Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

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Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1

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Abstract

Idea to travel faster and faster is as old as human civilization. Different ways were used to move from point to point over centuries. The railways, cars, air-plains and rockets were invented. Each of them have limitations and advantages. Therefore, people always look for other, better solutions. One of them is “vacuum rail” moving inside a tube, known also as a Hyperloop. The number of problems to be solved is extremely high. This paper is devoted to civil engineering problems only e.g. viaducts, tunnels, stations. It is necessary to consider the kind of sub- and superstructure supporting the tube, influence of changes of ambient temperature and solar radiation, the way to ensure safety and structural integrity of the structures in case of fire, decompression of a structural tube and air-tightening, occurrence of accidents etc. Taking into account the fact that bridge and tunnel standards do not include information relating to above mentioned problems it is interesting to determine rules for design, construction and maintenance of such structures.
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Bibliography

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[2] M. Pawlik, M. Kycko, K. Zakrzewski, “Hyperloop vehicles spacing control challenges and possible solutions”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 2021, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 261–274, DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137167.
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[5] M. Rudowski, “Intermodal Transport of Hyperloop Capsules – Concept, Requirements, Benefits”, Problemy Kolejnictwa (Railway Reports), 2018, vol. 62, no. 178, pp. 55–62.
[6] R. Sabarinath, “Warsaw Hyperloop Station – Technical Challenges and Opportunities Overview”, MSc. Diploma, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, 2020.
[7] K. Trzonski, A. Ostenda, “High speed railways – technical and social aspects – Hyperloop One”, Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inzynieryjne, 2017, no.6, pp. 86–90 (in Polish).
[8] J. Tamarit, Evacuated Tube Transportation. Sponsored by CEN/CENELEC, NEN, UNE, 12.2018.
[9] Report “Potential for the development and implementation of the vacuum rail technology in Poland in the social, technical, economic and legal context”, GOSPOSTRATEG, September 2020.
[10] Hyperloop – International Development Overview, Prepared by HARDT, HYPER POLAND, TRANSPOD, ZELEROS, 10.2018.
[11] Hyperloop Alpha by SpaceX, 2017.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Zobel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Pawlak
2
Marek Pawlik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Żółtowski
2
Radosław Czubacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. YLE Inzynierowie Co., Warsaw, Poland
  3. Railways Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Modern construction standards, both from the ACI, EN, ISO, as well as EC group, introduced numerous statistical procedures for the interpretation of concrete compressive strength results obtained on an ongoing basis (in the course of structure implementation), the values of which are subject to various impacts, e.g., arising from climatic conditions, manufacturing variability and component property variability, which are also described by specific random variables. Such an approach is a consequence of introducing the method of limit states in the calculations of building structures, which takes into account a set of various factors influencing structural safety. The term “concrete family” was also introduced, however, the principle of distributing the result or, even more so, the statistically significant size of results within a family was not specified. Deficiencies in the procedures were partially supplemented by the authors of the article, who published papers in the field of distributing results of strength test time series using the Pearson, ��-Student, and Mann–Whitney U tests. However, the publications of the authors define neither the size of obtained subset and their distribution nor the probability of their occurrence. This study fills this gap by showing the size of a statistically determined concrete family, with a defined distribution of the probability of its isolation.
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Bibliography

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[23] PN-EN 206¸A1:2016-12. Concrete. English version.
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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Jasiczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kanoniczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Smaga
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

This paper is a continuation of part I – Theory and verification and presents some examples of application of the Extended Force Density Method. This method allows for form-finding of cable nets under self-weight and is based on the catenary cable element which assures high accuracy of the results and enables solving wide range of problems. Some essentials of the method are highlighted in this article. A computer program UC-Form was developed in order to perform the calculations and graphically present the results. Main advantages and features of the program are presented in this paper. Subsequently the program is used to perform calculations for a few practical examples with taut and slack cables. Input data is provided in order to enable reproducing calculations by other researchers. The outcomes are shown in the paper and prove that EFDM is an efficient tool for analysis of behaviour of cable nets under self-weight in different configurations.
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Bibliography

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[7] I.Wójcik-Grzaba, “Extended Force Density Method for cable nets under self-weight. Part I – Theory and verification”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 2021, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 139–157, DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138491.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Wójcik-Grząba
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The article discusses a new mathematical method for comparing the consistency of two particle size distribution curves. The proposed method was based on the concept of the distance between two graining curves. In order to investigate whether the distances between the particle size distribution curves are statistically significant, it was proposed to use the statistical test modulus-chi. As an example, the compliance of three sieve curves taken from the earth dam in Pieczyska on the Brda River in Poland was examined. In this way, it was established from which point of the dam the soil was washed away. However, it should be remembered that the size of the soil grains built into the dam does not have to be identical to the grain size of the washed out soil, because the fine fractions will be washed away first, while the larger ones may remain in the body of the earth structure.
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Bibliography

[1] J. Guevara, “Review of particle size distribution analysis methods”, 2018. University of Florida Soil and Water Sciences Department. [Online], Available: https://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/media/soilsifasufledu/sws-mainsite/pdf/technical-papers/Guevara_Jorge_One_Year_Embargo.pdf [Accessed: 28.04.2021].
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Opyrchał
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard Chmielewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Bąk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00–908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Traditional methods of restoring historical buildings typically consisted in replacing the damaged elements or additional steel and reinforced concrete elements were inserted into the old structure. They significantly interfered with the statics and aesthetics of buildings. Current composite materials used in restoration damage the old structure only slightly and can usually be removed in the future. Due to these advantages they comply with the conservation lawin force. This paper presents a few examples of practical applications of composites the authors have designed for structural reinforcement and protection of historical buildings. Repairs of columns, vaults, masonry walls, stone facades and wooden beams with the use of steel screw-shaped bars and high strength fibres in epoxy resin or cement matrix were presented. Problems of ensuring the proper bond of the composite to the old substrate and insufficient coverage of the fibers with the cement matrix were considered. Although the threats and structural damages which occur in most historical buildings tend to be similar, individual design solutions are required in each case. Historical investigation and detailed measurement of geometry and deflections have to be made before choosing the appropriate method of reinforcing the old structure. It can be predicted that prestressing composite materials used for historical structures will also be applied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Jurczakiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Karczmarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, ul. Podchorazych 1, 30-084 Cracow
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Abstract

The paper presents detailed comparisons for numerical simulations of fire development along the facade, with particular emphasis on the so-called “leap frog effect”, for different variations of window opening sizes and storey heights. A total of 9 models were subjected to numerical analysis. The problem occurred in most of the analyzed models – i.e., the fire penetrated through the facade to the higher storey. It should be noted that the adopted hearth was identified by standard parameters, and materials on the facade were non-combustible – as a single-layer wall. In the case of real fires, the parameters of the release rate can also vary greatly, but the values are usually higher. It has been shown that the most dangerous situation is with small size windows, where the discharge of warm gases and flames, causes a fairly easy fire jump between floors. The leap frog effect can be limited by increasing windows and storey height – this changes the shape of the flames escaping from the interior of the building and limits the possibility of fire entering the storeys above. In addition, increasing the size of windows results in a reduction of fire power per unit window dimension [KW/m2] at constant fire power (fuel-controlled fire), which is also of key importance for the fire to penetrate with the leap frog effect.
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