich, “Application of phase change materials to improve the thermal performance of cementitious material”, Energy and Buildings 103: pp. 83–95, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.040
[22] P. Sukontasukkul, P. Uthaichotirat, T. Sangpet, K. Sisomphon, M. Newlands, A. Siripanichgorn, P. Chindaprasirt, “Thermal properties of lightweight concrete incorporating high contents of phase change materials”, Construction and Building Materials 207: pp. 431–439, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.152
[23] P. Bamonte, A. Caverzan, N. Kalaba, M. Lamperti Tornaghi, “Lightweight Concrete Containing Phase Change Materials (PCMs): A Numerical Investigation on the Thermal Behaviour of Cladding Panels”, Buildings 7: p. 35, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7020035
[24] M. Kheradmand, J. Castro-Gomes, M. Azenha, P.D. Silva, J.L.B. de Aguiar, S.E. Zoorob, “Assessing the feasibility of impregnating phase change materials in lightweight aggregate for development of thermal energy storage systems”, Construction and Building Materials 89: pp. 48–59, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.031
[25] P. Suttaphakdee, N. Dulsang, N. Lorwanishpaisarn, P. Kasemsiri, P. Posi, P. Chindaprasirt, “Optimizing mix proportion and properties of lightweight concrete incorporated phase change material paraffin/recycled concrete block composite”, Construction and Building Materials 127: pp. 475–483, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.037
[26] R. Ji, Y. He, Z. Zhang, L. Liu, X. Wang, “Preparation and modeling of energy-saving building materials by using industrial solid waste”, Energy and Buildings 97: 6–12, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.015
[27] Ł. Majewski, R. Jaskulski, W. Kubissa, Influence of partial replacement of sand with copper slag on the thermal properties of hardened concrete, in: Selected Papers of the 13th International Conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”, 16–17 May, 2019, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2019: pp. 94–101. https://doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.131
[28] R. Jaskulski, P. Reiterman, W. Kubissa, Investigation of thermal properties of concrete with recycled aggregate and concrete with copper slag and supplementary cementing materials, in: I. Hager (Ed.), Energy Efficient, Sustainable Building Materials and Products, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, 2017: pp. 283–302.
[29] W. Kubissa, R. Jaskulski, D. Gil, I. Wilińska, “Holistic Analysis of Waste Copper Slag Based Concrete by Means of EIPI Method”, Buildings 10: 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010001
[30] R. Jaskulski, W. Kubissa, Mechanical properties of copper slag waste based CLSM mixtures, in: Selected Papers of the 13th International Conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”, 16–17 May, 2019, Vilnius, Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2019: pp. 67–73. https://doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.021
[31] W. Kubissa, R. Jaskulski, “Improving of concrete tightness by using surface blast-cleaning waste as a partial replacement of fine aggregate”, Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 63: pp. 1193–1203, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.14512
[32] W. Kubissa, R. Jaskulski, J. Szpetulski, A. Gabrjelska, E. Tomaszewska, Utilization of fine recycled aggregate and the calcareous fly ash in CLSM manufacturing, in: Advanced Materials Research, 2014: pp. 199–204. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1054.199
[33] R. Jaskulski, W. Kubissa, Lightweight concrete with copper slag waste as sand substitution, in: MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816303006
[34] W. Kubissa, R. Jaskulski, T. Simon, “Surface blast-cleaning waste as a replacement of fine aggregate in concrete”, Architecture Civil Engineering Environment 3: pp. 89–94, 2017. https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2017-038
[35] R. Siddique, M. Singh, M. Jain, “Recycling copper slag in steel fibre concrete for sustainable construction”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 122559, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122559
[36] K. Murari, R. Siddique, K.K. Jain, “Use of waste copper slag, a sustainable material”, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 17: pp. 13–26, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-014-0254-x
[37] S.K. Kirthika, S.K. Singh, A. Chourasia, “Alternative fine aggregates in production of sustainable concrete- A review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 122089, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122089
[38] C. Tasdemir, O. Sengul, M.A. Tasdemir, “A comparative study on the thermal conductivities and mechanical properties of lightweight concretes”, Energy and Buildings 151: pp. 469–475, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.013
[39] K. Lo-shu, S. Man-qing, S. Xing-sheng, L. Yun-xiu, “Research on several physico-mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate concrete”, International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 2: pp. 185–191, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(80)90036-6
[40] S.E. Gustafsson, “A Non-Steady-State Method of Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Transparent Liquids”, Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A 22: pp. 1005–1011, 1967. https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1967-0704
[41] S.E. Gustafsson, “Transient plane source techniques for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurements of solid materials”, Review of Scientific Instruments 62: pp. 797–804, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1142087
[42] M.G. Gomes, I. Flores-Colen, H. Melo, A. Soares, “Physical performance of industrial and EPS and cork experimental thermal insulation renders”, Construction and Building Materials 198: pp. 786–795, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.151
[43] N. Latroch, A.S. Benosman, N.-E. Bouhamou, Y. Senhadji, M. Mouli, “Physico-mechanical and thermal properties of composite mortars containing lightweight aggregates of expanded polyvinyl chloride”, Construction and Building Materials 175: pp. 77–87, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.173
[44] M. Záleská, M. Pavlíková, J. Pokorný, O. Jankovský, Z. Pavlík, R. Černý, “Structural, mechanical and hygrothermal properties of lightweight concrete based on the application of waste plastics”, Construction and Building Materials 180: pp. 1–11, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.250
[45] R. Jaskulski, M.A. Glinicki, W. Kubissa, M. Dąbrowski, “Application of a non-stationary method in determination of the thermal properties of radiation shielding concrete with heavy and hydrous aggregate”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 130: pp. 882–892, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.07.050
[46] R. Jaskulski, W. Kubissa, P. Reiterman, O. Holčapek, Thermal properties of heavy concrete for small pre-cast shielding elements, in: Special Concrete and Composites 2019: 16th International Conference, 2020: p. 20011. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000358
[47] H. Uysal, R. Demirboğa, R. Şahin, R. Gül, “The effects of different cement dosages, slumps, and pumice aggregate ratios on the thermal conductivity and density of concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research 34: pp. 845–848, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.018
[48] J. Kuterasińska, A. Król, „Żużel pomiedziowy jako surowiec w produkcji alkalicznie aktywowanych spoiw żużlowych”, Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych 7: pp. 21–36, 2014.
[49] P. Gambal, Wpływ struktury żużla pomiedziowego z pieca elektrycznego na wybrane cechy matrycy cementowej, Politechnika Poznańska, 2013.
[50] L. Janecka, B. Weryński, „Wykorzystanie odpadu przemysłowego – zużytego ścierniwa POLGRIT do produkcji cementu”, Prace Instytutu Szkła, Ceramiki, Materiałów Ogniotrwałych I Budowlanych 1: pp. 39–50, 2008.
[51] J. Rzechuła, Gospodarcze wykorzystanie odpadowego ścierniwa z żużla pomiedziowego, in: A. Łuszczkiewicz (Ed.), Fizykochemiczne Problemy Mineralurgii, Z. 28, Politechnika Wrocławska, Wrocław, 1994: pp. 207–218.
[52] A. Duszyński, W. Jasiński, A. Pryga-Szulc, „Aggregates from granulated copper slag as a component for road construction mixtures”, Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego pp. 85–92, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0074
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Roman Jaskulski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Dolny
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yaroslav Yakymechko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, ul. Łukasiewicza 17, 09-400 Płock, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The present paper focuses on the analysis of resistance of several prototypical under sleeper pads (USP) to severe environmental conditions. Taking into account the climate in Poland, evaluation of USP in regard to water and frost resistance should be performed and the influence of high temperatures should be analyzed. In the present paper results of several tests carried out on the selected USP are presented. The tests were performed in accordance with the rules given in PN-EN 16730. Concrete blocks with USP were immersed in water at room temperature for 24 h and then placed in a climatic chamber for resistance testing. The results show that the severe environmental conditions influence the damping-related parameters of USP, which affects the effectiveness of the vibration isolation. The performed analyses allowed the authors to indicate the most resistant pads that will undergo further testing. Additionally, requirements of several railway infrastructure managers as well as authors' recommendations concerning the properties of USP were given.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] C. Jayasuriya, B. Indraratna, T. Ngoc Ngo, “Experimental study to examine the role of under sleeper pads for improved performance of ballast under cyclic loading”, Transportation Geotechnics 19: pp. 61–73, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.01.005
[2] C. Kraśkiewicz, A. Zbiciak, W. Oleksiewicz, W. Karwowski, “Static and Dynamic Parameters of Railway Tracks Retrofitted With Under Sleeper Pads”, Archives of Civil Engineering 64(4): pp. 187–201, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0070
[3] M. Sol-Sánchez, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, “The use of elastic elements in railway tracks: A state of the art review”, Construction and Building Materials 75: pp. 293–305, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.027
[4] M. Sol-Sánchez, L. Pirozzolo, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, “A study into the mechanical performance of different configurations for the railway track section: A laboratory approach”, Engineering Structures 119: pp. 13–23, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.008
[5] M. Sol-Sánchez, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, “The Use of Deconstructed Tires as Elastic Elements in Railway Tracks”, Materials 7: 5903–5919, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085903
[6] M. Sol-Sánchez, N.H. Thom, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, G.D. Airey, “A study into the use of crumb rubber in railway ballast” Construction and Building Materials 75: pp. 19–24, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.045
[7] J. Kennedy, P.K. Woodward, G. Medero, M. Banimahd, “Reducing railway track settlement using three-dimensional polyurethane polymer reinforcement of the ballast” Construction and Building Materials 44: pp. 615–625, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.002
[8] S. Kaewunruen, A. Aikawa, A.M. Remennikov, “Vibration attenuation at rail joints through under sleeper pads”. Procedia Engineering 189: pp. 193-198, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.031
[9] A. Omodaka, T. Kumakura, T. Konishi, “Maintenance reduction by the development of resilient sleepers for ballasted track with optimal under-sleeper pads”, Procedia CIRP 59: pp. 53–56, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.09.039
[10] T. Abadi, L. Le Pen, A. Zervos, W. Powrie, “Effect of Sleeper Interventions on Railway Track Performance”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 145(4): 04019009, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002022
[11] C. Jayasuriya, B. Indraratna, T.N. Ngo, “Experimental study to examine the role of under sleeper pads for improved performance of ballast under cyclic loading”, Transportation Geotechnics 19: pp. 61–73, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.01.005
[12] C. Kraśkiewicz, A. Zbiciak, A. Al Sabouni-Zawadzka, A. Piotrowski, “Experimental Research on Fatigue Strength of Prototype under Sleeper Pads Used in the Ballasted Rail Track Systems”, Archives of Civil Engineering 66(1): pp. 241–255, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131786
[13] Zbiciak, C. Kraśkiewicz, Al Sabouni-Zawadzka, J. Pełczyński, S. Dudziak, “A Novel Approach to the Analysis of Under Sleeper Pads (USP) Applied in the Ballasted Track Structures”, Materials 13(11): p. 2438, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112438
[14] IRS 70713-1: Railway Application – Track & Structure “Under Sleeper Pads (USP) - Recommendations for Use”, 1st edition 01.04.2018.
[15] PN-EN 16730:2016-08 Railway applications – track – concrete sleepers and bearers with under sleeper pads.
[16] RFI TCAR SF AR 03 007 C, Specifica tecnica di fornitura: Tappetini sotto traversa (USP), 2017.
[17] SNCF IG04013 Traverses et supports béton pour pose ballastée équipées de semelles résilientes en sous faces (ex CT IGEV 016) 14.08.2018.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In drill and blast tunneling method (D&B), non-electric detonators are the most commonly used initiation system. The constant development of excavation technology provides advanced tools for achieving better results of excavation. The research presented in this paper was focused on the attempt to evaluate the influence of electronic detonators, which nowadays are unconventional in tunnelling engineering, on the quality of the excavated tunnel contour. Based on the data form Bjørnegård tunnel in Sandvika, where electronic detonators were tested in five blasting rounds, detailed analysis of drilling was performed. The analysis was made based on the data from laser scanning of the tunnel. 103 profile scans were used for the analysis: 68 from non-electric detonators and 35 from electronic detonators rounds. The results analyzed in terms of contour quality showed that comparing to the results from rounds blasted with non-electric detonators, there was not significant improvement of the contour quality in rounds with electronic detonators.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] D. Chapman, N. Metje, A. Stark, “Introduction to tunnel construction” Second edition. CRC Press. Taylor&Francis Group, LLC, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315120164
[2] S. Zare, A. Bruland, J. Rostami, “Evaluating D&B and TBM tunnelling using NTNU prediction models”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 59: pp. 55–64, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.012
[3] Norwegian Tunnelling Technology, Publication no. 23: pp. 13–16, pp. 99–113. Norwegian Tunnelling Society, Oslo, 2014.
[4] B. Maidl, M. Thewes, U. Maidl, “The handbook of tunnel engineering. Drill and blast tunneling” (chapter 5), WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783433603499.ch5
[5] D. Zou, “Contour Blasting for Underground Excavation”. In: Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1989-0_17
[6] C. Jimeno, E. L. Jimeno, F. J .A. Carcedo, T. V. Ramiro, “Drilling and Blasting of Rocks”, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315141435
[7] Y. Kim, A. Bruland, “Analysis and Evaluation of Tunnel Contour Quality Index”, Automation in Construction 99: pp. 223–237, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.12.008
[8] A. Skłodowska, M. Mitew-Czajewska, “Contour quality in drill and blast method in Norwegian Tunnelling Method”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo 3/2017: pp. 159–161, 2017 (in Polish).
[9] H. L. Arora, D. V. Singh, “Overbreak in underground excavations-some key insights”, 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden, 11–13 June 2018.
[10] J. A. Ibarra, N. H. Maerz, J. A. Franklin, “Overbreak and underbreak in underground openings Part 2: causes and implications”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 3: pp. 325–340, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421947
[11] E. Costamagna, C. Oggeri, P. Segarra, R. Castedo, J. Navarro, “Assessment of contour profile quality in D&B tunneling”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 75: pp. 67–80, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.02.007
[12] G. M. Foderà, A. Voza, G. Barovero, F. Tinti, D. Boldini, “Factors influencing overbreak volumes in drill-and-blast tunnel excavation. A statistical analysis applied to the case study of the Brenner Base Tunnel – BBT”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 105: pp. 103–475, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103475
[13] H. K. Verma, N. K. Samadhiya, M. Singh, R. K. Goel, P. K. Singh, “Blast induced rock mass damage around tunnels”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 71: pp. 149–158. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.08.019
[14] B. Zou, Z. Xu, J. Wang, Z. Luo, L. Hu, "Numerical investigation on influential factors for quality of smooth blasting in rock tunnels", Advances in Civil Engineering 2020: 9854313, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9854313
[15] P. Montagneux, P. Buffard Vercelli, “A new approach for qualifying blasting works in underground”, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archeology, Architecture and Art, volume 3: Geological and geotechnical knowledge and requirements for project implementation – Peila, Viggiani & Celestino (Eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2020.
[16] A. Mottahedi, F. Sereshki, M. Ataei, “Development of overbreak prediction models in drill and blast tunneling using soft computing methods”, Engineering with Computers 34: pp. 45–58, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-017-0520-3
[17] A. H. Salum, V. M. S. R. Murthy, “Optimizing blast pulls and controlling blast-induced excavation damage zone in tunnelling through varied rock classes”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 85: pp. 307–318, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.029
[18] E. Salas Garcia, A. Diaz Butron, “Tunnels: Blasting Optimization for advance 100%, with overbreak and underbreak lower than 5%. Work Cycle Quality, direct improvement of the efficiency and profitability of an underground work”, DNA-TEC-N-013-B-TUNNEL & MINING, 2019.
[19] A. F. McKown, “Perimeter controlled blasting for underground excavations in fractured and weathered rocks”, Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, xxiii (4): pp. 461–478, 1986. https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxiii.4.461
[20] N. Innaurato, R. Mancini, M. Cardu, “On the influence of rock mass quality on the quality of blasting work in tunnel driving”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 13 (1): pp. 81–89, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(98)00027-3
[21] S. Zare, “Prediction Model and Simulation Tool for Time and Cost of Drill and Blast Tunnelling”, Ph.D Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 2007.
[22] K. Dey, V. M. S. R. Murthy, “Prediction of blast-induced overbreak from uncontrolled burn-cut blasting in tunnels driven through medium rock class”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 28: pp. 49–56, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.09.004
[23] H. Mohammadi, A. Azad, “Applying rock engineering systems approach for prediction of overbreak produced in tunnels driven in hard rock”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 38: pp. 2447–2463, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01161-z
[24] H. Mohammadi, B. Barati, A. Y. Chamzini, “Prediction of blast-induced overbreak based on geo-mechanical parameters, blasting factors and the area of tunnel face”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 36: pp. 425–437, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0336-3
[25] J. van Eldert, “Measuring of over-break and the excavation damage zone in conventional tunneling”, Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress 2017: Surface challenges – Underground solutions [Internet], 2017.
[26] H. Jang, Y. Kawamura, U. Shinji, “An empirical approach of overbreak resistance factor for tunnel blasting”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 92: 103060, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103060
[27] A. Mottahedi, F. Sereshki, M. Ataei, “Overbreak prediction in underground excavations using hybrid ANFIS-PSO model”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 80: pp. 1–9, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.05.023
[28] W. Zhang, J. Tang, D-S. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Sun, W-S. Zhang, “Experimental study on the joint application of innovative techniques for the improved drivage of roadways at depths over 1km: a case study”, Archives of Mining Sciences 65 (2020), 1: pp. 159–178, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.132713
[29] J. Pengfei, X. Zhang, X. Li, B. Jiang, B. Liu, H. Zhang, “Optimization analysis of construction scheme for large-span highway tunnel under complex conditions”, Archives of Civil Engineering 64(4): pp. 55–68, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0044
[30] Q. Gao, W. Lu, Z. Leng, Z. Yang, Y. Zhang, H. Hu, "Effect of initiation location within blasthole on blast vibration field and its mechanism", Shock and Vibration 2019: 5386014, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5386014
[31] R. König, “Improvement of tunnel profile by means of electronic detonators”, Modern Trends in Tunnelling and Blast Design: pp. 123–130, 2000.
[32] H. P. Rossmanith, "The mechanics and physics of electronic blasting", Proceedings of the 29th ISEE Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Nashville, Tennessee, 2-5 February, vol. 1: pp. 83–101, 2003.
[33] H. P. Grobler, “Using Electronic Detonators to Improve All-Round Blasting Performances”, Fragblast, 7:1, pp. 1–12, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1076/frag.7.1.1.14061
[34] Y. Bleuzen, F. Monath, M. Quaresma, M. Joao, “Tunnel blasting in a sensitive environment using electronic detonators”, The Journal of Explosives Engineering, sept./oct.: 6–14, 2005.
[35] A. Fauske, “La construccion de tuneles urbanos en Noruega”, Rocas y Minerales, July: pp. 62–74, 1998.
[36] M. Stratmann, “Moderne Bohr-und Sprengverfahren beim Vortrieb des Mitholztunnel”, Nobel Hefte, 1/2: pp. 31–39, 1996.
[37] M. Yamamoto, T. Ichijo, Y. Tanaka, “Smooth blasting with the electronic delay detonator”, 21 st ISEE Int. Conf. on Explosives & Blasting Technique, International Society of Explosives Engineers: pp. 144–156, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1080/13855149909408030
[38] H. Fu, L. N. Y. Wong, Y. Zhao, Z. Shen, C. Zhang, Y. Li, “Comparison of Excavation Damage Zones Resulting from Blasting with Nonel Detonators and Blasting with Electronic Detonators”, Rock Mech Rock Eng 47: pp. 809–816, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0419-2
[39] M. Cardu, A. Giraudi, P. Oreste, “A review of the benefits of electronic detonators”, REM: Revista Escola de Minas 66(3): pp. 375–382, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0370-44672013000300016
[40] Y. Kim, “Tunnel Contour Quality Index in a drill and blast tunnel” (Ph.D.). Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2009.
[41] Manual 021. Road tunnels, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, NPRA Printing Center, Norway 2004. ISBN 82-7207-540-7
[42] V. Isheyskiy, J. A. Sanchidrián, “Prospects of applying MWD technology for quality management of drilling and blasting operations at mining enterprises”, Minerals 10: p. 925, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100925
[43] J. Navarro, J.A. Sanchidrián, P. Segarra, R. Castedo, E. Costamagna, L.M. López, “Detection of potential overbreak zones in tunnel blasting from MWD data”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 82: pp. 504–516, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.060
[44] Statens vegvesen. Håndbok R761 Prosesskode 1: standard beskrivelsestekster for vegkontrakter: hovedprosess 1-7 (1st ed.), Oslo, 2015.
[45] Digitalisation in Norwegian tunneling. Publication no 28, Nowregian Tunnelling Society, Oslo, Norway, 2019. ISBN 978-82-92641-45-3
[46] Q. Jiang, S. Zhong, P-Z. Pan, Y. Shi, H. Guo, Y. Kou, “Observe the temporal evolution of deep tunnel's 3D deformation by 3D laser scanning in the Jinchuan No. 2 Mine”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 97: pp. 103–237, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103237
[47] H. Sun, Z. Xu, L. Yao, R. Zhong, L. Du, H. Wu, “Tunnel monitoring and measuring system using mobile laser scanning: design and deployment”, Remote Sensing 12(4): p. 730, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040730
[48] N. H. Maerz, J. A. Ibarra, J. A. Franklin, “Overbreak and underbreak in underground openings part 1: measurement using the light sectioning method and digital image processing”, Geotechnical & Geological Engineering 14: pp. 307–323, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421946
[49] S. Amvrazis, K. Bergmeister, R. W. Glatzl, “Optimizing the excavation geometry using digital mapping”, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archeology, Architecture and Art, volume 3: Geological and geotechnical knowledge and requirements for project implementation – Peila, Viggiani & Celestino (Eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2020.
[50] K. Voit, S. Amvrazis, T. Cordes, K. Bergmeister, “Drill and blast excavation forecasting using 3D laser scanning”, Geomechanic und Tunnelbau 10(3): pp. 298–316, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.201600057
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Anna Monika Skłodowska
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Mitew-Czajewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Now at: Instituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/C - 34010 - Sgonico, Italy & University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, Italy
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This paper presents a study of laminated veneer lumber panels subjected to bending. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a sustainable building material manufactured by laminating 3-4-mm-thick wood veneers, using adhesives. The authors of this article studied the behaviour of type R laminated veneer lumber (LVL R), in which all veneers are glued together longitudinally – along the grain. Tensile, compressive and bending tests of LVL R were conducted. The short-term behaviour, load carrying-capacity, mode of failure and load-deflection of the LVL R panels were investigated. The authors observed failure modes at the collapse load, associated with the delamination and cracking of veneer layers in the tensile zone. What is more, two non-linear finite element models of the tested LVL R panel were developed and verified against the experimental results. In the 3D finite element model, LVL R was described as an elastic-perfectly plastic material. In the 2D finite element model, on the other hand, it was described as an orthotropic material and its failure was captured using the Hashin damage model. The comparison of the numerical and experimental analyses demonstrated that the adopted numerical models yielded the results similar to the experimental results.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] A. M. Harte, “Timber engineering: an introduction”, in ICE Manual of Construction Materials: Volume I/II: Fundamentals and theory; Concrete; Asphalts in road construction; Masonry, M. Forde, Ed., ICE Publishing, Chapter 60, 2009.
[2] A. Karolak, J. Jasieńko and R. Raszczuk, “Historical scarf and splice carpentry joints: state of the art”, Heritage Science, vol. 8, article number 105, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00448-2
[3] P. Witomski, A. Krajewski and P. Kozakiewicz, “Selected mechanical properties of Scots pine wood from antique churches of Central Poland”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 72, pp. 293–296, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-014-0783-y
[4] E. Kotwica and S. Krzosek, “Timber bridges – revive of old and new bridges built in Switzerland”, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, vol. 92, pp. 207-210, 2015.
[5] B. Franke, S. Franke, A. Müller, M. Vogel, F. Scharmacher and T. Tannert, “Long term monitoring of timber bridges – Assessment and results”, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 778, pp. 749–756, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.778.749
[6] T. Alapieti, R. Mikkola, P. Pasanen and H. Salonen, “The influence of wooden interior materials on indoor environment: a review”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 78, pp. 617–634, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01532-x
[7] A. Bragov, L. Igumnov, F. dell’Isola, A. Konstantinov, A. Lomunov and T. Iuzhina, “Dynamic testing of lime-tree (Tilia Europoea) and pine (Pinaceae) for wood model identification”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 22, article 5261, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225261
[8] P. G. Kossakowski, “Influence of anisotropy on the energy release rate GI for highly orthotropic materials”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 739–752, 2007.
[9] P. G. Kossakowski, “Fracture toughness of pine wood for I and II loading modes”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 509–529, 2008.
[10] P. G. Kossakowski, “Mixed mode I/II fracture toughness of pine wood”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 199–227, 2009.
[11] M. Szumigała, E. Szumigała and Ł. Polus, “Laboratory tests of new connectors for timber-concrete composite structures”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 161–173, 2018.
[12] M. Fragiacomo and E. Łukaszewska, “Time-dependent behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors with prefabricated concrete slabs”, Engineering Structures, vol. 52, pp. 687–696, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.03.031
[13] A. Dias, J. Skinner, K. Crews and T. Tannert, “Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 443–451. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0
[14] N. Khorsandnia, H. R. Valipour and K. Crews, “Experimental and analytical investigation of short-term behavior of LVL-concrete composite connections and beams”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 37, pp. 229–238, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.022
[15] P. Kyvelou, L. Gardner and D. A. Nethercot, “Testing and analysis of composite cold-formed steel - wood-based flooring systems”, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 143, no. 11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001885
[16] A. Hassanieh, H. R. Valipour and M. A. Bradford, “Experimental and numerical study of steel-timber composite (STC) beams”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 122, pp. 367–378, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.04.005
[17] M. Chybiński and Ł. Polus, “Theoretical, experimental and numerical study of aluminium-timber composite beams with screwed connections”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 226, pp. 317–330. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.101
[18] S. M. Saleh and N. A. Jasim, “Structural behavior of timber aluminum composite beams under static loads”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1166–1173, 2014.
[19] M. Szumigała, M. Chybiński and Ł. Polus, “Preliminary analysis of the aluminium-timber composite beams”, Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 131–141, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0056
[20] C. Bedon and M. Fragiacomo, “Numerical analysis of timber-to-timber joints and composite beams with inclined self-tapping screws”, Composite Structures, vol. 207, pp. 13–28, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.09.008
[21] G. Schiro, I. Giongo, W. Sebastian, D. Riccadonna and M. Piazza, “Testing of timber-to-timber screw-connections in hybrid configurations”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 171, pp. 170–186, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.078
[22] K. Furtak and K. Rodacki, “Experimental investigations of load-bearing capacity of composite timber-glass I-beams”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 956–964, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.02.002
[23] M. Kozłowski, M. Kadela and J. Hulimka, “Numerical investigation of structural behavior of timber-glass composite beams”, Procedia Engineering, vol. 161, pp. 78–89, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.838
[24] P. Rapp, “Application of adhesive joints in reinforcement and reconstruction of weakened wooden elements loaded axially”, Drewno, vol. 59, no. 196, pp. 59–73, 2016. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.128.05
[25] P. Rapp, “The numerical modeling of adhesive joints in reinforcement of wooden elements, subjected to bending and shearing”, Drewno, vol. 60, no. 199, pp. 21–36, 2017. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.192.02
[26] I. Burawska, M. Zbieć, A. Tomusiak and P. Beer, “Local reinforcement of timber with composite and lignocellulosic materials”, BioResources, vol. 10, 457–468, 2015.
[27] M. Dudziak, I. Malujda, K. Talaśka, T. Łodygowski and W. Sumelka, “Analysis of the process of wood plasticization by hot rolling”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 503–516. 2016. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.54.2.503
[28] M. Wieruszewski, G. Gołuński, G. J. Hruzik and V. Gotych, “Glued elements for construction”, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology, vol. 72, pp. 453–458, 2010.
[29] J. Porteous and A. Kermani, “Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5”, 2nd ed., Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
[30] P. Dietsch and T. Tannert, “Assessing the integrity of glued-laminated timber elements”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 1259–1270, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.064
[31] R. Mirski, D. Dziurka, M. Chuda-Kowalska, M. Wieruszewski, J. Kawalerczyk and A. Trociński, “The usefulness of pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the production of structural elements. Part I: Evaluation of the quality of the pine timber in the bending test”, Materials, vol. 13, article 3957, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183957
[32] R. Mirski, D. Dziurka, M. Chuda-Kowalska, J. Kawalerczyk, M. Kuliński and K. Łabęda, “The usefulness of pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the production of structural elements. Part II: Strength properties of glued laminated timber”, Materials, vol. 13, article 4029, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184029
[33] R. Brandner, A. Ringhofer and T. Reichinger, “Performance of axially-loaded self-tapping screws in hardwood: Properties and design”, Engineering Structures, vol. 188, pp. 677–699, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.018
[34] T. Gečys, G. Šaučiuvėnas, L. Ustinovichius, C. Miedzialowski and P. Sulik, “Surface based cohesive behavior implementation for the strength analysis of glued-in threaded rods in glulam”, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 1149–1157, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/bpasts.2020.134665
[35] R. Brandner, “Production and technology of cross laminated timber (CLT): State-of-the-art report”, in European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber, R. Harris, A. Ringhofer and G. Schickhofer, Eds., Graz: Graz University of Technology, 2013, pp. 3–36.
[36] M. Jeleč, D. Varevac and V. Rajčić, “Cross-laminated timber (CLT) – a state of the art report”, Građevinar, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 75–95, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.2071.2017
[37] O. Espinoza, V. R. Trujillo, M. F. Laguarda and U. Buehlmann, “Cross-laminated timber: Status and research needs in Europe”, BioResources, vol. 11, pp. 281–295, 2016.
[38] A. Ringhofer, R. Brandner and H. J. Blaß, “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Design approaches for dowel-type fasteners and connections”, Engineering Structures, vol. 171, pp. 849–861, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.032
[39] R. Brandner, A. Ringhofer and M. Grabner, “Probabilistic models for the withdrawal behavior of single self-tapping screws in the narrow face of cross laminated timber (CLT)”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 13–30, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1226-3
[40] T. Tannert, M. Follesa, M. Fragiacomo, P. González, H. Isoda, D. Moroder, H. Xiong and J. van de Lindt, “Seismic Design of Cross-laminated Timber Buildings”, Wood and Fiber Science, vol. 50, pp. 3–26, 2018.
[41] Z. Chena, Q. Lei, R. He, Z. Zhang, A. Jalal Khan Chowdhury, “Review on antibacterial biocomposites of structural laminated veneer lumber”, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 142–147, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.025
[42] A. Özçifçi, “Effect of scarf joints on bending strength and modulus of elasticity to laminated veneer lumber (LVL)”, Building and Environment, vol. 42, pp. 1510–1514, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.12.024
[43] H. Ido, H. Nagao, H. Kato, A. Miyatake and Y. Hiramatsu, “Strength properties of laminated veneer lumber in compression perpendicular to its grain”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 56, pp. 422–428, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-010-1116-3
[44] C. Pirvu, H. Yoshida and K. Taki, “Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints I: bond quality and joint performance of LVL-metal joints using epoxy resins”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 45, pp. 284–290, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00833492
[45] C. Pirvu, H. Yoshida, M. Inayama, M. Yasumura and K. Taki, “Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints II: strength properties and failure behavior under lateral loading”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 46, pp. 193–201, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00776449
[46] A. Özçifçi, “The effects of pilot hole, screw types and layer thickness on the withdrawal strength of screws in laminated veneer lumber”, Materials and Design, vol. 30, pp. 2355–2358, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.001
[47] G. Celebi and M. Kilic, “Nail and screw withdrawal strength of laminated veneer lumber made up hardwood and softwood layers”, Construction and Building Materials, 21, pp. 894–900, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.015
[48] M. Dorn, K. Habrová, R. Koubek and E. Serrano, “Determination of coefficients of friction for laminated veneer lumber on steel under high pressure loads”, Friction, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0377-0
[49] C. Y. C. Purba, G. Pot, J. Viguier, J. Ruelle and L. Denaud, “The influence of veneer thickness and knot proportion on the mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from secondary quality hardwood”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 77, pp. 393–404, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-019-01400-3
[50] P. Berard, P. Yang, H. Yamauchi, K. Umemura and S. Kawai, “Modeling of a cylindrical laminated veneer lumber I: mechanical properties of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and the reliability of a nonlinear finite elements model of a four-point bending test”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 57, pp. 100–106, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-010-1150-1
[51] Y.-J. Song, S.-I. Hong, J.-S. Suh and S.-B. Park, “Strength performance evaluation of moment resistance for cylindrical-LVL column using GFRP reinforced wooden pin”, Wood Research, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 417–426, 2017.
[52] Z. Bednarek, D. Pieniak and P. Ogrodnik, “Wytrzymałość na zginanie i niezawodność kompozytu drewnianego LVL w warunkach podwyższonych temperatur”, Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP, vol. 40, pp. 5–17, 2010. (in Polish)
[53] M. Bakalarz and P. Kossakowski, “The flexural capacity of laminated veneer lumber beams strengthened with AFRP and GFRP sheets”, Technical Transactions, Civil Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 85–94, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.023.10159
[54] M. Bakalarz and P. Kossakowski, “Mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber beams strengthened with CFRP sheets”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 57–66, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0018
[55] M. Bakalarz, P. Kossakowski and P. Tworzewski, “Strengthening of bent LVL beams with near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP reinforcement”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, article 2350, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102350
[56] B. Kawecki and J. Podgórski, “3D ABAQUS simulation of bent softwood elements”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 66 no. 3, pp. 323–337, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.134400
[57] B. P. Gilbert, H. Bailleres, H. Zhang and R. L. McGavin, “Strength modelling of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 149, pp. 763–777, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.153
[58] H. Valipour, N. Khorsandnia, K. Crews and S. Foster, “A simple strategy for constitutive modelling of timber”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 53, pp. 138–148, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.100
[59] N. Khorsandnia, H. R. Valipour and K. Crews, “Nonlinear finite element analysis of timber beams and joints using the layered approach and hypoelastic constitutive law”, Engineering Structures, vol. 46, pp. 606–614, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.017
[60] M. Komorowski, “Manual of design and build in the STEICO system, Basic information, Building physics, Guidelines”, Warsaw: Forestor Communication, 2017. (in Polish)
[61] European Committee for Standardization, EN 1990, Eurocode 0, Basis of structural design, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2002.
[62] European Committee for Standardization, EN 408, Timber structures - Structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of some physical and mechanical properties; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2012.
[63] European Committee for Standardization, EN 13183-1, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 1: Determination by oven dry method; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2004.
[64] Abaqus 6.13 Documentation, Abaqus Analysis Users Guide, Abaqus Theory Guide.
[65] H. T. Nguyen and S. E. Kim, “Finite element modeling of push-out tests for large stud shear connectors”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 65, pp. 1909–1920, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.06.010
[66] M. P. Budziak and T. Garbowski, “Failure assessment of steel-concrete composite column under blast loading”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 61–84, 2014.
[67] M. Sciomenta, L. Spera, C. Bedon, V. Rinaldi, M. Fragiacomo and M. Romagnoli, “Mechanical characterization of novel homogeneous beech and hybrid beech-corsican pine thin cross-laminated timber panels”, Construction and Building Materials, article 121589, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121589
[68] Ł. Polus and M. Szumigała, “An experimental and numerical study of aluminium-concrete joints and composite beams”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 375–390, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.11.007
[69] A. Pełka-Sawenko, T. Wróblewski and M. Szumigała, “Validation of computational models of steel-concrete composite beams”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 53–67, 2016.
[70] P. Szewczyk and M. Szumigała, “Welding deformation in a structure strengthened under load in an empirical-numerical study”, in Advances in Mechanics: Theoretical, Computational and Interdisciplinary Issues. Proceedings of the 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics (PCM) and 21st International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics (CMM), Gdansk, Poland, 8-11 September 2015, M. Kleiber, T. Burczynski, K. Wilde, J. Gorski, K. Winkelmann and L. Smakosz, Eds., London: CRC Press, 2016, pp. 563–566.
[71] P. Szewczyk, “Wzmacnianie pod obciążeniem belek zespolonych stalowo-betonowych w eksperymencie numerycznym i fizycznym”, PhD thesis, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland, 2016. (in Polish)
[72] P. Różyło, “Stateczność i stany graniczne ściskanych cienkościennych profili kompozytowych”, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej, 2019. (in Polish)
[73] P. Rozylo, “Failure analysis of thin-walled composite structures using independent advanced damage models”, Composite Structures, vol. 262, article 113598, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113598
[74] A. B. Widodo, “Application of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) on the wooden boat construction”, IPTEK The Journal for Technology and Science, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 8–14, 2012.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In pursuing numerous construction projects, investors and contractors regularly face construction delay problems, many of which are likely to have been avoidable. There is found that payment delays and project delays are the two most critical effects of risk factors of construction management. The paper presents the practical application of the Earned Value Management method, which was used to estimate the possible extension of the duration of construction works during which realization disturbances occurred on the example of selected construction investment. The realization disturbances are usually an inseparable element in the implementation of construction works. They are the result of, among others: additional works, changes or design defects, as well as a badly adopted logistics strategy regarding the supply of construction materials. Delays or increasing the total cost of investment is a problem often encountered in the implementation of construction investments, despite advanced construction technologies, including system technologies and proven tools supporting the management of the construction process. The EVM method is used to control investments. It allows you to control delays and acceleration of construction works as well as to estimate their cost and completion date. In the analyzed case it was used to determine the scale of delays arising in construction works and related effects with the specification of the participation of individual participants of the investment process for delays. This paper is a continuation and supplementation of the research presented in the article: “The influence of construction works disturbances on the EVM analysis outcomes – case study” [23].
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] N. Kongchasing, and G. Sua-Iam, “The major causes of construction delays identified using the Delphi technique: perspectives of contractors and consultants in Thailand”. Int J Civ Eng (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00575-8.
[2] K. Park, H.W. Lee, K. Choi, et al., “Project Risk Factors Facing Construction Management Firms”. Int J Civ Eng 17, pp. 305–321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0262-z
[3] ANSI EIA – 748 Standard – Earned Value Management Systems.
[4] K. Araszkiewicz, and M. Bochenek, “Control of construction projects using the Earned Value Method – case study”, Open Engineering 9 (2019), pp. 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0020
[5] M. Bilal, L.O. Oyedele, H.O. Kusimo, H.A. Owolabi, L.A. Akanbi, A.O. Ajayi, O.O. Akinade, and J.M.D. Delgado, “Investigating profitability performance of construction projects using big data: A project analytics approach”, Journal of Building Engineering, 26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100850
[6] D.W.M. Chan, T. O. Olawumi, and A. M.L. Ho, “Perceived benefits of and barriers to Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation in construction: The case of Hong Kong”, Journal of Building Engineering, 25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100764
[7] R. Charef, S. Emmitt, H. Alaka, and F. Fouchal, (2019). “Building Information Modelling adoption in the European Union: An overview”. Journal of Building Engineering, 25, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100777
[8] T. Chen et al, “How do project management competencies change within the project management career model in large Chinese construction companies?”, International Journal of Project Management, 37 (2019), pp. 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.12.002
[9] U. Dwivedi, “Earned Value Management Explained”, 2019 Project Smart reserved, https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/earned-value-management-explained.php
[10] F. Elghaish, S. Abrishami, M. RR. Hosseini, S. Abu-Samra, and M. Gaterell, “Integrated project delivery with BIM: An automated EVM-based approach”, Automation in Construction, 106, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102907
[11] M. Lendo-Siwicka, M. Poloński, and K. Pawluk, “Identification of the interference in the investment process during the realization of a shopping centre – a case study”, Archives of Civil Engineering, LXII (2016), pp. 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0058
[12] L. Lin, R. Müller, F. Zhu, and H. Liu, “Choosing suitable project control modes to improve the knowledge integration under different uncertainties”, International Journal of Project Management, 37 (2019), pp. 896–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.07.002
[13] L. Song, “Earned Value Management: A Global Cross-Industry Perspective on Current EVM Practice”. PMI 2010.
[14] S.T. Matarneha, M. Danso-Amoako, S.T. Matarneh, S. Al-Bizri, M. Gaterell, and R. Matarneh, “Building information modeling for facilities management: A literature review and future research directions”, Journal of Building Engineering, 24 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100755
[15] P. A de Andrade, A. Martens, and M. Vanhoucke, ”Using real project schedule data to compare earned schedule and earned duration management project time forecasting capabilities”, Automation in Construction, 99 (2019), pp. 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.11.030
[16] A. Miguel, W. Madria, and R. Polancos, “Project Management Model: Integrating Earned Schedule, Quality, and Risk in Earned Value Management”, 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA), Tokyo, Japan, 2019, pp. 622–628
[17] N. Moradi, S.M. Mousavi, and B. Vandani, “An earned value model with risk analysis for project management under uncertain conditions”, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 32 (2017), pp. 97–113. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-151139
[18] S.A. Mubarak, “Construction Project Scheduling and Control”. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
[19] M. Oraee, M.R. Hosseini, D.J. Edwards, H. Li, E. Papadonikolaki, and D. Cao, “Collaboration barriers in BIM-based construction networks: A conceptual model”, International Journal of Project Management, 37 (2019), pp. 839–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.05.004
[20] E. Papadonikolaki, C. van Oel, and M. Kagioglou, “Organising and Managing boundaries: A structurational view of collaboration with Building Information Modelling (BIM)”, International Journal of Project Management, 37 (2019), pp. 378–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.010
[21] P. Piroozfar, E. R.P. Farr, A.H.M. Zadeh, S.T. Inacio, S. Kilgallone, and R. Jin, “Facilitating Building Information Modelling (BIM) using Integrated Project Delivery (IPD): A UK perspective”, Journal of Building Engineering, 26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100907
[22] B. Roseke, “The Earned Value Method”. https://www.projectengineer.net/the-earned-value-method/
[23] A. Starczyk-Kołbyk, and L. Kruszka, “The influence of construction works disturbances on the EVM analysis outcomes – case study”, Archives of Civil Engineering, LXVI (2020), pp. 161–177. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131781
[24] A. Webb, “Using Earned Value – a project manager guide”. Gower Publishing, Ltd., 2003.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Anna Starczyk-Kołbyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leopold Kruszka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00–908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2,00–908 Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the description and results of ultrasonic pulse velocity tests performed on heated beams. The studies aimed to verify the suitability of the UPV method for the assessment of the damaged external layer in the cross-section of RC members after a fire. Four beams heated in a planned way from the bottom (a one-way heat transfer) for 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes and one unheated beam were examined. The tests were performed using an indirect UPV method (linear measurement on the heated surface). Reference tests were conducted using a direct UPV method (measurement across the member section, parallel to the isotherm layout). Exponential transducers were used for testing concrete surface, which was degraded in high temperature and not grinded. The estimated thicknesses of the destroyed external concrete layer corresponded to the location of the isotherm not exceeding 230oC. Therefore, this test can be used to determine at which depth in the member crosssection the concrete was practically undamaged by high temperature.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] K.R. Kordina, “Design of concrete buildings for fire resistance”, Chapter 6 in: Structural concrete. Textbook on behaviour, design and performance. Second edition. Vol. 4. fib bulletin 54: pp. 1–36, 2010.
[2] EN 1992-1-2:2004. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design.
[3] U. Schneider, „Behaviour of Concrete under Thermal Steady State and Non-Steady State Conditions“, Fire and Materials 1(3): pp. 103–115, 1976. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810010305
[4] Q. Ma, R. Guo, Z. Zhao, Z. Lin, K. He, “Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature – A review”, Construction and Building Materials 93: pp. 371–383, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131
[5] W. Jackiewicz-Rek, T. Drzymała, A. Kuś, M. Tomaszewski, “Durability of High Performance Concrete (HPC) Subject to Fire Temperature Impact”. Archives of Civil Engineering, 62(4): pp. 73–94, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0109
[6] fib Bulletin 38/2007, “Fire design for concrete structures – materials, structures and modelling. State-of-art report”, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), April 2007.
[7] R. Kowalski, “Calculations of reinforced concrete structures fire resistance”, Architecture Civil Engineering Environment. Journal of the Silesian University of Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4/2009, pp. 61–69.
[8] EN 1991-1-2:2002. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. Part 1-2: General actions. Actions on structures exposed to fire
[9] R. Kowalski, „On the identification of the reference isotherm in the simplified analysis of R/C members in fire“, Studies and Researches. Annual Review of Structural Concrete Vol. 30, Ed. by Politecnico di Milano and Italcementi, Starrylink Editrice (Brescia, Italy), pp. 281–306, 2010.
[10] R. Kowalski, “Temperature distribution in R/C cross-section subjected to heating and then freely cooled down in air”, Chapter 9 in: Benchmark Studies. Experimental Validation of Numerical Models in Fire Engineering. CTU Publishing House, Czech Technical University in Prague, pp. 107–122, 2014.
[11] R. Kowalski, M. Abramowicz, P. Chudzik, “Reaction of RC Slabs Cross-Sections to Fire. Calculation of Simplified Substitute Temperature Loads Induced by an Unsteady Heat Flow”. Proceedings of International Conference: Applications of Structural Fire Engineering, Dubrovnik 2015. CTU Publishing House, Czech Technical University in Prague, pp. 214–219, 2015.
[12] R. Kowalski, J. Wróblewska, “Application of a sclerometer to the preliminary assessment of concrete quality in structures after fire”, Archives of Civil Engineering 64(4): pp. 171–186, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0069
[13] G.A. Khoury, “Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a reassessment”, Magazine of Concrete Research 44(161): pp. 291–309, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1992.44.161.291
[14] V. Kodur, „Properties of concrete at elevated temperature“, ISRN Civil Engineering 2014: pp. 1–15, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/468510
[15] R. Kowalski, P. Król, “Experimental Examination of Residual Load Bearing Capacity of RC Beams Heated up to High Temperature”, Sixth International Conference Structures in Fire, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, Proceedings edited by V.K.R. Kodur and J.M. Fransen, DEStech Publications Inc., pp. 254–261, 2010.
[16] R. Kowalski, “The effects of the cooling rate on the residual properties of heated-up concrete”, Structural Concrete. Journal of the fib 8(1): pp. 11–15. 2007.
[17] I. Hager, T. Tracz, K. Krzemień “The usefulness of selected non-destructive and destructive methods in the assessment of concrete after fire”, Cement Lime Concrete 3/2014: pp. 145–151, 2014.
[18] R. Felicetti, “Assessment of fire damage in concrete structures: New inspection tools and combined interpretation of results”, 8th International Conference on Structures in Fire, Shanghai, China, pp. 1111–1120, 2014.
[19] P. Knyziak, R. Kowalski, R. Krentowski, “Fire damage of RC slab structure of a shopping center”, Engineering Failure Analysis 97: pp. 53–60, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.12.002
[20] J. Wróblewska, R. Kowalski, “Assessing concrete strength in fire-damaged structures”, Construction and Building Materials 254: pp. 119–122, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119122
[21] EN 12504-4:2004. Testing concrete. Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity.
[22] ACI 228.2R-98. Nondestructive test methods for evaluation of concrete in structures.
[23] L.X. Xiong, “Uniaxial Dynamic Mechanical Properties Of Tunnel Lining Concrete Under Moderate-Low Strain Rate After High Temperature”, Archives of Civil Engineering 61(2): pp. 35–52, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0013
[24] I. Hager, H. Carré, “Ultrasonic pulse velocity investigations on concrete subjected to high temperature with the use of cylindrical and exponential transducers”, 7th International Conference on Structures in Fire, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 805–814, 2012.
[25] P.F. Castro, A. Mendes Neto, “Assessing strength variability of concrete structural elements”, The 8th International Conference of the Slovenian Society for Non-Destructive Testing Application of Contemporary Non-Destructive Testing in Engineering, Portorož, Slovenia, pp. 123–130, 2005.
[26] A. Mariak, K. Wilde, “Multipoint Ultrasonic Diagnostics System Of Prestressed T-Beams”, Archives of Civil Engineering 60(4): pp. 475–491, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2014-0032
[27] J. Jaskowska-Lemańska, J. Sagan, “Non-Destructive Testing Methods as a Main Tool Supporting Effective Waste Management in Construction Processes”, Archives of Civil Engineering 65(4): pp. 263–276, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0059
[28] H.W. Chung, K.S. Law, “Assessing fire damage of concrete by the ultrasonic pulse technique”, Cement, Concrete and Aggregates (ASTM) 7(2): pp. 84–88, 1985.
[29] EN 1992-1-2:2004. Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. General rules. Structural fire design.
[30] R. Kowalski, “Mechanical properties of concrete subjected to high temperature”, Architecture Civil Engineering Environment 3(2): pp. 61–70, 2010.
[31] O. Abraham, X. Dérobert, "Non-destructive testing of fired tunnel walls: the Mont-Blanc Tunnel case study", NDT&E International 36: pp. 411–418, 2003.
[32] M. Colombo, R. Felicetti, “New NDT techniques for the assessment of fire damaged concrete structures”, 4th International Workshop Structures in Fire, Aveiro, Portugal, pp. 721–734, 2006.
[33] W. Wuryanti, “Determination residual strength concrete of post-fire using ultrasonic pulse velocity”, IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 620: pp. 12–64, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/620/1/012064
[34] U. Dilek, M.L. Leming, “Comparison of pulse velocity and impact-echo findings to properties of thin disks from a fire damaged slab”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 21(1): pp. 13–21, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:1(13)
[35] J. Franssen, “User’s Manual for SAFIR 2016 A Computer Program for Analysis of Structures Subjected to Fire”, University of Liege, Belgium, 2016.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Julia Wróblewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Głowacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogumiła Juchnowicz-Bierbasz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Pea gravel is a kind of a coarse aggregate with a specific particle size used to fill the annular gap between the lining segments and the surrounding ground when tunnel construction with shield machines is performed in hard rock. The main purpose of the present study is to propose quantitative morphological indices of the pea gravel and to establish their relations with the void content of the aggregate and the compressive strength of the mixture of pea gravel and slurry (MPS). Results indicate that the pea gravel of the crushed rock generally have a larger void content than that of the river pebble, and the grain size has the highest influence on the void ratio. Elongation, roughness and angularity have moderate influences on the void ratio. The content of the oversize or undersize particles in the sample affects the void ratio of the granular assembly in a contrary way. The compressive strength of the MPS made with the river pebble is obviously smaller than that of the MPS made with the crushed rock. In the crushed rock samples, the compressive strength increases with the increase of the oversize particle content. The relations between the morphological properties and the void content, and the morphological properties and the compressive strength of the MPS are expressed as regression functions. The outcomes of this study would assist with quality assessments in TBM engineering for the selection of the pea gravel material and the prediction of the compressive strength of the MPS.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] EFNARC. Specification and guidelines for the use of specialist products for Mechanized Tunnelling (TBM) in Soft Ground and Hard Rock. www.efnarc.org. 2005.
[2] Maidl B., Herrenknecht M., Maidl U., Wehrmeyer G. Mechanised shield tunnelling / 2nd ed. Ernst & Sohn, 2011.
[3] Pelizza S., Peila D., Borio L., Dal Negro E., Schulkins R. and Boscaro A. Analysis of the Performance of Two Component Back-filling Grout in Tunnel Boring Machines Operating under Face Pressure. Proceedings of ITAAITES World Tunnel Congress 2010: “Tunnel vision towards 2020”, Vancouver, May (2010), pp. 14–20.
[4] Maidl O. I. H. C. M. B., Schmid L., Ritz W., et al. Hardrock Tunnel Boring Machines. Ernst & Sohn, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783433600122
[5] Peila D., Luca B., Sebastiano P. The behaviour of a two-component backfilling grout used in a tunnel-boring machine. Acta Geotechnica Slovenica, 2011.
[6] Thewes M., Budach C. Grouting of the annular gap in shield tunnelling – an important factor for minimisation of settlements and production performance. Proceedings of the Ita, 2009.
[7] Henzinger M. R., Radončić N., Moritz B. A., et al. Backfill of segmental lining – State of the art, redistribution behaviour of pea gravel, possible improvements / Tübbingbettung – Stand der Technik, Umlagerungsverhalten von Perlkies, Verbesserungspotenzial. Geomechanik Und Tunnelbau. 9 (3): pp. 188–199, 2016.
[8] Lanaro F., Tolppanen P. 3D characterization of coarse aggregates. Engineering Geology. 65 (1): pp. 17–30, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00133-8
[9] Sengul Ö., Tasdemir C., Tasdemir M. A. Influence of aggregate type on mechanical behaviour of normal and high-strength concretes. ACI Mater J. 99 (6): pp. 528–533, 2002.
[10] Goble C. F., Cohen M. D. Influence of aggregate surface area on mechanical properties of mortar. ACI Mater J. 96 (6): pp. 657–662, 1999.
[11] Mehta P. K., Ezeldin A. S., Aitcin P. C. Effect of coarse aggregate on the behavior of normal and high-strength concretes. Cement Concrete and Aggregates. 13(2): p. 4, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA10128J
[12] Cetin A., Carrasquillo R. L. High-performance concrete: influence of coarse aggregates on mechanical properties. ACI Mater J. 95 (3): pp. 252–261, 1998.
[13] Zhou F. P., Lydon F. D., Barr BIG. Effect of coarse aggregate on elastic modulus and compressive strength of high-performance concrete. Cem Concr Res. 25 (1): pp. 177–186, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008- 8846(94)00125-I
[14] Uddin M. T., Mahmood A. H. Effects of maximum aggregate size on upv of brick aggregate concrete. Ultrasonics. 69: pp. 129–136, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2016.04.006
[15] Kawamoto R., Andrade J., Matsushima T. A 3-D mechanics-based particle shape index for granular materials. Mechanics Research Communications. 92: 67–73, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2018.07.002
[16] Wu J., Wang L., Hou Y., et al. A digital image analysis of gravel aggregate using CT scanning technique. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 11 (2): pp. 160–167, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.08.002
[17] Nikbin I. M., Beygi M. H. A., Kazemi M. T., et al. A comprehensive investigation into the effect of aging and coarse aggregate size and volume on mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. Materials & Design. 59: pp. 199–210, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.054
[18] Masad E., Jandhyala V. K., Dasgupta N., Somadevan N., Shashidhar N. Characterization of air void distribution in asphalt mixes using X-ray computed tomography. J Mater Civil Eng. 14 (2): pp. 122–129, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:2(122)
[19] Meddah M. S., Zitouni S., Belâabes S. Effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete. Constr Build Mater. 24 (4): pp. 505–512, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.009
[20] Masad E., Button J. W. Unified imaging approach for measuring aggregate angularity and texture. Comput-Aided Civil Infrastruct Eng. 15: pp. 273–280, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00191
[21] Caliskan S., Karihaloo B. L. Effect of surface roughness, type and size of model aggregates on the bond strength of aggregate/mortar interface. Interface Science. 12(4): pp. 361–374, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:INTS.0000042334.43266.62
[22] Zhang D., Huang X., Zhao Y. Investigation of the shape, size, angularity and surface texture properties of coarse aggregates. Constr Build Mater. 34: pp. 330–336, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.096
[23] Masad E., Muhunthan B., Shashidhar N., Harman T. Internal structure characterization of asphalt concrete using image analysis. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 13 (2): pp. 88–95, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1999)13:2(88)
[24] Mora C., Kwan A. Sphericity, shape factor, and convexity measurement of coarse aggregate for concrete using digital image processing. Cement & Concrete Research. 30 (3): pp. 351–358, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008- 8846(99)00259-8
[25] Roussillon T., Piégay H., Sivignon I., Tougne L., Lavigne F. Automatic computation of pebble roundness using digital imagery and discrete geometry. Comput. Geosci. 35: pp. 1992–2000, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.01.013
[26] Al-Rousan T., Masad E., Tutumluer E., Pan T. Evaluation of image analysis techniques for quantifying aggregate shape characteristics. Constr Build Mater. 21 (5): pp. 978–990, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.03.005
[27] Rao C., Tutumluer E., Kim I. T. Quantification of coarse aggregate angularity based on image analysis. Transport Res Rec. 1787: pp. 117–124, 2002. https://doi.org/10.3141/1787-13
[28] Drevin G. R. Computational methods for the determination of roundness of sedimentary particles. Math. Geol. 38: pp. 871–890, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-006-9051-y
[29] Montenegro Ríos A., Sarocchi D., Nahmad-Molinari Y., Borselli L. Form from projected shadow (FFPS): an algorithm for 3D shape analysis of sedimentary particles. Comput. Geosci. 60: pp. 98–108, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.07.008
[30] Hayakawa Y., Oguchi T. Evaluation of gravel sphericity and roundness based on surface-area measurement with a laser scanner. Comput. Geosci. 31: pp. 735–741, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.01.004
[31] Lin C. L., Miller J. D. 3D characterization and analysis of particle shape using X-ray microtomography (XMT). Powder Technol. 154: pp. 61–69, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.04.031
[32] Zhao B., Wang J. 3D quantitative shape analysis on form, roundness, and compactness with μCT. Powder Technol. 291: pp. 262–275, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.029
[33] Mathieu C., Hervé, Piégay, Jéro��me, Lavé, Lise V., Danang H. S., Sandy W. B., et al. Evaluating a 2d image-based computerized approach for measuring riverine pebble roundness. Geomorphology. 311: pp. 143–157, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.03.020
[34] Koohmishi M., Palassi M. Evaluation of morphological properties of railway ballast particles by image processing method. Transportation Geotechnics. 12: pp. 15–25, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.07.001
[35] Ding, X., Ma, T., Gao, W. Morphological characterization and mechanical analysis for coarse aggregate skeleton of asphalt mixture based on discrete-element modeling. Construction & Building Materials, 154 (Nov. 15): pp. 1048–1061, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.008
[36] Janoo, V. C., Bayer, J. J. The effect of aggregate angularity on base course performance. Effect of Aggregate Angularity on Base Course Performance. 2001.
[37] Jebli, M., Jamin, F., Malachanne, E., Garcia-Diaz, E., Youssoufi, M. E. Experimental characterization of mechanical properties of the cement-aggregate interface in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 161 (Feb. 10): pp. 16–25, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714012014
[38] Gu, X., Li, H., Wang, Z., Feng, L. Experimental study and application of mechanical properties for the interface between cobblestone aggregate and mortar in concrete – science direct. Construction and Building Materials, 46(46): pp. 156–166, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.028
[39] Koohmishi, M., Palassi, M. Evaluation of morphological properties of railway ballast particles by image processing method. Transportation Geotechnics. 12: pp. 15–25, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.07.001
[40] Siregar A. P. N., Rafiq M. I., Mulheron M. Experimental investigation of the effects of aggregate size distribution on the fracture behaviour of high strength concrete. Constr Build Mater. 150: pp. 252–259, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.142
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jinliang Zhang
1
Qiuxiang Huang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Chao Hu
2
Zhiqiang Wang
1

  1. Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou, Henan, China
  2. State Key Lab of Geohazard Prevention and Environment Protection (SKLGP), Chengdu University of Technology (CDUT), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The document presents current methods of forecasting aggregate production, mainly depending on the size and dynamics of changes in GDP. With a view to developing more accurate forecasts, this article presents the dependence of extraction and consumption of mineral aggregates used in construction on two indicators: the general business climate indicator in the construction industry and the cement consumption volume. The results obtained from regression and correlation analysis turned out more favourable for the dependence of aggregates production on cement consumption. This particularly applies to the dependence of sand and gravel aggregate production and total natural aggregate production on cement consumption. Good dependence has also been confirmed for other European countries as well as for the USA. For Poland, the indicator of sand and gravel aggregates production for cement production in recent years was between 9.5 and 12 Mg/Mg. The values of this indicator vary from country to country, mainly depending on the share of different types of aggregates in total production of aggregates in construction industry. Although the indicator values vary considerably, its advantage is that cement production is identified and included in the industrial production balance sheets of most countries, which is not the case when it comes to the identification or accurate record for the production of construction aggregates. The adoption of this indicator makes it possible to monitor the extraction of natural construction aggregates for individual countries and regions more accurately, as called for – among other things – by UN resolutions.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] I. R. Baic, W. Kozioł, Aggregates production in Poland and other selected countries – an analysis of dependence on cement production, Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management. Vol. 36. Issue. 3, pp. 59–73, 2020 https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2020.133938
[2] Bilanse zasobów kopalin i wód podziemnych w Polsce z lat 2008–2019 (The Balance of Mineral Resources and Waters in Poland, eds. Szuflicki et al.). PIG – PIB, Warsaw, 2009–2020.
[3] Bilans Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polski i Świata (The Balance of Mineral Raw Materials in Poland and the World), 2012, IGSMiE PAN – PIG PIB, Warsaw 2014.
[4] Cement na świecie 2019 (Cement in the World, 2019), Budownictwo – technologie – architektura, no. 8, pp. 76–77.
[5] L. Czarnecki My pursuit of truth in building materials engineering, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 66 no 3 pp. 3-35, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131819
[6] J. Hydzik-Wiśniewska The relationship between the mechanical properties of aggregates and their geometric parameters on the example of Polish carpathian sandstones, Archives of Civil Engineering Vol. 66 no 3 pp. 209–223, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.134393
[7] P. Kawalec, Analiza produkcji i zużycia kruszyw w zależności od wybranych wskaźników wzrostu gospodarczego w Polsce i innych krajach UE (An Analysis of Aggregate Production and Consumption Depending on Selected Economic Growth Indicators in Poland and Other EU Member States), a doctoral dissertation. AGH Kraków, 2007
[8] K. Kolibarski, Piasek zaczyna się kończyć. Rynek przejmują mafie (Sand Starts to Run Out. Mafias Take Over the Market). https://next.gazeta.pl/ next/7,172392,26340627,piasek-bedacy-fundamentem-naszej-cywilizacji-zaczyna-sie-konczyc.html#s=BoxOpImg5, 2020.
[9] W. Kozioł, I. Baic, Kruszywa naturalne w Polsce – aktualny stan i przyszłość (Natural aggregates in Poland – current condition and the future). Przegląd Górniczy. No. 11, pp. 1–8, 2018.
[10] W. Kozioł, A. Ciepliński, Ł. Machniak, Kruszywa naturalne w Unii Europejskiej – produkcja w latach 1980–2011 (Natural aggregates in EU – production in 1980 – 2011). Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi (Mineral Resources Management). Vol. 30. Issue 1, pp. 53–68, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2478/gospo-2014-0006
[11] Kozioł, W. i Galos, K. 2013. Scenariusze zapotrzebowania na kruszywo naturalne w Polsce i w poszczególnych jej regionach (Scenarios of demand for natural aggregates in Poland as a whole and its individual regions). Published by Poltegor-Instytut, Kraków – Wrocław, p. 206.
[12] W. Kozioł, Ł. Machniak, A. Ciepliński, A. Borcz, Produkcja i zużycie kruszyw naturalnych w Polsce – aktualny stan i prognozy (Production and consumption of natural aggregates in Poland - current status and forecasts), Górnictwo Odkrywkowe Vol. 56 no 4, pp. 41–50 Wrocław, 2015.
[13] UEPG Annual Review 2008 – 2019, Brussels, Belgium.
[14] UNEP, Sand and Sustainability: Finding new solutions for environmental governance of global sand resources, Geneva Switzerland, p. 31, 2019.
[15] D. Witkowska.: Sztuczne sieci neuronowe i metody statystyczne. Wybrane zagadnienia finansowe (Artificial Neural Networks and Statistical Methods. Selected Financial Issues); Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck; Warszawa 2002
[16] Wskaźniki koniunktury w budownictwie (General business climate indicators). GUS, 2020.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Ireneusz Ryszard Baic
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiesław Kozioł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Miros
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institue of Mechanised Construction & Rock Mining, Warszawa, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The effectiveness of applied means of traffic noise protection can be determined through examining acoustic climate of the areas located near the communication routes. It allows to determine sound level in a specific area and determine the extent that its inhabitants are exposed to the effects of noise. The research and the analysis of the acoustic climate were carried out in the town of Podszosie, located in the vicinity of the S7 expressway. The aim of the research was: to determine the level of noise emitted by traffic on the S7 expressway, to determine the effectiveness of noise barriers installed in a given area, to determine the sound level in the vicinity of properties located in Podszosie, to determine whether the noise level in Podszosie is normal. The conducted research allowed the authors to determine the sound level prevailing in the study area, and to what extent its inhabitants are exposed to the effects of noise and how to prevent it. Showing the scale of the problem posed by noise from road transport. In addition to carrying out activities aimed at reducing its level, society should also be made aware of the harmful effects of its impact.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] T.W. Collins, S. Nadybal, S.E. Grineski, “Sonic injustice: Disparate residential exposures to transport noise from road and aviation sources in the Continental”. US Journal of Transport Geography, 8, pp. 102–604. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102604.
[2] H-J. Althaus, P. de Haan, R.W. Scholz, “Traffic noise in LCA Part 2: Analysis of existing methods and proposition of a new framework for consistent, context-sensitive LCI modeling of road transport noise emission”. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14(7), pp. 676–686. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009- 0117-1.
[3] K.S. Jraiw, “A computer model to assess and predict road transport noise in built-up areas”. Applied Acoustics, 21(2), pp. 147–162. 1987.
[4] Y. Lan, H. Roberts, M.P. Kwan, M. Helbich, “Transportation noise exposure and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Environmental Research, 191, pp. 110–118. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110118.
[5] B. Schäffer, M. Brink, F. Schlatter, D. Vienneau, J.M. Wunderli, “Residential green is associated with reduced annoyance to road traffic and railway noise but increased annoyance to aircraft noise exposure”. Environment International, 143, pp. 105–885. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105885.
[6] F. Alías, J.C. Socoró, R.M. Alsina-Pagès, “Wasn-based day–night characterization of urban anomalous noise events in narrow and wide streets”. Sensors 20(17), 4760, pp. 1–26. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174760.
[7] Division of Process Automation and Logistics “Analysis of the causes and methods of noise prevention in road transport” Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 2018.
[8] P. Górski, T. Krukowicz, L. Morzyński, “Ocena możliwości zastosowania aktywnych metod redukcji hałasu w transporcie drogowym. Assessment of the possibility of using active noise reduction methods in road transport” (in [Polish]). Warszawa, CIOP-BIP, pp. 72–94. 2008.
[9] F.X. Bécot, “Tyre noise over impedance surfaces - Efficient application od the Equivalent Sources method”. Paris, HAL archives-ouvertes.fr, ISBN 91-7291-313-4. 2003.
[10] W. Gardziejczyk, “"Cicha" nawierzchnia drogowa jako sposób na ograniczenie poziomu hałasu od ruchu samochodowego. Low-noise pavement as a way of limitation of traffic noise level” (in [Polish]). Inżynieria Ekologiczna. Politechnika Białostocka, 40, pp. 65–73. 2014. https://doi.org/10.12912/2081139X.70.
[11] B. Galińska, J. Kopania, “Hałas drogowy, a skuteczność ekranów z oktagonalnymi reduktorami dźwięku. Noise road and effectiveness of noise barrier with octagonals sound reductor” (in [Polish]). Autobusy: technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe, 17(6), pp. 168–171. 2016.
[12] A. Ongel, “Inclusion of noise in environmental assessment of road transportation”. Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 21, pp. 181–192. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-015-9477-z.
[13] A. Suzuki, T. Tetsuo, E. Tsuyoshi, K. Toshfumi, T. Tomoshige, “Study of fan noise reduction for automotive Radiator Cooling Fans”. Tokio, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Technical Review, 43(3), pp. 1–9. 2006.
[14] E. Beach, M. Gilliver, W. Williams, “Leisure noise exposure: participation trends, symptoms of hearing damage, and perception of risk”. International Journal of Audiology, 52(sup1), pp. 20–25. 2013. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2012.743050.
[15] Z. Łukasik, A. Kuśmińska-Fijałkowska, J. Kozyra, S. Olszańska, “Analysis of investment processes in a transport environment and the aspect of financing transport means”. Proceedings of the 23nd International Conference Transport Means 2019, pp. 1579–1584. 2019.
[16] J. Gnap, B. Šarkan, V. Konečný, T. Skrúcaný, “The Impact of Road Transport on the Environment”. In: Sładkowski A. (eds) Ecology in Transport: Problems and Solutions. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 124, pp. 251–309. Springer, Cham. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42323-0_5.
[17] R. Slávik, J. Gnap, “Selected problems of night-time distribution of goods within city Logistics”. Transportation Research Procedia, 40, pp. 497–504. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.072.
[18] L. Gagnom, G. Dore, M.J. Richard, “An overview of various new road profile quality evaluation criteria: part 1”. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 16(3), pp. 224–238. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.942814.
[19] P. Veselik, M. Sejkorova, A. Nieoczym, J. Caban, “Outlier identification of concentrations of pollutants in environmental data using modern statistical methods”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(1), pp. 853–860. 2020. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/112620.
[20] J. Ližbetin, M. Hlatká, L. Bartuška, “Issues concerning declared energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of FAME biofuels”. Sustainability, 10(9), pp. 25–30. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093025.
[21] Kellner, F., Otto, A., “Allocating CO2 emissions to shipments in road freight transportation”. Journal of Management Control, 22(4), pp. 451–479. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00187-011-0143-6.
[22] A Jevinger, J.A. Persson, “Consignment-level allocations of carbon emissions in road freight transport”. Transp. Res. Part D: Transp Environ, 48, pp. 298–315. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.001.
[23] W. Paszkowski, M. Dąbrowski, “The use of acoustic maps in modeling features of objects oriented on acoustic quality of the environment”. Proceedings of 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference. Informatics, geoinformatics and remote sensing. Cartography and GIS, 17(23), pp. 769–776. 2017. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/23/S11.096.
[24] G. Nowacki, I. Mitraszewska, T. Kamiński, A.Wierzejski An influence of infrasound and infrasound noise on the behaviour of drivers of mechanical vehicle, Journal of KONES Power train and Transport, Vol.14, No. 3 2007.
[25] Risk of low-frequency noise for drivers of road transport, Central Institute for Labor Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw 2010.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Łukasik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aldona Kuśmińska-Fijałkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Kozyra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwia Olszańska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Transport, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Radom, Poland
  2. Chair of Logistics and Process Engineering, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of the study was to indicate the procedure of using laboratory physical model tests of scour around bridge piers for the purposes of determining the potential scour of a riverbed on field bridge crossings. The determination of the uniform modeling scale coefficient according to the criterion of reliable sediment diameter limits the application of the results of tests on physical models to selected types of sediment. The projected depths of scouring of the riverbed at the pier in nature were determined for an object reproduced in the scale of 1:15 determined from the relationship of flow resistance, expressed by hydraulic losses described by the Chézy velocity coefficient, the value of which, in the model and in nature, should be the same. Expressing the value of the Chézy velocity coefficient with the Manning roughness coefficient and introducing the Strickler parameter, it was shown that the coarse sand used in the laboratory bed models the flow resistance corresponding to the resistance generated by gravel in nature. The verification of the calculated size of scouring was based on popular formulas from Russian literature by Begam and Volčenkov [16], Laursen and Toch’s [20] from the English, and use in Poland according to the Regulation ... (Journal of Laws of 2000, No. 63, item 735) [32].
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] A. A. ven Te Chow, ”Open-Bed Hydraulics,” New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959.
[2] A. Duchaczek, D. Skorupka, “Evaluation of Probability of Bridge Damage as a Result of Terrorist Attack,” Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 215–227, Jun. 2013. https://doi.org/10.2478/Ace-2013-0011
[3] A. Radecki-Pawlik, P. A. Carling, E. Słowik-Opoka, R. Breakspeare, “On sand-gravel bed forms investigation within the mountainous river,” Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich, vol. 3, pp. 119–134, 2005.
[4] A. Szuster, B. Utrysko, ”Hydraulika i podstawy hydromechaniki,” Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Warszawskiej, 1986.
[5] B. Hodi, “Effect of Blockage and Densimetric Froude Number on Circular Bridge Pier Local Scour,” in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, vol 79, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 2009.
[6] B. Liang, S. Du, X. Pan, L. Zhang, “Local Scour for Vertical Piles in Steady Currents: Review of Mechanisms, Influencing Factors and Empirical Equations,” Journal Marine Science Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 4–27, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010004
[7] B. Melville, “The Physics of Local Scour at Bridge Pier,” in Fourth International Conference on Scour and Erosion, Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, vol. K-2, pp. 28–40, 2008.
[8] B. Utrysko, S. Bajkowski, L. Sz. Dąbkowski, „Światła mostów i przepustów. Zasady obliczeń z komentarzem i przykładami,” Wrocław – Żmigród: Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów, Poland, 2000.
[9] D. Panici, G. A. M. De Almeida, “Formation, growth, and failure of debris jams at bridge piers,” Water Resources Research, vol. 54, pp. 6226–6241, Aug. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022177
[10] D. Poggi, N. O. Kudryavtseva, „Non-Intrusive Underwater Measurement of Local Scour Around a Bridge Pier,” Water, vol. 11, pp. 2063–2074, Oct. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102063
[11] G. J. C. M. Hoffmans, H. J. Verheij, “Scour Manual,” Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1997.
[12] H. D. Copp, J. P. Johnson, “Riverbed Scour at Bridge Pier,” Final Report WA-RD 118.1. Washington State Department of Transportation, Technical Report Standard Title Page, Washington State Department of Transportation. Planning. Research and Public Transportation Division in cooperation with the United States Department of Transportation, Pullman: Federal Highway Administration, 1987.
[13] H. D. Copp, J. P. Johnson, J. L. Mcintosh, “Prediction methods for local scour at intermediate bridge piers,” Transportation Research Record, vol. 1201, pp. 46–53, 1988.
[14] H. N. C. Breusers, A. J. Raudkivi, “Scouring. Hydraulic Design Considerations. Hydraulic Structures Design Manual,” London & New York: Association For Hydraulic Research Association 2. Taylor & Francis Group, 1991.
[15] J. Schalko, C. Lageder, V. Schmocker, V. Weitbrecht, R. M. Boes, “Laboratory Flume Experiments on the Formation of Spanwise Large Wood Accumulations: Part II–Effect on local scour,” Water Resources Research, vol. 55, pp. 4871–4885, May 2019. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024789
[16] L. G. Begam, G. Volčenkov, “Vodopropusknaâ sposobnost’ mostov i trub,” Moskva: Transport, 1973.
[17] L. Sz. Dąbkowski, J. Skibiński, A. Żbikowski, „Hydrauliczne podstawy projektów wodnomelioracyjnych,” Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1982.
[18] M. Kiraga, “Local scour modelling on the basis of flume experiments,” Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Architectura, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 15–26, Mar. 2019. https://doi.org:10.22630/ASPA.2019.18.4.41
[19] M. Kiraga, J. Urbański, S. Bajkowski, ”Adaptation of Selected Formulas for Local Scour Maximum Depth at Bridge Piers Region in Laboratory Conditions,” Water, vol. 12, pp. 2663–2682, Sept. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102663
[20] M. Laursen,. A. Toch, ”Scour around piers and abutments,” Bulletin 4, Iowa: Iowa Highway Research Board, USA, 1956.
[21] M. R. Namaee, J. Sui, “Impact of armour layer on the depth of scour hole around side-by-side bridge piers under ice-covered flow condition,” Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 240–251, Jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2019-0010-240
[22] M. S. Fael, G. Simarro-Grande, J. P. Martı´n-Vide, A. H. Cardoso, “Local scour at vertical-wall abutments under clear-water flow conditions,” Water Resources Research, vol. 42, pp. 10408–10428, Oct. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004443
[23] M. van Der Wal, G. Van Driel, H. J. Verheij, “Scour manual. Desk study”. Delft Hydraulics: Rijkswaterstaat, 1991.
[24] N. A. Obied, S. I. Khassaf, “Experimental Study for Protection of Piers Against Local Scour Using Slots,” International Journal of Engineering, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 217–222, Mar. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2019.32.02b.05
[25] N. S. Cheng, M. Wei, “Scaling of Scour Depth at Bridge Pier Based on Characteristic Dimension of Large-Scale Vortex,” Water, vol. 11, pp. 2458–2466, Nov. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122458
[26] O. Link, “Physical scale modeling of scour around bridge piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 227–237, Jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2018.1475428
[27] PN-B-02481: 1998 Geotechnika. Terminologia podstawowa, symbole literowe i jednostki miar. Polski Komitet Normalizacji, Miar i Jakości, Poland, 1998.
[28] PN-EN ISO 14688-1: 2006 Badania geotechniczne. Oznaczanie i klasyfikowanie gruntów. Część 1: Oznaczanie i opis. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, Poland, 2006.
[29] PN-EN ISO 14688-2: 2006 Badania geotechniczne. Oznaczanie i klasyfikowanie gruntów Część 2: Zasady klasyfikowania. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, Poland, 2006.
[30] R. Chavan, P. Gualtieri, B. Kumar, “Turbulent flow structures and scour hole characteristics around circular bridge piers over non-uniform sand bed beds with downward seepage,” Water, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1580–1597, Jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081580
[31] R. W. P. May, J. C. Ackers A. M. Kirby, “Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures”. London: CIRIA C551, UK, 2020.
[32] Rozporządzenie z dnia 30 maja 2000 r. Ministra Transportu i Gospodarki Morskiej z dnia 30 maja 2000 roku w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać drogowe obiekty inżynierskie i ich usytuowanie (Dz.U. 2000 nr 63 poz. 735). Regulation... (Journal of Laws 2000 No. 63 item 735).
[33] S. Bajkowski, “Effect of the Siekierka bridge on the flood flow on Zwoleńka river,” Wiadomości Melioracyjne i Łąkarskie, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2015.
[34] S. Oh Lee, S. Ho Hong, “Turbulence Characteristics before and after Scour Upstream of a Scaled-Down Bridge Pier Model,” Water, vol. 11, pp. 1900–1914, Sept. 2019. https://doi.org/:10.3390/w11091900
[35] S. Bajkowski, “Bed load transport through road culverts,” Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences, vol. 2, no. 40, pp. 127–135, 2008.
[36] J. Urbański, “Influence of turbulence of flow on sizes local scour on weir model,” Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Architectura, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 3–12, 2008.
[37] W.-G. Qi, F.-P. Gao, “Physical modeling of local scour development around a large-diameter monopile in combined waves and current,” Coastal Engineering, vol. 83, pp. 72–81, Jan. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.007
[38] W. Majewski, ”Hydrauliczne badania modelowe inżynierii wodnej,” Seria publikacji naukowo-badawczych IMGW-PIB, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Poland, 2019.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Bajkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Kiraga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Urbański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Institute of Civil Engineering, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article analyses the changes occurring in accidents in the construction industry in Poland. It was analyzed the influence of the season on the number and structure of accidents. Research and analyzes were carried out on the basis of statistical data, made available by the Central Statistical Office, regarding accidents at work in construction that occurred in the period from 2010 to 2018. The total number of accidents at work in the construction sector in in these years shows a significant downward trend. A similar downward trend can also be seen in individual groups of accidents, broken down into light, serious and fatal. Based on the research carried out, the decisive impact of the season on the accident rates in construction sector was noticed. The smallest value of the accident frequency rate in most of the accident types considered can be observed in the winter season. In turn, the highest value of the light and fatal accident frequency rate can be observed in summer season (July - September). Weather conditions, for example, high temperatures and sunshine can lead to dangerous situations which can result in accidents at work. Climate conditions should therefore play an increasingly important role in assessing the risk of accidents.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] G. S. Sorock, E. O. Smith and M. Goldoft, “Fatal occupational injuries in the New Jersey construction industry, 1983 to 1989”, Journal of Occupational Medicine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 916–921, 1993, https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199309000-00015.
[2] S. Chi and S. Han, “Analyses of systems theory for construction accident prevention with specific reference to OSHA accident reports”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1027–1041, Oct. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.004
[3] R. M. Choudhry and D. Fang, “Why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior: Investigating factors on construction sites”, Safety Science, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 566–584, Apr. 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.027
[4] J. W. Garrett and J. Teizer, “Human factors analysis classification system relating to human error awareness taxonomy in construction safety,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 135, no. 8, pp. 754–763, Aug. 2009, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000034
[5] R. A. Haslam, S. Hide, A. Gibb, D. Gyi, T. C. Pavitt, S. Atkinson and R. Duff, “Contributing factors in construction accidents”, Applied Ergonomics, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 401–415, Ju. 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2004.12.002
[6] S. Edwin, N. Shamil and F. Daniel, “Factors affecting safety performance on construction sites,” International Journal of Project Management, vo. 17, no. 5, pp. 309-315, 1999, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00042-8
[7] T. Aksorn and B. H. W. Hadikusumo, “Critical success factors influencing safety program performance in Thai construction projects,” Safety Science, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 709–727, Apr. 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.006
[8] A. Carbonari, B. Naticchia, A. Giretti, and M. De Grassi, “A proactive system for real-time safety management in construction sites,” in 26th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2009), 2009, pp. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.22260/isarc2009/0006.
[9] P. M. Arezes and P. H. J. J. Swuste, “Occupational Health and Safety post-graduation courses in Europe: A general overview”, Safety Science, no. 50, vol. 3, pp. 433–442, March 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.10.003
[10] Z. Ismail, S. Doostdar and Z. Harun, “Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites,” Safety Science, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 418–423, March 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.10.001
[11] J. Hinze, C. Pedersen and J. Fredley, “Identifying root causes of construction injuries”, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vo. 124, no. 1, pp. 67–71, Jan. 1998, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1998)124:1(67)
[12] E. Błazik-Borowa, K. Czarnocki, A. Dąbrowski, B. Hoła, A. Misztela, J. Obolewicz, J. Walusiak-Skorupa, A. Smolarz, J. Szer and M. Szóstak, Bezpieczeństwo pracy w budownictwie, Politechnika Lubelska, Poland, 2015.
[13] A. Hoła, B. Hoła, M. Sawicki and M. Szóstak, “Methodology of classifying the causes of occupational accidents involving construction scaffolding using Pareto-Lorenz analysis,” Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/app8010048
[14] M. Rebelo P. Laranjeira, F. Silveira, K. Czarnocki, E. Blazik-Borowa, E. Czarnocka, J. Szer, B. Hola and K. Czarnocka, “Scaffold use risk assessment model: Suram”, in Occupational Safety and Hygiene VI - Selected contributions from the International Symposium Occupational Safety and Hygiene (SHO 2018, Taylor & Francis, 2018, pp. 335–340, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351008884-59.
[15] K. Czarnocki, E. Czarnocka and K. Szaniawska, “Human factors as the main reason of the accident in scaffold use assessment,” International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 107–114, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1316532.
[16] I. Szer, E. Błazik-Borowa, and J. Szer, “The Influence of Environmental Factors on Employee Comfort Based on an Example of Location Temperature,” Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 63, no. 3: pp. 163–174, 20 https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0035
[17] I. Szer, J. Szer, and B. Hoła, “Evaluation of climatic conditions affecting workers on scaffoldings”, in Advances and Trends in Engineering Sciences and Technologies III – Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences and Technologies, ESaT 2018, M. A. Ali and P. Platko, Ed. CRC Press, 2019, pp. 603–609.
[18] Z. Traczyk and A. Trzebski, „Fizjologia człowieka z elementami fizjologii klinicznej i stosowanej”, PZWL, Warszawa 2004.
[19] E. Koehn and G. Brown, G. “Climatic effects on construction”, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 129–137, June 1985, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1985)111:2(129)
[20] A. Pekkarinen and H. Anttonen, “The comparison of accidents in a foreign construction project with construction in Finland”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 20, no. 4, winter 1989, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(89)90028-5
[21] T. Kozłowska-Szczȩsna and E. Grzȩdziński, “The influence of atmospheric environment upon the occurrence of accidents among construction workers”, Energy and Buildings, vol. 16, no. 1–2, pp. 749–753, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(91)90047-7
[22] F. Y. Y. Ling and M. Liu, Y. C. Woo, “Construction fatalities in Singapore,” International Journal of Project Management, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 717–726, October 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.11.002
[23] C. W. Liao, “Pattern analysis of seasonal variation in occupational accidents in the construction industry,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 29, pp. 3240–3244, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.473
[24] J. Dumrak, S. Mostafa, I. Kamardeen and R. Rameezdeen, “Factors associated with the severity of construction accidents: The case of South Australia,” Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, vo. 13, no. 4, pp 32–49, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v13i4.3620
[25] B. Pierce, “The Seasonal Timing of Work-Related Injuries October 2013,” no. October: 2371–2381, 2013, [Online]. Available: http://www.bls.gov/tus/
[26] K. Kang and H. Ryu, “Predicting types of occupational accidents at construction sites in Korea using random forest model,” Safety Science, vol. 120, December 2019, pp. 226-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.06.034
[27] W. L. Meng, S. Shen, and A. Zhou, “Investigation on fatal accidents in Chinese construction industry between 2004 and 2016,” Natural Hazards, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 655–670, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3411-z
[28] Ustawa z dnia 30 października 2002 r. o ubezpieczeniu społecznym z tytułu wypadków przy pracy i chorób zawodowych. z późn. zm. Dz. U. z 2017 r. poz. 1773, 2017.
[29] Central Statistical Office, 2010-2018. Employment, wages and salaries in national economy, 2010–2018. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/rynek-pracy/pracujacy-zatrudnieni-wynagrodzenia-koszty-pracy/zatrudnienie-i-wynagrodzenia-w-gospodarce-narodowej-i-iv-kwartal-2010-r-,1,7.html
[30] J. Kowalski, „Analiza trendów wypadków przy pracy, chorób zawodowych i zagrożeń w środowisku pracy w okresie transformacji gospodarczej, Bezpieczeństwo pracy, vol. 12, pp. 14–17, 2001.
[31] Central Statistical Office, 2010-2018. Construction and assembly production, 2010–2018. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/przemysl-budownictwo-srodki-trwale/budownictwo/produkcja-budowlano-montazowa-w-2019-roku,12,4.html
[32] Central Statistical Office, 2010-2018 Accidents at work in 2010–2018.
[33] T. Nowobilski and B. Hoła, “The Qualitative and Quantitative Structure of the Causes of Occupational Accidents on Construction Scaffolding,” Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 121–131, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0023
[34] W. Drozd, “Cluster Analysis in Research of Accident Rate in Construction Sector,” Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 159–172, 2018, https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0036
[35] B. Hoła, “Methodology of estimation of accident situation in building industry”. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 19–46, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60038-7
[36] B. Fabiano, I. Parentini, A. Ferraiolo and R. A. Pastorino, “Century of accidents in the Italian industry: Relationship with the production cycle”, Safety Science, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 65–74, November 1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-7535(95)00043-7
[37] X. S. Dong, S. D. Choi, J. G. Borchardt, X. Wang and J. A. Largay,. “Fatal falls from roofs among US construction workers”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 44, pp 17–24, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2012.08.024
[38] B. W. J. Byung, S. Lee, J. H. Kim, R. M. A. Khan, “Trend Analysis of Construction Industrial Accidents in Korea from 2011 to 2015”, Sustainability, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1-12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081297
[39] B. Hoła, T. Nowobilski, I. Szer, and J. Szer, “Identification of factors affecting the accident rate in the construction industry”, Procedia Engineering, vol. 208, 2017, pp 35–42 [2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Construction Engineering and Management – Flexible Approach], https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.018
[40] D. W. DeGroot and L. A. Pacha, “Cold Environment, chapter in Pfysical and biological hazards of the workplace”, Wiley, 2016.
[41] R. I. Eom and Y. Lee, “Working environments and clothing conditions in the construction industry”, Fashion and Textiles, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-019-0194-0
[42] F. E. Bird, “Management Guide to Loss Control”, Atlanta, Institute Press, 1974.
[43] H. W. Heinrich, “Industrial Accidents Prevention”, New York, Toronto, London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC, 1959.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Szer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Szer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Kaszubska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Miszczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bożena Hoła
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Błazik-Borowa
3
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Jabłoński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Building Materials Physics and Sustainable Design, Politechniki 6, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
  2. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, pl. Grunwaldzki 11, 50-377 Wrocław, Poland
  3. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents an introduction to the method enabling the estimation of the range of investments necessary for the realisation of the mobility policy understood as the correction of the modal split into the sustainable proportion between car and non-car journeys. The models allow the calculation of the number of travellers required to shift into the public transport mode and the scale of selected investments including the development of the transport network, interchanges, rolling stock, and technical infrastructure. The basis of such calculations is the results of traffic surveys. The worldwide context of the study and similar actions are also presented. The paper consists of five sections. The first section contains a review of current problems connected with the sustainable mobility policy and the role of modal split. The second section focuses on the case study with the presentation of the local mobility policy and selected results of complex traffic surveys. The models used to estimate the investment challenges with exemplary calculations and presentation of similar effects of the intervention are described in the next section (3). Section four contains a discussion on the described methodology. The conclusions in section five end the main part of the paper.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Adkins A., Makarewicz C., Scanze M., Ingram M., Luhr G., “Contextualizing Walkability: Do Relationships Between Built Environments and Walking Vary by Socioeconomic Context?”, Journal of the American Planning Association Volume 83 (2017) Issue 3, pp. 296–314.
[2] Banister D. “The sustainable mobility paradigm” Transport Policy 15 (2008), pp. 73–80.
[3] Beirão G., Cabral J., “Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study” Transport Policy 14 (2007): pp. 478–489.
[4] Cass N., Faulconbridge J. “Commuting practices: New insights into modal shift from theories of social practice “ Transport Policy 45 (2016), pp. 1–14.
[5] Cervero R., Denman S., Jin Y., “Network design, built and natural environments, and bicycle commuting: Evidence from British cities and towns”, Transport Policy 74 (2019), pp. 153–164.
[6] Comprehensive Traffic Analysis in Wrocław and Its Vicinity [Kompleksowe Badania Ruchu we Wrocławiu i otoczeniu], KBR 2018 http://bip.um.wroc.pl/artykul/565/37499/kompleksowe-badania-ruchu-we-wroclawiu-i-otoczeniu-kbr-2018
[7] Dingil A.E., Schweizer J., Rupi F., Stasiskiene Z. “Transport indicator analysis and comparison of 151 urban areas, based on open source data” Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 10 (2018), pp. 58–66.
[8] Fontoura W.B., Chaves G. de L.D., Ribeiro G.M., “The Brazilian urban mobility policy: The impact in São Paulo transport system using system dynamics”, Transport Policy 73 (2019), pp. 51–61.
[9] Goodman A., Jones A., Roberts H., Steinach R., Greny J. “ ‘We Can All Just Get on a Bus and Go’: Rethinking Independent Mobility in the Context of the Universal Provision of Free Bus Travel to Young Londoners” Mobilities, 2014 Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 275–293.
[10] Gori S., Nigro M., Petreli M., “The impact of land use characteristics for sustainable mobility: the case study of Rome” Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. (2012) 4: pp. 153–166.
[11] Haddad E.A., Lozano-Gracia N., Germani E., Vieira R.S., Nakamura S., Skoufias E., Alves B.B., “Mobility in cities: Distributional impact analysis of transportation improvements in Săo Paulo Metropolitan Region”, Transport Policy 73 (2019), pp. 125–142.
[12] Hymel K., “If you build it, they will drive: Measuring induced demand for vehicle travel in urban areas”, Transport Policy 76 (2019), pp. 57–66.
[13] Kruszyna M., Śleszyński P., Rychlewski J., “Dependencies between Demographic Urbanization and the Agglomeration Road Traffic Volumes: Evidence from Poland”, Land 10 (2021), pp. 47–69.
[14] Liu Y., Wang S., Xiea B., “Evaluating the effects of public transport fare policy change together with built and non-built environment features on ridership: The case in South East Queensland, Australia”, Transport Policy 76 (2019), pp. 78–89.
[15] Metz D., “Valuing transport investments based on travel time saving: Inconsistency with United Kingdom policy objectives”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 21 (2017), pp. 716–721.
[16] Mobility Policy of the City of Wrocław, Attachment to the Resolution of Wrocław City Council No XLVIII/1169/12, 19.09.2013, http://bip.um.wroc.pl/uploads/files/WPM_2013_ENGLISH.pdf
[17] Næss P. “Urban form and travel behavior: Experience from a Nordic context” The Journal of Transport and Land Use 5 (2012) no. 2, pp. 21–45.
[18] Phun V.K., Kato H., Chalermpong S., “Paratransit as a connective mode for mass transit systems in Asian developing cities: Case of Bangkok in the era of ride-hailing services”, Transport Policy 75 (2019), pp. 27–35
[19] Schneider R.J., “Theory of routine mode choice decisions: An operational framework to increase sustainable transportation”, Transport Policy 25 (2013), pp. 128–137.
[20] Sperry B. R., Dye T., „Impact of new passenger rail stations on ridership demand and passenger characteristics: Hiawatha service case study”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 8 (2020), pp. 1158–1169.
[21] Tang S., Lo H.K., “The impact of public transport policy on the viability and sustainability of mass railway transit – The Hong Kong experience”, Transportation Research Part A 42 (2008), pp. 563–576.
[22] Tight M. et al. “Visions for a walking and cycling focussed urban transport system” Journal of Transport Geography 19 (2011), pp. 1580–1589.
[23] Tyrinopoulos Y., Antoniou C., “Factors affecting modal choice in urban mobility” Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. (2013) 5: pp. 27–39.
[24] Williams D. G., Chatterton T., Parkhurst G., Spotswood F., “An assessment of Voluntary Travel Behaviour Change delivery in England as an alternative to highway construction”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 19 (2019), pp. 318–329.
[25] Yan X., Levine J., Marans R., “The effectiveness of parking policies to reduce parking demand pressure and car use”, Transport Policy 73 (2019), pp. 41–50.
[26] Zhang, W., Guhathakurta, S., Khalil, E.B., 2018. The impact of private autonomous vehicles on vehicle ownership and unoccupied VMT generation. Transport. Res. C Emerg. Technol. 90, pp. 156–165.
[27] Zhao X., Chen P., Jiao J., Chen X., Bischak C., “How does ‘park and ride’ perform? An evaluation using longitudinal data”, Transport Policy 74 (2019), pp. 15–23.
[28] Zhou, J., Schweitzer, L., 2011. Getting drivers to switch: transit price and service quality among commuters. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 137, pp. 477–483.
[29] Zhou J., “Sustainable commute in a car-dominant city: Factors affecting alternative mode choices among university students”, Transportation Research Part A 46 (2012), pp. 1013–1029.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kruszyna
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper studies the mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) with various types and orientation of reinforcement. Analyzed specimens manufactured in the infusion process are made of polymer vinyl ester resin reinforced with glass fibres. Several samples were examined containing different plies and various fibres orientation [0, 90] or [+45, –45]. To assess the mechanical parameters of laminates, a series of experimental tests were carried out. The samples were subjected to the uniaxial tensile tests, which allowed us to obtain substitute parameters, such as modulus of elasticity or strength. After all, results from experiments were used to validate the numerical model. A computational model was developed employing ABAQUS software using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The analysis was performed to verify and compare the results obtained from numerical calculations with the experiments. Additionally, the following failure criteria were studied, based on the index of failure IF Maximum Stress, Maximum Strain, Tsai–Hill, and Tsai–Wu. The results confirmed the assumptions made for the footbridge's design purpose, which is made using examined material. Moreover, comparing the experimental and numerical results found that in the linear-elastic range of the material, they are consistent, and there is no significant difference in results.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] H. Altenbach, J. Altenbach, and W. Kissing, Mechanics of Composite Structural Elements. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.
[2] E. Barbero, J. Fernández-Sáez, and C. Navarro, “Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties of composite materials,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 375–381, Jul. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00027-5
[3] J. Chróścielewski, T. Ferenc, T. Mikulski, M. Miśkiewicz, and Ł. Pyrzowski, “Numerical modeling and experimental validation of full-scale segment to support design of novel GFRP footbridge,” Composite Structures, vol. 213, pp. 299–307, Apr. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.01.089
[4] P. Colombi and C. Poggi, “An experimental, analytical and numerical study of the static behavior of steel beams reinforced by pultruded CFRP strips,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 64–73, Jan. 2006. https://doi.org/.1016/j.compositesb.2005.03.002
[5] S. C. M. D’Aguiar and E. Parente Junior, “Local buckling and post-critical behavior of thin-walled composite channel section columns,” Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 15, no. 7, Jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78254884
[6] I. Danilov, “Some Aspects of CFRP Steel Structures Reinforcement in Civil Engineering,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 153, pp. 124–130, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.091
[7] J. Di, L. Cao, and J. Han, “Experimental Study on the Shear Behavior of GFRP–Concrete Composite Beam Connections,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1067, Feb. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051067
[8] H. M. Elsanadedy, Y. A. Al-Salloum, S. H. Alsayed, and R. A. Iqbal, “Experimental and numerical investigation of size effects in FRP-wrapped concrete columns,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 56–72, Apr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.025
[9] T. Ferenc, Ł. Pyrzowski, J. Chróścielewski, and T. Mikulski, “Sensitivity analysis in design process of sandwich U-shaped composite footbridge,” in Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4, CRC Press, pp. 413–416, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315166605-94
[10] R. Haj-Ali and H. Kilic, “Non-linear behavior of pultruded FRP composites,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 173–191, Apr. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(02)00011-2
[11] M. Heshmati, R. Haghani, and M. Al-Emrani, “Environmental durability of adhesively bonded FRP/steel joints in civil engineering applications: State of the art,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 81, pp. 259–275, Nov. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.07.014
[12] K. Kaw, Mechanics of Composite Materials. CRC Press, 2005.
[13] M. Klasztorny, D. B. Nycz, R. K. Romanowski, P. Gotowicki, A. Kiczko, and D. Rudnik, “Effects of Operating Temperatures and Accelerated Environmental Ageing on the Mechanical Properties of a Glass-Vinylester Composite,” Mechanics of Composite Materials, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 335–350, Jul. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-017-9665-9
[14] I. Kreja, “A literature review on computational models for laminated composite and sandwich panels,” Open Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan. 2011. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13531-011-0005-x
[15] S. Moy, “Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering applications,” in Developments in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Civil Engineering, Elsevier, pp. 177–204, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857098955.2.177
[16] J. N. Reddy, “Theory and Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates,” in Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–79, 1999.
[17] J. N. Reddy, “A Simple Higher-Order Theory for Laminated Composite Plates,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 745–752, Dec. 1984. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3167719
[18] M. Rostami, K. Sennah, and S. Hedjazi, “GFRP Bars Anchorage Resistance in a GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Barrier,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 15, p. 2485, Aug. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152485
[19] A. Sabik and I. Kreja, “Linear analysis of laminated multilayered plates with the application of zig-zag function,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 61–72, Jan. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60122-8
[20] P. P. Sankholkar, C. P. Pantelides, and T. A. Hales, “Confinement Model for Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 04018007, Jun. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000843
[21] Wen and S. Yazdani, “Anisotropic damage model for woven fabric composites during tension–tension fatigue,” Composite Structures, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 127–131, Jan. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.01.003
[22] H. Xin, Y. Liu, A. S. Mosallam, J. He, and A. Du, “Evaluation on material behaviors of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates,” Composite Structures, vol. 182, pp. 283–300, Dec. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.09.006
[23] H. Xin, A. Mosallam, Y. Liu, C. Wang, and Y. Zhang, “Analytical and experimental evaluation of flexural behavior of FRP pultruded composite profiles for bridge deck structural design,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 150, pp. 123–149, Sep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.212
[24] J. E. Yetman, A. J. Sobey, J. I. R. Blake, and R. A. Shenoi, “Mechanical and fracture properties of glass vinylester interfaces,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 130, pp. 38–45, Dec. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.011
[25] S. Zhang, C. Caprani, and A. Heidarpour, “Influence of fibre orientation on pultruded GFRP material properties,” Composite Structures, vol. 204, pp. 368–377, Nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.104
[26] Determination of tensile properties of plastics. Part 1: General principles, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Wiczenbach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Ferenc
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents method of assessment of one of the three basic aspects of sustainable construction concerning social utility properties of residential buildings. The study was based on the recommendations of standards [1] and [2], on the basis of which the area of features characterizing the social aspect of buildings was determined. Additionally, the presented method includes criteria which are necessary for the assessment of this aspect, and which are not included in the normative guidelines. The presented method fits in with the current trend of sustainable construction. This method enables and facilitates the comparison of social utility properties in different residential buildings. It is also allows for the classification of buildings according to the degree to which they meet their social utility properties; that can be a practical tool to support the decision on the future of the building (i.e., the sequence of necessary refurbishments) or the decision to buy or sell the property by indicating its strengths and weaknesses. By developing a way to assess a comprehensive set of criteria, the proposed method allows you to quickly and easily assess the social quality of residential buildings. In addition, the proposed measures for individual criteria can easily be adapted to requirements in other countries. The proposed “star” classification can also be used as a universal scale for assessing the social quality index of buildings.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] EN 15643-3, Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of buildings – Part 3: Framework for the assessment of social performance, 2012.
[2] EN 16309, Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of social performance of buildings – Calculation methodology, 2014.
[3] A. U.S. Environmental Protection, https://www.epa.gov/, 26.01.2018. [Online].
[4] C. o. t. E. Communities, “Action Plan for sustainable construction,” A Lead market Initiative for Europe, Bruksela, 2007.
[5] H. Daly, “Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development,” 1996.
[6] s. EN 15643-1, Sustainability of construction works - Sustainability assessment of buildings – Part 1: General framework, 2011.
[7] H. Zabihi, F. Habib and L. Mirsaeedie, “Sustainability in Building and Construction: Revising Definitions and Concepts,” International Journal of Emerging Sciences, 2(4), pp. 570–578, December 2012.
[8] M. Bryx, Fundamentals of Real Estate Management, Warsaw: poltext, 2009.
[9] J. Arendalski, Durability and reliability of residential buildings, Warsaw: Arkady, 1978.
[10] P. Knyziak, “Analysis of the Technical State for Large-Panel Residential Buildings Using Artificial Neural Networks,” Wydawnictwo Politechniki Warszawskiej, January 2007.
[11] M. R. M. K. J. Miks L., “Assessment of the technical condition of older urban buildings as a base for reconstruction proposals,” Slovak, pp. 30–34, 03 2004.
[12] A. M. A. S. Langevine R., “Decision support tool for the maintenance management of buildings,,” Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision Making in Civil and Building Engineering, Montreal–Canada, 14–16 June 2006.
[13] K. Firek and J. Dębowski, “Influence of the mining effects on the technical state of the panel housing,” Technical Transactions. Architecture, pp. 275–280, 2007.
[14] A. Wodyński, Technical wear of buildings in mining areas, Cracow: Uczelniane Wydaw. Nauk.-Dydakt. AGH im. S. Staszica, 2007.
[15] M. Wójtowicz, “Durability of buildings in the light of Regulation No. 305/2011,” Building Materials, pp. 28–29, December 2012.
[16] J. Konior, “Technical Assessment of Old Buildings by Fuzzy Approach,” Archives of Civil Engineering 65(1), pp. 130–141, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0009
[17] D. Caccavelli and G. H., “TOBUS – an European diagnosis and decision making tool for Office building upgrading Energy and Building,” 2002. [Online]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00100-1
[18] B. Nowogońska and J. Cibis, “Technical problems of residential construction,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245 (5), pp. 52–42, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052042
[19] A. Kaklauskas, E. Zavadskas and S. Raslanas, “Mulivariant design and multiple criteria analysis of building refurbishemnt,” Energy and Buildings, pp. 361–372, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.07.005
[20] T. Kasprowicz, “Identification analysis of the exploitation of building objects,” in Polish construction a year after joining the European Union. Selected technological and organizational problems, Gdańsk, 2005.
[21] Z. Orłowski and A. Radziejowska, “Model for assessing the utility properties of a building,” in Conference: People, Buildings And Environment, Kromeriz, 2014.
[22] A. Ostańska, “Revitalization programs of settlements with prefabricated buildings in Europe, a contribution to the development of Polish programs”, Przegląd budowlany, 3, 2010.
[23] BREEAM, https://www.breeam.com/, Building Research Establishment, 31.01.2018. [Online].
[24] CASBEE, http://www.ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/ Japan Sustainable Building Consortium, 31 01 2018. [Online].
[25] DGNB, http://www.dgnb.de/en/, German Sustainable Building Council, 31.01.2018. [Online].
[26] G. B. C. LEED, https://new.usgbc.org/leed, 31.01.2018. [Online].
[27] N. Ardda, R. Mateus and L. Bragança, “Methodology to Identify and Prioritise the Social Aspects to Be Considered in the Design of More Sustainable Residential Buildings – Application to a Developing Country,” Buildings, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8100130
[28] E. Radziszewska-Zielina, P. Czerski, Ł. Grześkowiak and K.-S. P. , “Comfort of use assessment in buildings with Interior wall insulation based on silicate and lime system in the context of the elimination of mould growth,” Archives of Civil Engineering, pp. 89–104, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131798
[29] p. 6. Dz. U. Nr 75, Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure regarding technical conditions that should be met by buildings and their location, 2002.
[30] Z. Orłowski and A. Radziejowska, “Model for assessing „accessibility” - the basic category in the evaluation of social performance of buildings according to standards PN-EN 16309+A1:2014-12,” Technical Transactions, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.134.6885
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Radziejowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The cable force of a cable-stayed bridge plays a vital role in its internal force state. Different cable forces on both sides of the main tower make the force characteristics of the polygonal-line tower quite different from those of the straight-line tower. Therefore, the determination of the cable force of the polygonal-line tower cable-stayed bridge is a crucial aspect of any evaluation of its mechanical characteristics. A single-cable plane prestressed concrete broken-line tower cable-stayed bridge is taken as a case study to conduct a model test and theoretical cable force determination. The reasonable cable force of the bridge is determined by the minimum bending energy method combined with false load and internal force balance methods. analysis includes a comparison between cable force calculation results, model test results, and the design value of the actual bridge. The distribution law of the dead load cable force of the completed bridge is determined accordingly.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] E. Atashpaz-Gargari, C. Lucas. „Imperialist competitive algorithm: an algorithm for optimization inspired by imperialistic competition”. [J] Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Singapore: IEEE, 2007: pp. 4661–4667.
[2] A. Kaveh, S. Talatahari. “Optimum design of skeletal structures using imperialist competitive algorithm”. [J] Computers and Structures, 2010, 88: pp. 1220–1229.
[3] M. M. Hassana, A. O. Nassef, E. Damatty. “Determination of optimum post-tensioning cable forces of cable-stayed bridges”. [J] Engineering Structures, 2012(1): pp. 248–259.
[4] Z. J. Chen, Y. Liu, L. F. Yang. “Optimization of Stay Cable Tension of Completed Bridge of Single-Pylon Cable-Stayed Bridge Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm”. [J] Bridge Construction, 2016 46(3): pp. 40–44.
[5] S. Q. Qin, Z Y Gao. „Developments and Prospects of Long-Span High-Speed Railway Bridge Technologies in China”. [J] Engineering, 2017, 3(6): pp. 787–794.
[6] J. L. Wang, L He. “A Prestressing Tendon Element Geoenvironmental Engineering”, 2013, 139(8): pp. 1262–1274.
[7] T. Carey, B. Mason, A. R. Barbosa, et al. “Modeling Framework for Soil-bridge System Response during Sequential Earthquake and Tsunami Loading”. [C] Tenth US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Anchorage [s.n.], 2014.
[8] H. Tao, X. F. Shen. “Strongly subfeasible sequential quadratic programming method of cable tension optimization for cable-stayed bridges”. [J] Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2006, 38(3): pp. 381–384. (in Chinese)
[9] X. H. Zhou, P. Dai, D. Jin. “Optimization analysis of cable tensions of dead load state for cable-stayed bridge with steel box girder” [J] Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2007, 24(2): pp. 19–23. (in Chinese)
[10] A. Baldomir, S. Hernandez, F. Nieto, et al. “Cable optimization of along span cable stayed bridge in La Coruña (Spain)”. [J]. Advances in Engineering Software, 2010,41: pp. 931–938.
[11] A. M. B. Martins, L. M. C. Simoes, J. H. J. O. Negrao. “Optimization of cable forces on concrete cable-stayed bridges including geometrical nonlinearities”. [J] Computers and Structures, 2015, 155: pp. 18–27.
[12] M. M. Hassan, A. A. EI Damatty, A. O. Nassef. “Database for the optimum design of semi-fan composite cable-stayed bridges based on genetic algorithms”. [J] Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2014, 11(8): pp. 1054–1068.
[13] X. Wu, R. C. Xiao. “Optimization of cable force for cable-stayed bridges with mixed stiffening girders based on genetic algorithm”. [J] Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition), 2014, 35(6): 2016, 12(2): pp. 208–222.
[14] Y. C. Sung, C. Y. Wang, E. H. Teo. “Application of particle swarm optimisation to construction planning of cable-stayed bridges by the cantilever erection method”. [J] Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2016, 12(2): pp. 208–222.
[15] B. S. Smith. “The Single a Palne Cable-stayed Girder Bridge: a Method of Analysis Suitable for Computer Use”. [J] Civil engineering,1967,37(5): pp.183–194.
[16] Y. Xi; J. S. Kuang. “Ultimate Load Capacity of Cable-stayed Bridge”. Joural of Bridge Engineering [J]. 1999, 4(1): pp. 14–22.
[17] C. Honigmann, D. Billington. “Conceptual Design for the Sunniberg Bridge” [J] Joural of bridge enginerring, 2003, 8(3): pp. 122–130.
[18] R. Karoumi. “Some modelling aspects in the nonlinear finite element analysis of cable supported bridges”. [J] Computers& Structures, 1999, 71(4): pp. 397–412.
[19] Q. S. Chen, W. L. Huang, M G Yang, “Analysis of shear lag effect in construction stage of wide box girder extradosed cable-stayed bridge with large flanges”, Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 3158–3164, 2018.
[20] X. Guo, Y. K. Wu, Y. Guo. “Time-dependent Seismic Fragility Analysis of Bridge Systems under Scour Hazard and Earthquake Loads”. [J] Engineering Structures, 2016, 121: pp. 52–60.
[21] M. M. Chuiaramonte, P. Arduino, D. E. Lehman, et al. “Seismic Analyses of Conventional and Improved Marginal Wharves”. [J] Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2013, 42(10): pp. 1435–1450.
[22] A. E. Haiderali, G. Madabhushi. “Evaluation of Curve Fitting Techniques in Deriving P-Y Curves for Laterally Loaded Piles”. [J] Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2016, 34(5): pp. 1453–1473.
[23] M. H. Faber, S. Engelund, R. Rackwitz. “Aspects of parallel wire cable reliability”. [J] Strucural Safety, 2003, 25(2): pp. 201–225.
[24] C. M. Lan, N. N. Bai, H. T. Yang, et al. “Weibull modeling of the fatigue life for steel rebar considering corrosion effects”. [J] International Journal of Fatigue, 2018, 111: pp. 134–143.
[25] C. M. Lan, Y. Xu, C. P. Liu, et al. “Fatigue life prediction for parallel-wire stay cables considering corrosion effects”. [J] International Journal of Fatigue, 2018, 114: pp. 81–91.
[26] M. Bruneau. “Evaluation of system-reliability methods for cable-stayed bridge design”. [J] Journal of Structural Engineering, 1992, 118(4): pp. 1106–1120.
[27] Y. Liu, N. W. Lu, X. F. Yin, et al. “An adaptive support vector regression method for structural system reliability assessment and its application to a cable-stayed bridge”. [J] Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability, 2016, 230(2): pp. 204–219.
[28] V. Lute, A. Upadhyay, K. K. Singh. “Computationally efficient analysis of cable-stayed bridge for GA-based optimization”. [J] Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2009, 22: pp. 750–758.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Yanfeng Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tianyu Guo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Longsheng Bao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fuchun Wang
1

  1. School of Transportation Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In order to investigate the influence of vertical ground motion on seismic responses of story-isolation structures mounted on triple friction pendulum (TFP) bearings, the finite element model of a six-story building with various types of interlayer isolation TFP bearings under far field or near fault ground motions is established and analysed. A discrepancy rate function of peak interlayer shear, acceleration and displacement results is adopted to discuss the influence of the vertical seismic motions on isolation structural responses. Furthermore, the isolation form, the isolation period and the friction coefficient of bearings are changed to study their effect on the vertical seismic component’s influence. The results show that the influence of the vertical seismic component is considerable on the isolation layer especially under near-fault ground motions, so it should not be overlooked during the structural design; The change of isolation forms will greatly affect the influence of the vertical seismic component especially in the isolation layer and isolation systems with isolation devices set on higher stories or with less isolation layers will have less vertical seismic effect on story acceleration; The increase of the isolation period will globally result in the decrease of the influence of vertical seismic components, though in some cases it shows some sort of fluctuation before the final decrease; The increase of the friction coefficient will lead to the global decrease in the influence of the vertical seismic component in single-layer isolation structures, while it does not obviously affect those in the multi-layer isolation systems.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] K. Ryan, C. Earl. “Analysis and Design of Inter-story Isolation Systems with Nonlinear Devices,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering 14(7): pp. 1044–1062, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632461003668020
[2] D.C.Charmpis, P.Komodromos, M.C.Phocas. “Optimized earthquake response of multi‐storey buildings with seismic isolation at various elevations,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 41(15): pp. 2289–2310, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2187
[3] H. Fakhri, G.G. Amiri. “Nonlinear Response-History Analysis of Triple Friction Pendulum Bearings (TFPB), Installed Between Stories,” 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, 2012.
[4] A. Reggio, M.D. Angelis. “Optimal energy‐based seismic design of non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) implemented via inter‐story isolation,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 44(10): pp. 1623–1642, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2548
[5] M. Rabiei, F. Khoshnoudian. “Response of multistory friction pendulum base-isolated buildings including the vertical component of earthquakes,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 38(10): pp. 1045–1059, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1139/l11-064
[6] K. Faramarz, R. Montazar. “Seismic Response of Double Concave Friction Pendulum Base-Isolated Structures Considering Vertical Component of Earthquake,” Advances in Structural Engineering 13(1): pp. 1–14, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.13.1.1
[7] V. Loghman, F. Khoshnoudian, M. Banazadeh. “Effect of vertical component of earthquake on seismic response of triple concave friction pendulum base-isolated structures,” Journal of Vibration & Control 21(11): pp. 2099–2113, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546313503359
[8] D.M. Fenz, M.C. Constantinou. “Spherical sliding isolation bearings with adaptive behavior: Theory,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 37(2): pp. 163-183, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.751
[9] D.M. Fenz, M.C. Constantinou. “Spherical sliding isolation bearings with adaptive behavior: Experimental verification,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 37(2): pp. 185–205, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.750
[10] N.D. Dao. “Seismic Response of a Full-scale 5-story Steel Frame Building Isolated by Triple Pendulum Bearings under Three-Dimensional Excitations,” Dissertations & Theses - Gradworks, University of Nevada, 2012.
[11] T.C. Becker, S.A. Mahin. “Approximating peak responses in seismically isolated buildings using generalized modal analysis,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42(12): pp. 1807–1825, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2299
[12] J. Sheller, M.C. Constantinou. “Response history analysis of structures with seismic isolation and energy dissipation systems: verification examples for program SAP2000,” Report No. MCEER 99-02, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, New York, 1999.
[13] W.I. Liao, C.H. Loh, S. Wan. “Earthquake responses of RC moment frames subjected to near-fault ground motions,” Structural Design of Tall & Special Buildings 10(3): pp. 219–229, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.178
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Zhao Fang
1
Ping Yan
2

  1. Nanjing Institute of Technology, School of Architecture Engineering, Hongjing Avenue 1, 211167 Nanjing, China
  2. Jiangsu Provincial Architectural D&R Institute LTD, Chuangyi Road 86, 211167 Nanjing, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Cutting blasting has been widely used for tunnel excavation. The cutting forms significantly influence the blasting effect. This research focuses on the study of the relationship between cutting forms and blasting effects. Similarity theory is proposed for the experimental study of the rock blasting using small models. Then four experimental modes with different cutting forms are used to study the blasting effect due to the cutting forms. The cutting depth, borehole utilization rate, fragments volume, and average fragment size are analysed. The blasting effects with various cutting forms are compared. The influences of the borehole space and the blasting delay are discussed. It is concluded that the spiral cutting form can produce more fragments and is recommend for the small section tunnel excavation.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Sato, T., T. Kikuchi, and K. Sugihara, “In-situ experiments on an excavation disturbed zone induced by mechanical excavation in Neogene sedimentary rock at Tono mine, central Japan,” Engineering geology 56(1): pp. 97–108, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00136-2.
[2] Cunningham, C., “Fragmentation estimations and the Kuz-Ram model-Four years on”, in Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting,1987.
[3] Kisslinger, C., The generation of the primary seismic signal by a contained explosion, DTIC Document, 1963.
[4] Kuznetsov, V., “The mean diameter of the fragments formed by blasting rock,” Journal of Mining Science 9(2): pp. 144–148, 1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506177.
[5] Clark, L.D. and S.S. Saluja, “Blasting mechanics” Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engrs229: pp. 78–90, 1964.
[6] Langefors, U. and B. Kihlström, “The modern technique of rock blasting” Wiley, 1978.
[7] Porter, D.D., “Crater formation in plaster of Paris models by enclosed charges” Colorado School of Mines, 1961.
[8] Saluja, S.S., “Mechanism of rock failure under the action of explosives”, in The 9th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS): American Rock Mechanics Association, 1967.
[9] Wei, X., Z. Zhao, and J. Gu, “Numerical simulations of rock mass damage induced by underground explosion” ,International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46(7): pp. 1206–1213, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.02.007.
[10] Liu, H., D. Williams, D. Pedroso, et al., “Numerical procedure for modelling dynamic fracture of rock by blasting”, in Controlling Seismic Hazard and Sustainable Development of Deep Mines: 7th International Symposium On Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines (rasim7), Vol 1 and 2: Rinton Press, 2009.
[11] Saharan, M.R. and H. Mitri, “Numerical procedure for dynamic simulation of discrete fractures due to blasting,” Rock mechanics and rock engineering 41(5): pp. 641–670, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0136-9.
[12] Ma, G. and X. An, “Numerical simulation of blasting-induced rock fractures,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 45(6): pp. 966–975, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.12.002.
[13] Wang, Z.-L., Y.-C. Li, and R. Shen, “Numerical simulation of tensile damage and blast crater in brittle rock due to underground explosion,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 44(5): pp. 730–738, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.11.004.
[14] Wang, Z., Y. Li, and J. Wang, “A method for evaluating dynamic tensile damage of rock”, Engineering fracture mechanics. 75(10): pp. 2812–2825, 2008.
[15] Zhu, Z., B. Mohanty, and H. Xie, “Numerical investigation of blasting-induced crack initiation and propagation in rocks,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 44(3): pp. 412–424, 2007.
[16] Huang, D., X.Y. Qiu, X.Z. Shi, et al., “Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Blast-Induced Vibration for Short-Delay Cut Blasting in Underground Mining,” Shock and Vibration. 2019: 13, 2019.
[17] Liu, K., Q.Y. Li, C.Q. Wu, et al., “A study of cut blasting for one-step raise excavation based on numerical simulation and field blast tests” ,International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 109: pp. 91–104, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.06.019.
[18] Man, K., X.L. Liu, J. Wang, et al., “Blasting Energy Analysis of the Different Cutting Methods” ,Shock and Vibration. 2018: p. 13, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9419018.
[19] Xie, L.X., W.B. Lu, Q.B. Zhang, et al., “Analysis of damage mechanisms and optimization of cut blasting design under high in-situ stresses” , Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 66: pp. 19–33, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.03.009.
[20] Xie, L.X., W.B. Lu, Q.B. Zhang, et al., “Damage evolution mechanisms of rock in deep tunnels induced by cut blasting”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 58: pp. 257–270, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.004.
[21] Qu, S.J., X.B. Zheng, L.H. Fan, et al., “Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes” ,Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 15(3): 209–214, 2008.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Huaming An
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yushan Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deqiang Yang
2

  1. Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Security and Emergency Management, 650093, Kunming, China
  2. University of Science and Technology Beijing, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 100083, Beijing, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Several months after August 4, 2020, Lebanon is still recovering from the enormous explosion at the port of Beirut that killed more than 200 people and injured more than 7500. This explosion ripped the city to shreds and significantly damaged the Beirut port silos. Saint Joseph University of Beirut “the school of engineering ESIB” in collaboration with “Amann” Engineering performed a 3D scan of the Beirut port silos to assess the silos’ level of damage. The obtained data was then compared to the numerical modelling results, obtained from Abaqus explicit, in order to estimate the blast magnitude and to check if the pile foundation can be reused in building new silos at the same place due to the limited space available at the port of Beirut while considering the soil-foundation-structure interaction effect. In addition, the silos’ structural response against the filling of the silos at the time of explosion was investigated. The displacement of the silos and the amount of silos’ damage obtained from the fixed and flexible numerical models indicate that a blast magnitude of 0.44 kt TNT (approximately 1100 tons of Ammonium Nitrate) best estimates the 20 to 30 cm silos’ tilting in the direction of the blast. In addition, the soil and the foundation played a positive role by absorbing part while dissipating less amount of the blast energy. Also, the grains at the time of the event did not affect the silos’ deformation and damage amount. Noting that the displacement of the pile foundation exceeded all limits set by design codes, indicating that the pile foundation cannot be reused to build new silos at the same place.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] How a Massive Bomb Came Together in Beirut’s Port, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/09/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion, 2020.
[2] How powerful was the Beirut blast Reuters Graphics, https://graphics.reuters.com/LEBANON-SECURITY/BLAST/yzdpxnmqbpx/, 2020.
[3] A. Bauer, A. King and R. Heater, The detonation properties of ammonium nitrate perils, Department of Mining and Engineering, Queens University, Canada, 1978.
[4] A. King, A. Bauer and R. Heater, The explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate based fertilizer compositions, Department of Mining and Engineering, Queen’s University report to the Canadian Fertilizer Institute and Contributing Bodies, Canada, 1982.
[5] DIRECTIVE 2012/18/EU, The control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances, 406 amending and subsequently repealing Council Directive 96/82/EC, 2012.
[6] S. E. Rigby, T. J. Lodge, S. Alotaibi, A. D. Barr, S. D. Clarke, G. S. Langdon and A. Tyas, “Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media”, Shock Waves, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00193-020-00970-z
[7] J. Diaz, “Explosion analysis from images: Trinity and Beirut”, in: arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.05674, 2020.
[8] C. Aouad, W. Chemissany, P. Mazzali, Y. Temsah and A. Jahami, “Beirut explosion: Energy yield from the fireball time evolution in the first 230 milliseconds”, in: arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.13537, 2020.
[9] C. Stennett, S. Gaulter and J. Akhavan, “An estimate of the TNT-equivalent net explosive quantity (NEQ) of the Beirut Port explosion using publicly-available tools and data”, Journal of Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics vol. 45, pp. 1675–1679, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000227
[10] H. Pasman, C. Fouchier, S. Park, N. Quddus and D. Laboureur, “Beirut ammonium nitrate explosion: Are not we really learning anything”, Journal of Process Safety, vol. 39, p. 12203, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.12203
[11] G. Valsamos, M. Larcher and F. Casadei, “Beirut explosion 2020: A case study for a large-scale urban blast simulation”, Journal of Safety Science, vol. 137, pp. 105190, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105190
[12] M 3.3 Explosion – 1 km ENE of Beirut, Lebanon, USGS, https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b9bx/executive, 2020.
[13] M. Rayhani and M. El Naggar, “Numerical modeling of seismic response of rigid foundation on soft soil”, International Journal of Geomechics, vol. 8, pp. 336–346, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:6(336)
[14] A. Shehata, M. Ahmed and T. Alazrak, “Evaluation of soil-foundation-structure interaction effects on seismic response demands of multi-story MRF buildings on raft foundations”, International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 11–30, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-014-0078-x
[15] J. Rusek , L. Słowik , K. Firek and M. Pitas, “Determining the dynamic resistance of existing steel industrial hall structures for areas with different seismic activity”, Archives of Civil Engineering, LXVI vol. 4, pp. 525–542, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.135235
[16] D. Mendez, Stunned Salvador suffers second deadly quake in a month, The BG News, http://media.www.bgnews.com/media/storage/paper883/news/2001/02/14/World/Stunned.Salvador. Suffers Second Deadly Quake In A Month-1283510.shtm, 2001 (accessed Jan. 22, 2008).
[17] K. Patel , A. Goswami and S. Adhikary, “Response characterization of highway bridge piers subjected to blast loading”, Structural Concrete, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 2377–2395, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900286
[18] M. Ismail, Y. Ibrahim, M. Nabil and M.M. Ismail, “Response of a 3-D reinforced concrete structure to blast loading”, International Journal of Advanced Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 46–53, 2017. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2017.010.008
[19] F. Fu, “Dynamic response and robustness of tall buildings under blast loading”, Journal of Construction and Steel Research, vol. 80, pp. 299–307, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.10.001
[20] R. Mudragada and S. Mishra, “Effect of blast loading and resulting progressive failure of a cable-stayed bridge”. SN Applied Sciences, vol. 3, p. 322, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04145-y
[21] C. Zhao, Y. Liu , P. Wang, M. Jiang, J. Zhou, X. Kong, Y. Chen and F. Jin, “Wrapping and anchoring effects on CFRP strengthened reinforced concrete arches subjected to blast loads”, Structural Concrete, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202000394
[22] W. Wang, R. Liu and B. Wu, “Analysis of a bridge collapsed by an accidental blast loads”, Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 36, pp. 353–361, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.10.022
[23] D. Dunkman, A. Yousef, P. Karve and E. Williamson, Blast performance of prestressed concrete panels, Proc. 2009 Structures Congress, “Don’t Mess with Structural Engineers: Expanding Our Role”, Austin, Texas, pp. 1297–1306, 2009.
[24] W. Raphael, R. Faddoul, R. Feghaly and A. Chateauneuf, “Analysis of Roissy airport Terminal 2E collapse using deterministic and reliability assessments”, Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 20, pp. 1–8, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.10.001
[25] A. Edalati and H. Tahghighi, “Investigating the performance of isolation systems in improving the seismic behavior of urban bridges. a case study on the Hesarak bridge”, Archives of Civil Engineering LXV vol. 4, pp. 155–175, 2019. http://doi.org/10.7428/acc-2019-0052
[26] R. Faddoul, W. Raphael, A.H. Soubra and A. Chateauneuf, “Incorporating Bayesian networks in markov decision processes”, Journal of Infrastructure System, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 415–424, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000134
[27] W. Raphael, E. Zgheib and A. Chateauneuf, “Experimental investigations and sensitivity analysis to explain the large creep of concrete deformations in the bridge of Cheviré”, Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 9, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00176
[28] W. Raphael, R. Faddoul, F. Geara and A. Chateauneuf, “Improvements to the Eurocode 2 shrinkage model for concrete using a large experimental database”, Structural Concrete, vol. 13, pp. 174–181, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201100029
[29] K. Kawashima, Y. Takahashi, H. Ge, Z. Wu and J. Zhang, “Reconnaissance report on damage of bridges in 2008 Wenchuan, China, earthquake”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 956–998, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460902859169
[30] Beirut silos at heart of debate about remembering port blast, AP news, https://apnews.com/article/international-news-beirut-lebanon-3aec16ceeebca5b6b2b132aed3cd49d8, 2020 (accessed December 10, 2020).
[31] Lebanon navigates food challenge with no grain silo and few stocks, TBS news, https://tbsnews.net/world/global-economy/lebanon-navigates-food-challenge-no-grain-silo-and-few-stocks-116467, 2020 (accessed August 7, 2020).
[32] H.W. Stephens, The Texas City Disaster 1947, University of Texas Press, Texas, USA, 1997.
[33] S. Mannan, Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Hazard Identification, Assessment 396 and Control, Elsevier, Third Ed., Oxford, United Kingdom, 2005.
[34] R.J. Mainiero and J.H. Rowland, A review of recent accidents involving explosives transport, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, 2007.
[35] REPORT 2013-02-I-TX , U.S. chemical safety and hazard investigation board, Investigation report, 400 West fertilizer company fire and explosion, 2016.
[36] M. Bandera, Beirut port silos scan reconstruction - 3D model, Silos Expertise Group, Lebanon Ministry of Commerce, 2021. https://sketchfab.com/models/75059e566100492996630bd3c800d951/embed
[37] Abaqus [Computer Software]. Simulia, Inc.
[38] M. E. Hafezolghorani, F. Hijazi and R. Vaghei, “Simplified damage plasticity model for concrete”, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 27, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686616X1081
[39] Eurocode 4, Actions on structures, EN 1991-4, 2006.
[40] The Beirut Port Explosion, Forensic Architecture, https://forensic417architecture.org/investigation/beirut-port-explosion, 2020 (accessed 16 November 2020).
[41] T. Krauthammer, Modern Protective Structures, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
[42] HSE, Safety Report Assessment Guide: Chemical warehouses – Hazards, Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom, 2012.
[43] Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, EN 1992-1-1, 2004.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Sahar Ali Ismail
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wassim Raphael
1
Emmanuel Durand
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fouad Kaddah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fadi Geara
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut 17-5208, Lebanon
  2. Amann Engineering, Geneva 1212, Switzerland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This paper reports on efficient experimental and numerical techniques used in the design of critical infrastructure requiring special protection measures regarding security and safety. The presented results, some of which have already been reported in [1], were obtained from perforation experiments carried out on S235 steel sheets subjected to impacts characterized as moderate velocity (approximately 40–120 m/s). The metal was tested using the Hopkinson Bar Technique and pneumatic gun. The originality of perforation testing consist on using a thermal chamber designed to carry out experiments at higher temperatures. 3D scanners and numerically controlled measuring devices were used for the final shape deformation measurements. Finally, the results of FEM analysis obtained using explicit solver are presented. The full-scale CAD model was used in numeric calculations.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] M. Grazka, L. Kruszka, W. Mocko and M. Klosak, “Advanced Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Behavior Structural Materials Including Dynamic Conditions of Fracture for Needs of Designing Protective Structures”, in Soft Target Protection, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Springer, 2020, pp. 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1755-5_10
[2] N. Jones, and J. Paik, “Impact perforation of aluminium alloy plates”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 48, pp. 46–53, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-78252013000400006
[3] L. Kruszka and R. Rekucki, “Experimental Analysis of Impact and Blast Resistance for Various Built Security Components”, in Soft Target Protection. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, L. Hofreiter, V. Berezutskyi, L. Figuli, Z. Zvaková (eds). Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 211–239, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1755-5_18
[4] Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection, European Union, 2008.
[5] L. Kruszka and Z. Kubíková, “Critical Infrastructure Systems Including Innovative Methods of Protection”, in Critical Infrastructure Protection. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series D: Information and Communication Security, L. Kruszka, M. Klosak, P. Muzolf P. (eds), IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2019.
[6] L. Kruszka and R. Rekucki, “Performance of protective doors and windows under impact and explosive loads”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 82, pp. 422–427, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.82.422
[7] European Standard EN10025:2004.
[8] M. Klosak, A. Rusinek, A. Bendarma, T. Jankowiak and T. Lodygowski, “Experimental study of brass properties through perforation test using a thermal chamber for elevated temperatures”, Latin American Journal of Solid and Structures, vol. 15, no 10, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78254346
[9] T. Jankowiak, A. Rusinek, K.M. Kpenyigba and R. Pesci, “Ballistic behaviour of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation”, Steel and Composite Structures, vol. 16, no 6, pp. 595–609, 2014. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.16.6.595
[10] A. Rusinek, J.A. Rodrıguez-Martınez, R. Zaera, J.R. Klepaczko, A. Arias and C. Sauvelet, “Experimental and numerical study on the perforation process of mild steel sheets subjected to perpendicular impact by hemispherical projectiles”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 36, no 4, pp. 565–587, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.09.004
[11] W. Mocko, J. Janiszewski, J. Radziejewska and M. Grazka, „Analysis of deformation history and damage initiation for 6082-T6 aluminium alloy loaded at classic and symmetric Taylor impact test conditions”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 75, pp. 203–213, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.08.015
[12] M. Grazka and J. Janiszewski, “Identification of Johnson-Cook equation constants using finite element method”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 60, no 3, pp. 215–223, 2012.
[13] R. Panowicz, J. Janiszewski and K. Kochanowski, “The influence of non-axisymmetric pulse shaper position on SHPB experimental data”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 56, no 3, pp. 873–886, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.56.3.873
[14] L. Kruszka and J. Janiszewski, “Experimental analysis and constitutive modelling of steel of A-IIIN strength class”, EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 94, 05007, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20159405007
[15] A. Rusinek, R. Bernier, R. Matadi Boumbimba, M. Klosak, T. Jankowiak and G.Z. Voyiadjis, “New device to capture the temperature effect under dynamic compression and impact perforation of polymers, application to PMMA”, Polymer testing, vol. 65, pp. 1–9, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.10.015
[16] A. Bendarma, T. Jankowiak, T. Łodygowski, A. Rusinek and M. Klosak, “Experimental and numerical analysis of the aluminum alloy AW5005 behaviour subjected to tension and perforation under dynamic loading”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 55, no 4, pp. 1219–1233, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.55.4.1219
[17] T. Børvik, O,S. Hopperstad, M. Langseth and K.A. Malo, “Effect of target thickness in blunt projectile penetration of Weldox 460 E steel plates”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 28, no 4, pp. 413–464, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(02)00072-6
[18] T. Jankowiak, A. Rusinek and P. Wood, “A numerical analysis of the dynamic behaviour of sheet steel perforated by a conical projectile under ballistic conditions”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol. 65, pp. 39-49, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2012.10.007
[19] B. Landkof and W. Goldsmith, “Petaling of thin metallic plates during penetration by cylindro-conical projectiles”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 21, no 3, pp. 245–266, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(85)90021-6
[20] K.M. Kpenyigba, T. Jankowiak, A. Rusinek and R. Pesci, “Influence of projectile shape on dynamic behaviour of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation”, Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 65, pp. 93-104, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2013.01.003
[21] Z. Wei, D. Yunfei, C. Zong Sheng and W. Gang, “Experimental investigation on the ballistic performance of monolithic and layered metal plates subjected to impact by blunt rigid projectiles”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 49, pp. 115–129, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.06.001
[22] R.F. Recht and T.W.Ipson, “Ballistic perforation dynamics”, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 30, no 3, pp. 384–390, 1963. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3636566
[23] J.K. Holmen, O.S. Hopperstad and T. Børvik, “Influence of yield-surface shape in simulation of ballistic impact”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 108, pp. 136–146, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.03.023
[24] A. Arias, J.A. Rodríguez-Martínez and A. Rusinek, “Numerical simulations of impact behaviour of thin steel plates subjected to cylindrical, conical and hemispherical non-deformable projectiles”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 75, pp. 1635–1656, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2007.06.005
[25] A. Massaq, A. Rusinek, M. Klosak, F. Abed and M. El Mansori, “A study of friction between composite-steel surfaces at high impact velocities”, Tribology International, vol. 102, pp. 38–43, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.011
[26] M. Klosak, T. Jankowiak, A. Rusinek, A. Bendarma, P.W. Sielicki and T. Lodygowski, “Mechanical Properties of Brass under Impact and Perforation Tests for a Wide Range of Temperatures: Experimental and Numerical Approach”, Materials, vol. 13, no 24, 5821, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245821
[27] S.C. Lim, M.F. Ashby and J.H. Brunton, “The effects of sliding conditions on the dry friction of metals”, Acta Metallurgica, vol. 37, no 3, pp. 767-772, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(89)90003-5
[28] Z. Rosenberg and Y. Vayig, “On the friction effect in the perforation of metallic plates by rigid projectiles”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 149, 103794, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103794
[29] Friction and Friction Coefficients, www.engineeringtoolbox.com [access 2018-03-03].
[30] G.R. Johnson and W.H. Cook, “A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures”, in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics, vol. 21, pp. 541–547, 1983.
[31] W. Ciolek, „Stal budowlana w temperaturach pożarowych w świetle Eurokodów – cz II (in Polish)”, Inżynier Budownictwa, vol. 4, pp. 89–93, 2015.
[32] G.R. Johnson and W.H. Cook, “Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 21, pp. 31–48, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(85)90052-9
[33] G.R. Johnson and T.J. Holmquist, “Test Data and Computational Strength and Fracture Model Constants for 23 Materials Subjected to Large Strains, High Strain Rates, and High Temperatures”, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. 1989.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Klosak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Grazka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Leopold Kruszka
3
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Mocko
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiapolis, Technical University of Agadir, Technopole d'Agadir, Qr Tilila, 80000 Agadir, Morocco
  2. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Armaments and Aviation, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  4. Motor Transport Institute, Center for Material Testing, Jagiellońska 80, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The flexural toughness of chopped steel wool fiber reinforced cementitious composite panels was investigated. Reinforced cementitious composite panels were produced by mixing of chopped steel wool fiber with a ratio range between 0.5% to 6.0% and 0.5% as a step increment of the total mixture weight, where the cement to sand ratio was 1:1.5 with water to cement ratio of 0.45. The generated reinforced cementitious panels were tested at 28 days in terms of load-carrying capacity, deflection capacities, post-yielding effects, and flexural toughness. The inclusion of chopped steel wool fiber until 4.5% resulted in gradually increasing load-carrying capacity and deflection capacities while, provides various ductility, which would simultaneously the varying of deflection capability in the post-yielding stage. Meanwhile, additional fiber beyond 4.5% resulted in decreased maximum load-carrying capacity and increase stiffness at the expense of ductility. Lastly, the inclusion of curves gradually.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Rajak D.K., Pagar D. D., Menezes P. L., and Linul E, “ Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Manufacturing, properties, and applications”, Polymers 11: p. 1667, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101667
[2] Rajak D.K., Pagar D.D., Kumar R., and Pruncu C.I., “Recent progress of reinforcement materials: A comprehensive overview of composite materials”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8: pp. 6354–6374, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.068
[3] Cejuela E., Negro V., and del Campo J.M., “Evaluation and Optimization of the Life Cycle in Maritime Works”, Sustainability 12: 4524, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114524
[4] Pushkar S. and Ribakov Y., “Life-Cycle Assessment of Strengthening Pre-Stressed Normal-Strength Concrete Beams with Different Steel-Fibered Concrete Layers”, Sustainability 12: p. 7958. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197958
[5] Rashiddadash P., Ramezanianpour A.A., and Mahdikhani M., “Experimental investigation on flexural toughness of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) containing metakaolin and pumice”, Construction and Building Materials 51: pp. 313–320, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.087
[6] Felekoğlu B.,Türkel S.,and Altuntaş Y., “Effects of steel fiber reinforcement on surface wear resistance of self-compacting repair mortars”, Cement and Concrete Composites 29: pp. 391–396, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.010
[7] Abdulkareem M., Havukainen J., and Horttanainen M., “How environmentally sustainable are fibre reinforced alkali-activated concretes?”, Journal of Cleaner Production 236: p. 117601, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.076
[8] Zhang P., Zhao Y-N, Li Q-F, Wang P., and Zhang T.H., “Flexural toughness of steel fiber reinforced high performance concrete containing nano-SiO2 and fly ash”, The Scientific World Journal 1–11 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/403743
[9] Faris, M.A., Abdullah, M.M.A.B., Ismail, K.N., Mortar, N.A.M., Hashim, M.F.A. and Hadi, A. “Pull-Out Strength of Hooked Steel Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete”, In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 55: pp. 012–080, 2019. https://doi:10.1088/1757-899X/551/1/012080
[10] Aggelis D.G., Soulioti D., Barkoula N.M., Paipetis A.S., Matikas T.E., and Shiotani T., “Acoustic emission behavior of steel fibre reinforced concrete under bending”, Construction and Building Materials 23: pp. 32–40, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.042
[11] Ragalwar K., Heard W.F., Williams B.A., Kumar D., and Ranade R., “On enhancing the mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete through multi-scale fiber reinforcement”, Cement and Concrete Composites 105: p. 103422, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103422
[12] Amer, Akrm A. Rmdan, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Yun Ming Liew, Ikmal Hakem A Aziz, Jerzy J. Wysłocki, Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir, Wojciech Sochacki, Sebastian Garus, Joanna Gondro, and Hetham AR Amer, “Optimizing of the Cementitious Composite Matrix by Addition of Steel Wool Fibers (Chopped) Based on Physical and Mechanical Analysis”, Materials 14: p. 1094, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051094
[13] Sharma, A.K., Bhandari, R., Aherwar, A. and Rimašauskienė, R, “Matrix materials used in composites: A comprehensive study”, Materials Today: Proceedings 21: pp. 1559–1562, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.086
[14] García A., Norambuena-C. J., and Partl, M.N., “A parametric study on the influence of steel wool fibers in dense asphalt concrete”, Materials and Structures 47: 1559–1571, 2014. https://doi.10.1617/s11527-013-0135-0
[15] Ponikiewski T., Katzer J., Bugdol M., and Rudzki M., “Determination of 3D porosity in steel fibre reinforced SCC beams using X-ray computed tomography”, Construction and Building Materials 68: pp. 333–340, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.064
[16] Koenig A., “Analysis of air voids in cementitious materials using micro X-ray computed tomography (µXCT)”, Construction and Building Materials 244:118313, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118313
[17] Chajec A., and Sadowski L., “The Effect of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Properties of Horizontally Formed Concrete”, Materials 13: p. 5827, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245827
[18] Zhou S., Xie L., Jia Y., and Wang C., “Review of cementitious composites containing polyethylene fibers as repairing materials”, Polymers 12: p. 2624, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112624
[19] Martinelli E., Pepe M., and Fraternali F., “Meso-Scale Formulation of a Cracked-Hinge Model for Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites”, Fibers 8: p. 56, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib8090056
[20] Zhou H., Jia B., Huang H., and Mou Y., “Experimental study on basic mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced concrete “, Materials (Basel) 13: p. 1362, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061362
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Akrm A. Rmdan Amer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yun Ming Liew
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
2
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hetham A.R. Amer
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Geopolymer & Green Technology, Center of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Omar Al-Mukhtar Universiti, Civil Engineering Department, Libya
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Red-light running at intersections is a common problem that may have severe consequences for traffic safety. The present paper investigates driver behavior in dilemma zones in Polish conditions. Based on the empirical research conducted at 25 urban and rural signalized intersections, type II dilemma zone boundaries were determined. In this study, generalized linear regression models were used to fit the probability of stopping to explanatory variables. Seeing as the dependent variable is dichotomous (stop/go), binary logistic regression was used for predicting the probability of the outcome based on the values of continuous or categorical predictor variables. The results show that factors which have a statistically significant effect on drivers’ propensity to stop include: vehicle type, the geometry of the intersection, location of signal heads and platooning on the approach to the stop line. Type-II dilemma zone boundaries are situated at the following distance: the beginning from 1.9 s to 2.4 s, and end from 5.0 to 5.9 s (on average 2.2 ÷ 5.4 s) from the stop line.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] R. Bąk, „Sposoby obliczania czasów międzyzielonych na skrzyżowaniach zamiejskich”, Technika Transportu Szynowego 9/2012.
[2] B.N. Campbell B.N., J.D. Smith, W.G Najm, “Analysis of Fatal Crashes Due to Signal and Stop Sign Violations”, NHTSA Report DOT HS 809 779, Washington, D.C., 2004.
[3] S. Gondek, R. Bąk, „Badania wjazdów na sygnale czerwonym na zamiejskich skrzyżowaniach z sygnalizacją świetlną”, Transport Miejski i Regionalny 5/2012, pp. 18–24.
[4] http://www.policja.pl
[5] Y.M. Mohamedshah, L.W. Chen, F.M. Council, “Association of selected intersection factors with red-lightrunning crashes”, FHWA Highway Safety Information System Summary Report, Washington D.C., 2000.
[6] D. Gazis, R. Herman, A. Maradudin, “The problem of the amber signal light in traffic flow”, Operations Research, Vol. 8, 1960.
[7] S. Ghanipoor Machiani, M. Abbas. “Safety surrogate histograms (SSH): A novel real-time safety assessment of dilemma zone related conflicts at signalized intersections”. Accident Analysis and Prevention 96, 2015, pp. 361–370.
[8] C.V. Zegeer, R.C. Deen, “Green-Extension Systems at High-Speed Intersections”, ITE Journal, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C. 1978, pp. 19–24.
[9] P.S. Parsonson, R. Roseveare, J.M. Thomas, “Southern Section ITE Technical Council Committee 18: Small-Area Detection at Intersection Approaches”, Traffic Engineering, 1974.
[10] T. Gates, D.A. Noyce, L. Laracuente, “Analysis of Dilemma Zone Driver Behavior at Signalized Intersections”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2030, Washington D.C., 2007, pp. 29–39.
[11] T. Gates, H. McGee, K. Moriarty, M. Honey-Um, “A comprehensive evaluation of driver behavior to establish parameters for timing of yellow change and red clearance intervals”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2298, Washington, D.C. 2012.
[12] A. Maxwell, K. Wood, “Review of traffic signals on high speed roads”, European Transport Conference, Strasbourg 2006.
[13] D. Middleton, “Guidelines for detector placement on high-speed approaches to signalized intersections”, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Texas 1997.
[14] Y. Sheffi, H. Mahmassani, “A Model of Driver Behavior at High Speed Signalized Intersections”, Transportation Science, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1981, pp. 50–61.
[15] W. Kim, J. Zhang, A. Fujiwara, “Analysis of Stopping Behavior at Urban Signalized Intersections, Empirical Study in South Korea”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2080, Washington, D.C., 2008, pp. 84–91.
[16] P. Papaioannou, “Driver behaviour, dilemma zone and safety effects at urban signalized intersections in Greece”, Accident Analysis and Prevention 39, 2007, pp. 147–158.
[17] B.K. Pathivada, V. Perumal, “Analyzing dilemma driver behavior at signalized intersection under mixed traffic conditions”. Transportation Research Part F, Vol. 60, 2019, pp. 111–120
[18] A. Al-Mudhaffar, “Impacts of traffic signal control strategies”, PhD diss., Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Stockholm, 2006.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Bąk
1
Janusz Chodur
1
Nikiforos Stamatiadis
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
  2. University of Kentucky, Department of Civil Engineering, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Bibliography


[1] Balaguer C. “From hard to soft robotics”, Robotics and Automation in Construction Industry, 3rd IARP Workshop on Service, Assistive and Personal Robots, Madrid, Spain, 2003.
[2] Cousineau L., Miura N. “Construction robots: the search for new building technology in Japan”, American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Publications, 1998.
[3] CTS Cement Manufacturing Corporation, “Innovative, high-performance products for new construction, restoration and repairs”, Rapid Set® Construction Cement, 12442 Knott Street, Garden Grove, CA 92841, USA.
[4] EN 12390-1 Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements for speciments and moulds.
[5] EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.
[6] Khoshnevis B. “Automated construction by Contour Crafting – related robotics and information technologies”, Automation in Construction, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 5–19, 2004.
[7] Korodur International GmbH “Product Information”. 92-224 Amberg, Germany.
[8] Kurdowski W. „Chemia cementu i betonu”, Stowarzyszenie Producentów Cementu – Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Kraków – Warszawa, 2010.
[9] Locher F.W. “Cement, principles of production and use”, Erkrath Verlag Bau+Technik 2013.
[10] Maeda J. “Development and Application of the SMART System”, Automation and Robotics in Construction, Elsevier Science B.V., pp. 457–464, 1994.
[11] Patent UP RP nr P-414864, Warszawa 2019-01-25 „Urządzenie przejezdne do wykonania monolitycznego stropu z szybkowiążącego betonu”, Biuletyn Urzędu Patentowego; ISSN 0137-8015; 2017 nr 11, p. 27.
[12] PN-EN 206+A1 A1:2016. „Beton. Wymagania, właściwości, produkcja i zgodność” wraz z krajowym uzupełnieniem PN-B-06265.
[13] Ramseyer C., Bescher E., 93. Annual Meeting of the Transport Research, Washington, USA, 2014.
[14] Taylor M. “Automated construction in Japan”, Civil Engineering 156, Paper 12562, pp. 34–41, 2003.
[15] Więckowski A. „Automating CSA cement-based reinforced monolithic ceiling construction”, Automation in Construction, 2019, 0926-5805.
[16] Więckowski A. “JA-WA - A wall construction system using unilateral material application with a mobile robot”, Automation in Construction, V 83, 11/2017, pp. 19-20, 2017
[17] Więckowski A. “Principles of the NNM method applied in the analysis of process realisation”, Automation in Construction, Elsevier Science BV, 11(3.4), pp. 409–420, 2002.
[18] Zimka R. „Pełzanie betonu na szybkowiążącym cemencie siarczano-gliniano-wapniowym w okresie tężenia”, Praca doktorska, WGiG AGH, Kraków, 2019.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Więckowski
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

A large portion of the credits and financial resources of countries is spent on the preparation and construction of building projects because their implementation would create housing, job opportunities, financial turnover, and economic prosperity. At present, many construction projects are under construction in developing countries, and most of these projects are facing rising costs. The local scope of this research is construction projects in Yazd city. This research is operational in terms of purpose and was carried out in a descriptive and survey manner with an analytical-mathematical method. Data collection was done by documentary and survey methods. The Statistical Society consisted of 150 managers and officials, contractors, and actors involved in construction projects. Data analysis by hierarchical analysis technique showed that the criterion of management factors with a weight of 0.582 has the highest priority in increasing building costs. The criterion of environmental factors with a weight of 0.309 is at the second priority. The criterion of legal and administrative factors with a weight of 0.109 is in the third priority. Therefore, a key element in increasing the cost of construction projects in the under-studied city is the management factor that can be reduced by establishing new management systems and improving the quality of construction projects.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] M. Aslam, E. Edmund Baffoe-Twum, F. Saleem, “Design Changes in Construction Projects Causes and Impact on the Cost”, Civil Engineering Journal, 5(7), pp. 1647–1655, 2019. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091360
[2] U. Haider, U. Khan, A. Nazir, M. Humayon, “Cost Comparison of a Building Project by Manual and BIM”, Civil Engineering Journal, 6(1), pp. 34-49, 2020. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091451.
[3] K. Ernest, A.K. Adjei-Kumi Theophilus, B. Edward, “Exploring cost planning practices by Ghanaian construction professionals”, Int. J. Project Organisation and Management, 9(1), pp. 83–93, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPOM.2017.083112
[4] N. Ramlee, N. J. Tammy, R. Mohd Noor, R. N. H. Ainun Musir, A., Abdul Karim, N., H. B. Chan, , S. R. Mohd Nasir, “Critical success factors for construction project”, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1774, 030011, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965067
[5] T. A. Ghuzdewan, B. Petra, K. Narindr, “Project Cost Estimation Based on Standard Price of Goods and Services”, (SHBJ) MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018, p. 159, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815901012
[6] T. Al Amria, M. Marey-Pérezb, “Towards a sustainable construction industry: Delays and cost overrun causes in construction projects of Oman”, Journal of Project Management, Journal of Project Management, 5, pp. 87–102, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.jpm.2020.1.001
[7] S. Štuheca, G. Verhoevenb, I. Štuhecc, “Modelling building costs from 3d building models estimating the construction effort from image-based surface models of dry-stone shepherd shelters (kras, slovenia)”, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W9, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-691-2019.
[8] D. Aničić1, J. Aničić, “Cost management concept and project evaluation methods, Journal of Process Management New Technologies”, International, 7(2), pp. 54–59, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5937/jouproman7-21143.
[9] A. Q. Memon, A. H. Memon, M. A. Soomro, I. A. Rahman, “Common factors affecting time and cost performance of construction projects in Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Science, 71, pp. 64–68, 2019. http://apicee.org/Files/Paper1%20(11).pdf
[10] B. Boahene Akomah, W. Justice, M. Zakari, S. Kottey, “Cost impacts of variations on building construction projects”, MOJ Civil Eng, 4(5), pp. 386‒392, 2018. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2018.04.00133.
[11] A. Pirasteh, “Studying factors affecting the increase in delays and costs of construction projects”, In: The second conference on civil engineering, architecture and urban planning of the Islamic World, Tabriz, 2018. https://civilica.com/doc/1021202/
[12] I. Gurkhani, M. Mohammadi, A. Sabet, “Identifying the effective factors on the occurrence of delays and cost increases in case study of Mehr Housing projects”, The First national conference on management, ethics and business, Shiraz, 2019. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-MEBCONF01-MEBCONF01_164.html
[13] M. Ahmadvand,H. Eghbali, N. Habibi Lasibi, “Presenting a model for evaluating the factors causing delays and increasing costs in construction projects”, Sixth National Conference on Applied Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management, Tehran, 2019. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-CEUCONF06-CEUCONF06_0086.html
[14] A. Ebrahimi Chamani, N. Ramezanpour, V. Azizifar, “Investigating the most important causes of delays and increased costs in road construction projects Case study: Mazandaran province road construction projects”, In: Fifth International Conference on Modern Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture, Urban Management and Environment, Karaj, 2019. https://civilica.com/doc/1000494/
[15] M. Hejazi, R. Norouzpour, “The role of project integration management in reducing construction project costs”, In: 7th national conference on accounting and management Applications, Tehran, Asia Golden Communication Group, 2015. https://civilica.com/doc/807502/
[16] M. A. Rasouli,T. Pourrostam, J. Majrouhi, “Simultaneous study of factors affecting time delays and cost increases in iranian hospital projects”, In: The first international conference on civil engineering, architecture and sustainable green city, Hamedan, 2017. https://civilica.com/doc/673678/
[17] M. Khalilzadeh, R. Mohammadi, “Factors affecting increasing the cost of construction projects in construction projects (Qazvin City)”, In: 12th international conference on project management, Tehran, 2016. https://civilica.com/doc/575121/
[18] T. L. Saaty, “Relative Measurement and its Generalization in Decision Making: Why Pairwise Comparisons are Central in Mathematics for the Measurement of Intangible Factors – The Analytic Hierarchy/Network Process”, Madrid: Review of the Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences, 2008, Series A, Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03191825
[19] O. Moselhi, N. Roofigari-Esfahan, “Compression of project schedules using the analytical hierarchy process.” J. Multi-Criteria Decis Anal 2012; 19: pp. 67–78, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.490
[20] A. Ishizaka, A. Labib, “Review of the main developments in the analytic hierarchy process”, Expert Syst. Appl., 38: pp. 14336–14345, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.143
[21] S. Kim, J. Lawson, Y. Lim, “The matrix geometric mean of parameterized, weighted arithmetic and harmonic means." Linear Algebra Appl., 435: pp. 2114–2131, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2011.04.010
[22] F.H. Lotfi, R. Fallahnejad, “Imprecise Shannon's entropy and multi attribute de-cision making”, Entropy ,12: pp. 53–62, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/e12010053
[23] S. Monghasemi, M.R. Nikoo, M.A. Khaksar Fasaee, J. Adamowski, “A novel multicriteria decision making model for optimizing time–cost–quality trade-off problems in construction projects”, Expert Syst. Appl., 42: pp. 3089–3104, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.11.032.
[24] C. Cole, “Calculating the information content of an information process for adomain expert using Shannon’s mathematical theory of communication: Apreliminary analysis”, Inform Process Manag.; 33: pp. 715–726, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4573(97)00038-1.
[25] T. Cunningham, “Cost Control during the Pre-Contract Stage of a Building Project An Introduction”, Report prepared for Dublin Institute of Technology, 2015. https://doi.org/10.21427/83w4-r689.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Seyedkazem Seyedebrahimi
1
Alireza Mirjalili
1
Abolfazl Sadeghian
2

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd , Iran
  2. Department of Management, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran

Publication Ethics Policy

ETHICS POLICY

”Archives of Civil Engineering” respects and promotes the principles of publishing ethics. Being guided by COPE’s Guidelines ( https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines) we ensure that all participants of the publishing process comply with these rules, the journal pays special attention to:

Editor Responsibilities
1. Qualifying individual manuscripts for publication only on the basis of: (a) compliance with the guidelines provided to the authors, (b) substantive value, (c) originality, (d) transparency of presentation
2. Deciding whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published. In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
3. Evaluating manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
4. Ensuring scientific accuracy and complying with the principle of authorship; making sure that individual authors who contribute to the publication accept its form after the scientific editing
5. Providing a fair and appropriate peer review process.
6. Withdrawing manuscripts from publication, if any information about its unreliability appeared, also as a result of unintentional errors, features of plagiarism or violation of the rules of publishing ethics were identified.
7. Requiring all contributors to disclose relevant competing interests and publish corrections if competing interests are revealed after publication. If needed, other appropriate action should be taken, such as the publication of a retraction or expression of concern.
8. Maintaining the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
9. Not disclosing any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewer Responsibilities
1. Cooperating with the scientific editor and / or editorial office and the authors in the field of improving the reviewed material;
2. Being objective and expressing the views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
3. Assessing of the entrusted works in a careful and objective manner, if possible with an assessment of their scientific reliability and with appropriate justification of the comments submitted;
4. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
5. calling to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge
6. Maintaining the principle of fair play, excluding personal criticism of the author (s)
7. Maintaining confidentiality, which is not showing or discussing with others except those authorized by the editor. Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents.
8. Performing a review within the set time limit or accepting another solution jointly with ACE in the event of failure to meet this deadline.
9. Notifying the editor if the invited reviewer feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible.
10. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
11. Not considering evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission.

Author Responsibilities
1. Results of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable.
2. The authors should follow the principle of originality, which is submitting only their own original works, and in the case of using the works of other authors, marking them in accordance with the rules of quotation, or obtaining consent for the publication of previously published materials from their owners or administrators;
3. An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
4. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study and phenomena such as ghostwriting or guest authorship in the event of their detection must be actively counteracted.
5. All authors should report in a Reliable manner the sources they used to create their own study and their inclusion in the attachment bibliography;
6. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.
7. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
8. All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
9. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.

Publisher’s Confirmation
In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the publisher, in close collaboration with the editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work.

Peer-review Procedure

Manuscript Peer-Review Procedure

”Archives of Civil Engineering” makes sure to provide transparent policies for peer-review, and reviewers have an obligation to conduct reviews in an ethical and accountable manner. There is clear communication between the journal and the reviewers which facilitates consistent, fair, and timely review.

-The model of peer-review is double-blind: the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript (but if the research is published reviewers can eventually know the names of the authors). A complete list of reviewers is published in a traditional version of the journal: in-print.
-It is the editor who appoints two reviewers; however, if there are discrepancies in the assessment the third reviewer can be appointed.
-After having accepted to review the manuscript (one-week deadline), the reviewers have approximately 6 weeks to finish the process.
-The paper is published in ACE provided that the reviews are positive. All manuscripts receive grades from 1-5, 5 being positive, 1 negative, the authors receive reviews to read and consider the comments.
-Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of five outcomes: accept without changes, accept after changes suggested by the reviewer, rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review, reject, withdraw.
-Manuscripts requiring minor revision (accept after changes suggested by the reviewer) does not require a second review. All manuscripts receiving a "Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review " evaluation must be subjected to a second review. Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration. There are cases when the article can be withdrawn, often upon the request of an author, technical reason (e.g. names of authors are placed in the text, lack of references, or inappropriate structure of the text), or plagiarism.
-The revised version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the Editorial System within six weeks. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected.
-On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style.
-Paper publication requires the author's final approval.
- As soon as the publication appears in print and in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.

Editor’s responsibilities
-The editor decides whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published.
-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
-The editor evaluates manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
-The editor does not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewers' responsibilities
Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more