Applied sciences

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Content

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3

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Abstract

Electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA) is a newly developed method for preparing ultra-clean metal powders, and is a completely crucible-free melting and atomization process. Based on conducted several atomization experiments, we found that the fine powder yields obtained during the EIGA process were greatly affected by the status of metal melt flow. While, continuous metal melt flow was beneficial for the yield of fine powders, it was in conflict with the principle described for the vacuum induction melting inert gas atomization (VIGA) process. To understand the critical role of continuous metal melt flow in the EIGA process, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was developed to simulate the gas atomization process. The D50 particle size of powder prepared by atomization under continuous liquid metal flow was about 70 μm, while that obtained by atomization under non-continuous liquid metal flow was about 100 μm. The diameter distribution results of numerical simulations agreed well with the experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of our simulation method. This study provides theoretical support for understanding the critical role of continuous metal melt flow and improving fine powder yields in the EIGA process. PACS: 02.60.Cb; 43.28.Py; 41.20.Gz; 81.20.Ev
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Authors and Affiliations

Jialun Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Min Xia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Junfeng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Changchun Ge
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Science & Technology Beijing, Institute of Powder Metallurgy and Advanced Ceramics, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract

In this work, the electronic structure and optical behavior and the thermoelectric performance of the known HfNiSn compound have been studied under the substitution of Mn transition metal instead of Ni atoms. Necessary calculations are performed in the framework of DFT first principles studies by applying generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) as well as solving Boltzmann’s semi-classical equations. The entering Mn leads to a change in the electronic structure of HfNiSn and the occurrence of half-metallic ferromagnetic behavior with 100% polarization at the Fermi level. The maximum ZT value obtained for HfMnSn shows that HfNiSn would be suitable for thermoelectric applications at room temperature, both in pure and Mn presence. The examination of optical parameters also indicates good absorption in the visible range for this compound in all cases.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Mirmehdi
1
A. Boochani
2
S.R. Masharian
1

  1. Department of Physics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
  2. Department of Physics, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Abstract

Multiple response optimization of the machining of 17-4 PH stainless steel material, which is difficult to process with traditional methods, with EDM was made by Taguchi-based grey relational analysis method. Surface roughness (Ra), material removal rate (MRR), and electrode wear rate (EWR) were the responses, while current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, and voltage were chosen as process parameters. According to the multi-response optimization, the experiment level that gave the best result was A1B2C2D2. Optimum machining outputs were found as A1B3C1D1 using the Taguchi method. As a result of the Taguchi analysis and ANOVA, it was determined that the significant parameters according to multiple performance characteristics were current (56.22%) and voltage (22.40%). The surfaces of the best GRG and optimal sample were examined with XRD, SEM and EDX analysis and the effects on the surfaces were compared.
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Authors and Affiliations

E. Gerçekcioğlu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Albaşkara
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Erciyes University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kayseri, Turkey
  2. Afyon Kocatepe University, İscehisar Vocational School, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Abstract

To investigate the effect of cyclic heat treatment on the microstructure evolution of titanium alloys, TA15 alloys were subjected to different numbers of heat treatment cycles at various temperatures in the (α + β) two-phase region. The resulting microstructure and hardness of the alloy were characterized by using the metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Vickers hardness testing. The morphology of the initial TA15 alloy was nearly equiaxed structure. The α phase content, thickness of the oxygen-rich α layer, and hardness of the TA15 alloy increased with the number of cycles. The morphology of the TA15 alloy changed into the Widmannstatten structure when the alloy underwent six cycles of heat treatment between 970 and 800°C. The thickness of the oxygen-rich α layer and hardness of the alloy increased with the lower limit temperature of the cyclic heat treatment. Compared with the number of cycles, the lower limit temperature of the cyclic heat treatment was a more significant factor on the microstructure evolution of the TA15 titanium alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dan-Ya Zhang
1
Zhi-Sheng Nong
2
Tian-Xing Wang
2

  1. Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for National Defense of Aeronautical Digital Manufacturing Process, Shenyang110136, China
  2. Shenyang Aerospace University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China
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Abstract

In this paper, structural, electronic, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of Al 0.25B 0.75As alloy, under pressures 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa, have been calculated. The value of band gap at present work under 0 GPa, with GGA(PBE) exchange-correlation potential, is very close to other works with TB-mBJ method. This is a result of equal selection of muffin-tin radius spheres that are bigger than usual size for Al and B atoms. The values of band gap decrease by increasing pressure. In thermal properties, phonon contribution of heat capacity at constant volume and Debye temperature have been calculated in the range of 0K to 1000K temperatures and under 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa pressures. Thermoelectric properties, under the same pressures and in the range of 100K to 1000K temperatures have been investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Fazeli Kisomi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.J. Mousavi
2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Nedaee-Shakarab
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Physics, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
  2. Department of Physics, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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Abstract

CrCuFeNi2Tix high-entropy alloys (HEAs) (x = 0.1 ~ 0.7) are prepared and studied in this paper to investigate the effect of titanium on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system. Microstructural studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the addition of titanium could induce the formation of a body-centered cubic lattice (BCC) and intermetallic compounds (Ni3Ti) of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system. The practical formation of the phases meet the theory of the atomic size difference δ, mixing enthalpy ΔHmix, mixing entropy ΔSmix, valence electron concentration (VEC), and electronegativity difference Δχ. Additionally, the tensile and hardness properties of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system are investigated in this study. Generally, CrCuFeNi2Tix HEAs show low stiffness and good flexibility in mechanical properties. When the x value is relatively small, the HEAs show good ductility in the tensile test, which is the result of a face-centered cubic lattice (FCC) in the phase composition at this stage; when the x value becomes larger, due to the formation of the intermetallic compounds Ni3Ti, the HEAs show high hardness
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Authors and Affiliations

Long Chen
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Northwestern Polytechnical University, The School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an, China
  2. Shenzhen University, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract

Both corrosion and abrasion remove materials from some engineering components such as impact coal crusher hammers, pulverizer rings, chute liner, and rolls or molds. Intensive research has been done on improving the wear resistance of high chromium alloys, however, studies into corrosion resistance of high chromium alloys are insufficient. In order to determine the amount of ferroniobium addition in the wire to achieve the best corrosion resistance, and find out the mechanism of ferroniobium enhancing the corrosion resistance of the welding overlays, the high-Cr iron-based welding overlays with different niobium addition were fabricated by using self-made self-shielded metal-cored wires and their acidic corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution + 0.01 mol/L HCl solution were investigated by electrochemical corrosion test. The microstructure and corrosion morphology were characterized by OM, SEM, XRD and EDS. The polarization curves and values of I corr, E corr and Rc indicate the corrosion resistance is at the highest with 3.6 wt.% niobium addition, and at the lowest when the niobium addition is 10.8 wt.%. The corrosion of welding overlay occurs in the matrix of microstructure. With the increase of niobium addition from 3.6 wt.% to 10.8 wt.%, the proportion of network eutectic structure in the welding overlay is increased. Up to 10.8 wt.%, the microstructure is transformed from hypereutectic structure into eutectic one, leading to a higher acceleration of corrosion rate. When niobium addition reaches 14.4 wt.%, the welding overlay is transformed into a hypoeutectic structure. The addition of niobium element consumes carbon element in the alloy, which makes the increase of chromium content in the final solidified matrix, leading to an improvement in corrosion resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dashuang Liu
1 2 3
Yucheng Wu
1
Weimin Long
2 4
Ping Wei
3
Rui Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Wei Zhou
1 5

  1. Hefei University of Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Hefei 230009, China
  2. Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
  3. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  4. China Innovation Academy of Intelligent Equipment (Ningbo) Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315700, China
  5. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Abstract

Hardfacing deposition processes were carried out using unalloyed S1-EL12 welding wire and submerged arc welding fluxes produced by agglomerated method containing 4-16 wt.% ferrochromium and 2 wt.% ferroboron to achieve wear-resistant of hardfacing deposits on common steel substrates via submerged arc welding. Typical parameters such as slag detachment behaviour, measurements of weld seam widths and heights, microstructural examinations, and hardness and wear tests of hardfacing deposits were characterized. End of the characterization processes, with the increase of chromium, carbon, and boron transition from welding fluxes to hardfacing deposits, the welding seam widths, and heights were determined to increase from 14.12 mm to 15.65 mm and 6.14 mm to 6.50 mm, respectively. Besides; carbide and boro-carbide ratios in the microstructures increased, the hardness values increased from 43 HRC to 61 HRC and the wear losses decreased from 5.79 to 4.43. (10 –7 mm 3 (N m) –1).
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kaptanoglu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Eroglu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Firat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Elazig, 23000, Turkey
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Abstract

In this paper, the Al-K2ZrF6 reaction system was used to prepare in-situ Al3Zr/AA6082 particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites by electromagnetic stirring melt reaction method, and the friction stir welding technology was used to weld the plate. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied when the rotating speed was 14000 rpm and the welding speed was 30, 50 and 70 mm/min respectively. The results show that the weld forming quality and tensile properties of the FSW joints with welding parameters of 14000 rpm and 50 mm/min are the best, the tensile strength is 142(±0.5) MPa and the elongation is 8.2%. SEM analysis shows that the particle size of the reinforcing phase in the base metal is refined to about 5-10 μm, while that in the NZ is about 1-5 μm. The grain size in the HAZ is about 20-30 μm and in the NZ is about 5-10 μm. EBSD analysis shows that the proportion of low-angle grain boundary in the NZ is 59.7% and of recrystallized grain structure is 23.65%, while the proportion of small-angle grain boundary in the HAZ is 24.35% and of recrystallized grain structure is 37.18%. It provides theoretical and experimental basis for the forming and application of friction stir welding of the composite.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hui Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Caizhi Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuanpeng Qiao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chuying Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pinyi Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrii Zatulovskiy
2
Volodymyr Shcheretskyi
2

  1. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang 212000, China
  2. Phisico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciens of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract

The machining residual stress produced in the cutting process of aluminum alloy parts can easily lead to a scrap of the processed parts. In order to reduce the residual stress of aluminum alloy in the milling process, based on the Taguchi-Grey relational approach, the effects of different milling parameters on the residual stress and surface roughness of 2A12 aluminum alloy were studied. To reduce the residual stress and surface roughness of 2A12 aluminum alloy, optimized milling parameters were obtained. To further reduce the milling residual stress of 2A12 aluminum alloy, the samples processed by the optimized milling parameters were treated by cryogenic treatment and artificial aging. The residual stress of the sample was measured by the blind hole drilling method, and the evolution mechanism of the microstructure to reduce the machining residual stress was revealed. The results show that the combination of deep cooling treatment and oil bath aging can effectively reduce the residual stress on the machined surface of the aluminum alloy and facilitate a more uniform distribution of the residual stress inside the specimen. The effect of the coarse second phase on the residual stress in the microstructure is not significant, and the fine and diffusely distributed precipitation phase is beneficial to the reduction of the residual stress in the aluminum alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yao Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xianguo Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruize Yuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhi Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liang Tang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ao Shen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xuemei Niu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, China
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Abstract

Casting industry has been enriched with the processes of mechanization and automation in production. They offer both better working standards, faster and more accurate production, but also have begun to generate new opportunities for new foundry defects. This work discusses the disadvantages of processes that can occur, to a limited extend, in the technologies associated with mould assembly and during the initial stages of pouring. These defects will be described in detail in the further part of the paper and are mainly related to the quality of foundry cores, therefore the discussion of these issues will mainly concern core moulding sands. Four different types of moulding mixtures were used in the research, representing the most popular chemically bonded moulding sands used in foundry practise. The main focus of this article is the analysis of the influence of the binder type on mechanical and thermal deformation in moulding sands.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Grabarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Major-Gabryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Jakubski
1
ORCID: ORCID
St.M. Dobosz
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchová
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Pastirčák
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Foundry of Non-ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. University of Zilina, Žilinská Univerzita v Žiline, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Žilina, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yingbin Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaochen Huang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
  2. Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
  3. Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China
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Abstract

The main problem in the cores production by cold-box method is the occurence of surface defects due to the tension generated by thermal expansion of the silica sand. One of the possibilities of eliminination is exchange of silica sand from another location. Another interesting factor is the type of used binder and its amount. However, even these measures donʹt guarantee sufficient quality. Foundries most often solve this problem by adding expensive additives to the core mixture. Foundries may have a dilemma in choosing the right additive. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of silica sand from two different locations, the effect of dosing the amount of binder and the addition of several types of commonly available additives on the quality of casting cavities. For this purpose, a total of 11 differently composed core sand mixtures were prepared, but only one of these mixtures was successful.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Delimanová
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Vasková
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Bartošová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Hrubovčáková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, 9 Letná Str., 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
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Abstract

Carbon steel is one of the most widely used alloys in many industries, however, its use is limited by its low corrosion resistance. Depositing a layer of phosphate on its surface improves the corrosion resistance as well as other properties, such as wear resistance, adhesion etc. Accordingly, preliminary studies demonstrated that carbon steel coated with phosphate layers can be used in the manufacture of carabiners for various fields: civil engineering, oil industry etc. Whereas, to demonstrate their capacity to operate in severe conditions related to fire rescue and extinguishing operations, it is necessary to evaluate the thermal behaviour of these materials. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to study the behaviour at high temperatures of three different types of phosphate layers deposited on carbon steel surface, by STA analysis. Also, the paper aims to study the formation of different phosphate layers by determining the types of compounds formed after the completion of the phosphating process, by XRD analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.-P. Burduhos-Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Bejinariu
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.M. Cazac
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

The research presented in detail in this scientific paper refers to the modelling of process parameters for natural gas transmission in a centralized system. The method of the factorial experiment was used to model some parameters considered to be vital, namely the gas temperature, the air temperature as well as a certain correction factor on the flow delivered to the population. The study was conducted by accessing information provided by a regulation-measurement station that delivers gas to an important locality in a locality in central Romania. Experimental data collected over 24 hours on a summer day but also on a winter day were used. After a previous study with classical experimental research methods, the factorial experiment was used, which allows the delivery of much more detailed information and the graphical representations are much more precise and detailed, in other words, relevant and useful conclusions can be obtained on objective studied in the research approached.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mihail Aurel Țîțu
ORCID: ORCID
A.B. Pop
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Northern University Centre of Baia Mare, Faculty of Engineering – Department of Engineering and Technology Management, 62A, Victor Babes Street, 430083, Baia Mare, Maramures, Romania
  2. Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, Armii Krajowej 19 Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

From a theoretical point of view, the research carried out in this manuscript was carried out starting from the study of the links between surface roughness and cutting speed, cutting depth and feed per tooth in the end milling process. From an experimental point of view, it started from the organization and development of the physical cutting process, the cutting regimes to be analyzed were established, after which the surface roughness was determined and measured. In this way, the connections between the factors and parameters pursued in the research resulted. The main purpose of this research is to check the random nature of the measured data related to the quality of the end milled surface of the Al7136 aluminum alloy. The main types of statistical processing performed on the sample values from the experimental measurements, the algorithms and the corresponding work modes are according to the method of research that is based on the use of the Young test. The conclusions highlighted the importance of adopting this research method and opened new directions of study.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.B. Pop
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mihail Aurel Țîțu
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Northern University Centre of Baia Mare, Faculty of Engineering – Department of Engineering and Technology Management, 62A, Victor Babes Street, 430083, Baia Mare, Maramures, Romania
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Abstract

In recent years, the production of galvanized sheet steels with organic coatings applied to its surfaces has considerably expanded. Phosphating of the zinc surfaces raises its roughness and surface tension, providing high adhesion of subsequent organic coatings and respectively, significant increasing of their protective properties. The paper presents the results obtained in the investigation of combined anti-corrosion coatings, including formation of phosphate films on galvanized steel surfaces followed by the application of three types of paint and varnish coatings. The indicators characterizing the phosphating preparation (density, pH, conductivity, acid capacity) as well as the thickness of the coatings were measured. The chemical composition of the phosphate films, their morphology and topography were determined by means of EDX and SEM, respectively. The adhesion, elasticity and impact toughness of the organic coatings, with and without phosphating treatment of the zinc surfaces were measured. The corrosion resistance of the combined coatings in a model sodium chloride solution was also determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Fachikova
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Liubenova
1
G. Ilieva
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemical Technology, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract

For long time, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been used extensively as the main interconnection materials in the soldering. It is no doubt that Sn-Pb offers many advantages including good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties as well as low melting temperature. However, Pb is very toxic and Pb usage poses risk to human health and environments. Owing to this, the usage of Pb in the electronic industry was banned and restricted by the legislation. These factors accelerate the efforts in finding suitable replacement for solder alloy and thus lead-free solder was introduced. The major problems associated with lead-free solder is the formation of large and brittle intermetallic compound which have given a rise to the reliability issues. Micro alloying with Sb seems to be advantageous in improving the properties of existing lead-free solder alloy. Thus, this paper reviews the influence of Sb addition to the lead-free solder alloy in terms of microstructure formations and thermal properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi
1
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
1

  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

Kaolin-based geopolymers are alternatives for producing high-strength ceramics for construction materials. Creating high-performing kaolin ceramics utilizing the regular technique requires a high handling temperature (higher than 1200°C). Thus, the structure and properties such as pore size and distribution are affected at higher sintering temperatures. Along these lines, information with respect to the sintering system and related pore structure is essential for advancing the properties of the previously mentioned materials. This study investigated the microstructure and the density of a kaolin-based geopolymer at various sintering temperatures. The unsintered sample has the highest density of 1610 kg/cm3, while the samples sintered at 1100°C haves the lowest density of 1203 kg/cm3. The result also shows that increasing the sintering temperature to 1100°C resulted in increasing the water absorption of the kaolin-based geopolymer ceramic.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.I.I. Ramli
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.A.A.M. Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
I.H. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.S.M. Zaimi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.F.M. Amli
1
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Malaysia
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Abstract

The effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) on the characteristics and internal structure of synthetic aggregate made from ground granulated blast furnace slag are investigated in this study (GGBS). Due to its high pozzolanic activity, GGBS was shown to be superior to other SCM materials, enhancing both the strength and durability of synthetic aggregate. Because sintering uses a lot of energy and generates a lot of pollutants, using a cold-bonded approach to make low density lightweight aggregates is particularly significant from an economic and environmental standpoint. Thus, the utilisation of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute material in the production of green artificial lightweight aggregate (GLA) using the cold bonding method was discussed in this work. Admixtures of ADVA Cast 203 and Hydrogen Peroxide were utilised to improve the quality of GLA at various molar ratios. The freshly extracted GLA was then evaluated for specific gravity, water absorption, aggregate impact, and aggregate crushing in order to determine the optimal proportion blend. As a result, the overall findings offer great application potential in the development of concrete (GCLA). It has been determined that aggregates with a toughness of 14.6% and a hardness of 15.9% are robust. The compressive strength test found that the GCLA has a high strength lightweight concrete of 37.19 MPa and a density of 1845.74 kg/m3. The porous features developed inside the internal structure of GLA have led to GCLA’s less weight compared to conventional concrete.
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Authors and Affiliations

R.A. Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.A. Hassan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Yahya
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.A.M. Ariffin
3
ORCID: ORCID
A.F.B. Mansor
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.L.C. Hao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Abstract

Quenching technology requires the use of media with different cooling intensities and various shapes of cooling curves that show different particularities compared to that of conventional media such as water, oil, or emulsions. The use of synthetic quenching media is relatively new and also has multiple advantages such as non-flammability, safety in use and low cost. In this study, the cooling media tested was obtained by mixing 2 wt% carboxymethyl cellulose with 2 wt% NaOH in one litter of water. Moreover, three different temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) of the quenching media were evaluated. By dissolution in water, a synthetic solution with low viscosity, surfactant and lubricant was obtained. Because carboxymethyl cellulose is a biodegradable organic material, that is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of paper, a basic substance with a preservative effect was added. According to this study, both the variation diagram of the heat transfer coefficient and the diagram of the cooling rates, during the cooling stages give important indications regarding the use of a liquid cooling medium for quenching.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.C. Perju
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Nejneru
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.D. Burduhos-Nergis
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.G. Minciuna
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Prof. D. Mangeron Street, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  2. Romanian Inventors Forum, Sf. P. Movila 3, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

Refractories are the basic material for the construction of the lining of a melting furnace used, among other things, in the foundry industry. The article describes a comparative study of the influence of the type of moulding on the quality of the finished refractory product. A method for making products from refractory materials was proposed and a test methodology was developed. The results, based on a classic study of the quality of these materials, confirm a strong influence on the quality of the materials obtained in terms of reduced porosity and homogeneity of pore size.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Trela
ORCID: ORCID
M. Brzeziński
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Pribulova
2
ORCID: ORCID
Peter Futas
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Technical University, Department of Metallurgy, Kosice, Slovakia
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Abstract

Oil-in-water emulsion is thermodynamically unstable system that undergoes destabilization with time. The tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) monomer which can potentially to increase the crosslink density of polymer blends is unstable in water due to its low water solubility properties. However, the stability of TPGDA emulsion could be improved by adding an adequate amount of surfactant. This study addresses the effect of different Tween 20 (surfactant) concentration on emulsion stability of TPGDA. Model emulsion ranging between 0.1 wt% to 3 wt% of Tween 20 and a control were prepared using heavy duty homogenizer. The emulsion was characterised by FTIR, microstructure analysis, phase separation observation and creaming index during storage time. Emulsion containing 0.4 wt% Tween 20 showed the longest stability at 24 hours and a creaming index of 0%, which is enough for an ideal emulsion. The FTIR spectra displayed the interaction of TPGDA and Tw-20, proving that the emulsion is fully mixed and stabilized. The results are further supported by optical microscopy, which observed no droplet aggregation and flocculation in the TPGDA emulsion with the presence of 0.4 wt% of Tw-20 surfactant. This information about Tw-20 is beneficial, making it a promising surfactant for enhancing the emulsion stability of the TPGDA emulsion.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.S.M. Shirajuddin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
C.M.R. Ghazali
3
ORCID: ORCID
K. Hussin
2
M.F.A. Rahman
1

  1. Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Radiation Processing Technology, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, School of Fundamental Science, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Abstract

In the present study, the evolution of different failure mechanisms in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites is being investigated using acoustic emission technique, unsupervised clustering technique and improved b-value analysis. The experimental part involved the realization of tensile tests of different materials, namely samples with [0/90]2S uniaxial layer configuration and [0/90]2S twill fabric samples. Both types of tests were monitored using one wideband acoustic emission sensor, while the tensile tests of twill fabric samples were additionally supplemented with resonant acoustic emission sensor to perform a comparative analysis between datasets from resonant/wideband acoustic emission sensor. The comparative study itself was preceded by the failure mechanisms characterization process, which has been performed on the tensile test dataset of [0/90]2S layer configuration with the contribution of clustering technique. The subsequent analysis of the twill fabric resonant/wideband acoustic emission sensor datasets included the improved b-value technique, which relates the magnitude of fracture with the slope of the amplitude distribution. The presented results, especially in terms of the improved b-value technique applied to individual clusters, show enhanced ability to assess in more detail the actual structural integrity depending on the applied load.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Šofer
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Kwiatoń
2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Pavlíček
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, 17. listopadu 15/2127, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Fundamentals, 73 Dąbrowskiego Str., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Both the steel loss to scale and the scale adhesion are very important parameters of the heating process. High values of steel loss (large thickness of the scale layer) reduce the heat exchange intensity in the furnace chamber, which results in higher energy consumption. A low adhesion value adversely affects the operation of heating furnaces, while too high value causes the scale to roll into a steel product and deteriorate its purity and quality.
The paper presents the research methodology and the results of measurements of steel loss and scale adhesion. The effect of the excess air combustion ratio values on loss of steel and scale adhesion for constant furnace efficiency is discussed. This influence was described by mathematical dependencies. The tests were carried out for traditional technology and rational technology, enabling the reduction of steel losses to scale and energy consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wyleciał
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Boryca
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Urbaniak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Production Management,19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Thermal Machinery, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Phosphating is the process of depositing, by conversion, a layer of insoluble phosphate compounds, on the metal’s surface. Although phosphate coatings have been studied since the early nineteenth century, they are not only still being studied, but are an area of interest due to their many applications. The advantages of these types of coatings are well known, such as the low cost of the deposition process, the improvement of corrosion resistance properties, and the improvement of wear resistance and adhesion of further deposited layers such as paint. All this, leads to studies on the constant improvement of the properties of the phosphate coating, by modifying the parameters of the phosphating process, as well as by modifying/replacing the substances used in the phosphating solutions with “environmentally friendly” solutions. Also due to these advantages, several researchers are studying the possibility of using phosphate coatings in fields such as civil engineering or medicine (biomaterials coatings). This paper aims to present some essential aspects of phosphating and to bring to the fore the latest research on “eco-friendly” phosphating solutions and the possibility of using the phosphating process in other fields, such as the medical field. Also, the paper aims to discuss the possibility of eliminating/reducing the harmful effect that the use of phosphating has on the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.-P. Burduhos-Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.D. Burduhos-Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Bejinariu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

To fabricate a lead-free solder with better properties, a surface-modified precipitate calcium carbonate (PCC) was added as a reinforcement phase to tin-zinc (Sn-9Zn) solder. The surface modification of PCC was done by using electroless plating to deposit nickel (Ni) layer on the PCC. Based on microstructure analysis, a thin layer of Ni was detected on the reinforcement particle, indicating the Ni-coated PCC was successfully formed. Next, composite solder of Sn-9Zn-xNi-coated PCC (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 wt.%) was prepared. The morphology and phase changes of the composite solder were evaluated by using optical microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Significant refinement on the grain size of Zn was seen with the additions of Ni-coated PCC, with a new phase of Ni3Sn4 was detected along with the phases of Sn and Zn. The wettability of Sn-9Zn was also improved with the presence of Ni-coated PCC, where the wetting angle decreased from 28.3° to 19.4-23.2°. Brinell hardness test revealed up to 27.9% increase in hardness for the composite solder than the pristine Sn-9Zn solder. This phenomenon contributed by the increased in dislocation resistance through Zener pinning effect and Zn grain refinement within the composite solder which enhanced the overall properties of the composite solder.
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Authors and Affiliations

L.W. Keong
1
F.F. Zainal
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.Z. Kasmuin
1
A.A. Mohamad
2
M.F.M. Nazari
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
3
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech) 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Advanced Soldering Materials Group, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
  3. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
  4. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, l9c Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Dramatic population and economic growth result in increasing demand for concrete infrastructure, which leads to an increment of freshwater demand and a reduction of freshwater resources. However, freshwater is a finite resource, which means that freshwater will be used up someday in the future when freshwater demand keeps increasing while freshwater resources are limited. Therefore, replacing freshwater with seawater in concrete blending seems potentially beneficial for maintaining the freshwater resources as well as advantageous alternatives to the construction work near the sea. There have been few experimental research on the effect of blending water salt content on the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete, particularly high-strength concrete. Therefore, a research study on the influence of salt concentration of blending water on the physical and mechanical properties of high-strength concrete is necessary. This study covered the blending water salinity, which varied from 17.5 g/L to 52.5 g/L and was determined on the physical and mechanical properties, including workability, density, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The test results indicate that the use of sea salt in blending water had a slight negative influence on both the workability and the density of high strength concrete. It also indicates that the use of sea salt in blending water had a positive influence on both the compressive strength and the flexural strength of high-strength concrete in an earlystage.
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Authors and Affiliations

R.A. Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Yen Ng
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Yahya
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Muthusamy
4
ORCID: ORCID
W.A.W. Jusoh
5
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
6
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
7
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Geopolymer and Green Technology, Center of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Kangar, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Pahang Malaysia
  5. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  6. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
  7. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 19c Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is generally used to estimate the compressive strength of concrete material without compromising its structural integrity. However, the available testing methods on the market have particular limitations that may restrict the accuracy of the results. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new technique for measuring the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete using infrared imaging analysis and Thermal Diameter Variation (TDV) rate. The compressive strength range was designed within the target strength of 20, 30 and 40 MPa. The infrared image was captured on the preheated concrete surface using FLIR-ONE infrared camera. Based on the correlation between TDV rate and compressive strength, higher accuracy was obtained in the orange contour with an R2 of 0.925 than in the red contour with an R2 of 0.8867. It is apparent that infrared imaging analysis has excellent reliability to be used as an alternative NDT by focusing on the warmer region during the procedure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andri Kusbiantoro
ORCID: ORCID
A.H. Ismail
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.K. Jema’in
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Muthusamy
2
ORCID: ORCID
F.F. Zainal
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Pahang, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

The work is focused on welding of fine-grained ultra-high-strength steel S960MC by laser beam welding and electron beam welding technologies. For a given type of steel, when the heat input is exceeded, the mechanical properties of welded joints will deteriorate. As a result, using beam welding technologies to limit the amount of heat input is recommended. Several butt welds were made, and mechanical tests and macroscopic analyses were performed to determine the impact of welding parameters on mechanical properties. Using beam welding technologies, the value of heat input was reduced by up to 73% compared to gas metal arc welding. When compared to a gas metal arc welded joint, the width of the soft zone was reduced by 69 to 79%. This resulted in a considerable reduction in the width of the soft zone, which was reflected in a 24% increase in yield strength and a 23% increase in tensile strength compared to gas metal arc welding.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Mičian
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Frátrik
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Bárta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
  2. Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, J. Bottu 2781/25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

The mechanism in which the coatings made by thermal spraying adhere to the substrate is in most cases of a mechanical nature, thus being dependent on the morphology of the substrate surface. This paper study how the texture of the substrate influences the behavior of dry sliding wear, a behavior based on the adhesion to the substrate of the analyzed coatings. For this purpose, a Co – base powder, was chosen for atmospheric plasma spraying. For the substrate, a rectangular profile made of low-alloy steel was chosen, the surface of which was textured by mechanical abrasion, in order to obtain different degrees of roughness: sample S1 – Ra1 = 1.59 µm, sample S2 – Ra2 = 2.32 µm, sample 3 – Ra3.1 = 1.25 μm, Ra3.2 = 3.88 μm. In the case of sample 3, the texturing was done on one direction, with an elongated profile, so that the effect of the main direction of dry sliding wear on the quality of the coating could be studied. The tests were performed on an Amsler test machine, at constant load, for 1 hour. The samples were mounted in a fixed position, and the wear occurred on the basis of the rotation of the metal disc, without lubrication. It was found that the coating of sample 1 was the most affected, resulting even a partial delamination, and the best behavior was recorded in the case of sample 3.1.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Cristisor
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.L. Chicet
2
ORCID: ORCID
C. Cirlan Paleu
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Stescu
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Munteanu
1 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 61, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  2. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  3. Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd, Bucharest, 030167, Romania
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Abstract

Due to their potential to lower CO2 emissions linked with the cement and concrete industries, geopolymer binders are a desirable alternative for Portland cement binders. However, if they are to become a viable alternative to conventional Portland cement materials, their resilience in harsh conditions has to be further investigated. This paper presented mechanical and short-term durability properties of metakaolin based geopolymer concrete at sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions exposed with the concentrations of 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% for 14 days. (0%) or unexposed sample also prepared as referral and comparison. The geopolymer concretes were synthesized using an alkali activation of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). The main objective of the study was to examine the durability and deterioration mechanism parameters like different acid percentages, changes in weight, compressive strength, density and water absorption. Morphology analysis also performed in this study. The results indicated that metakaolin geopolymer experienced some strength deterioration with increasing sulphuric concentration solutions which are from 32.58 MPa, 20.67 MPa and 4.25 MPa at unexposed (0%), 2% and 5% sulphuric acid immersion respectively. Furthermore, change in weight or mass loss and water absorption after the chemical attack resulted directly proportional to sulphuric acid concentration due to increment of crack on the sample. Among that, the metakaolin geopolymer submerged in 2% acid gives the optimum results in terms of durability, mechanical and physical qualities.
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Authors and Affiliations

W.M.W. Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Ibrahim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.Z.A. Azis
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al B. Abdullah
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
A.S. Sauffi
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
A. Romisuhani
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
S.H. Adnan
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Taman Muhibbah, Jejawi, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
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Abstract

The performance of adsorbent synthesized by alkali activation of aluminosilicate precursor metakaolin with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as well as the foaming agent was studied for copper ions adsorption from aqueous solution. This paper investigated the effect of adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and aluminium powder as foaming agents to an alkali activated materials slurry. The experimental range included 0.50 wt%, 0.75 wt%, and 1.00 wt% hydrogen peroxide and 0.02 wt%, 0.04 wt%, and 0.06 wt% aluminium powder. A control sample without a foaming agent was also created for comparison. The specific surface area, water absorption, density, compressive strength and microstructure of metakaolin based alkali activated materials were evaluated. The adsorption capability of Cu2+ with addition of hydrogen peroxide and aluminium powder was then tested. Results indicate hydrogen peroxide addition had superior pore size distribution and homogeneous porosity than aluminium powder, implying improved copper ion elimination. Cu2+ adsorption capability reached 98% with 0.75 wt% hydrogen peroxide and 24.6076 m2/g surface area. The results demonstrating that low cost metakaolin-based AAMs are the most effective adsorbent for removing copper ions.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
W.M.W. Ibrahim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
L.H. Mahamud
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.N.N. Tajuddin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Faezah Yahya
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Taman Muhibbah, Jejawi, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

A similarity solution for conduction dominated solidification of a dilute binary isomorphous alloy has been developed. The effect solidification due to density change during phase transformation has been highlighted and investigated in detail. The governing equations for solid, liquid and mushy phase has been proposed, taking into account the effect of shrinkage or expansion due to density change during phase change. The thermo-physical properties (thermal conductivity and specific heat), equilibrium temperature and phase fraction are evaluated within the mushy zone using averaging technique. The effect of equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification is investigated using Lever and Scheil’s rule models respectively. In addition, the effect of boundary and initial temperature on solidification behavior of the alloy is also addressed. It has been observed that the interface (liquidus and solidus) moves faster with increase in density ratio and decrease in boundary and initial temperature. No major changes in temperature distribution and interface position has been observed with variation partition coefficient and microscale behavior model (Lever rule and Scheil’s rule).
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Jakhar
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Sharma
2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Rath
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Kumar Mahapatra
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 751012, India
  2. Chandigarh University, University Centre of Research & Development, Mohali-140413, Punjab
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Abstract

Samples prepared using various additive manufacturing methods were compared in terms of structure, texture, transformation temperature and superelastic properties. Samples manufactured using laser engineered net shaping (LENS) method showed texture several degrees deviated from the <001> build direction, however with composition near to the initial powder composition, enabling superelastic effect. The electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) samples showed martensitic structure at room temperature due to a shift of transformation temperatures to the higher range. This shift occurs due to a lower Ni content resulting from different processing conditions. However, EBAM method produced sharper <001> texture in the build direction and made it possible to obtain a good superelastic effect above room temperature. Intermetallic particles of size 0.5-2 mm were identified as Ti2Ni phase using EDS and electron diffraction analyses. This phase was often formed at the grain boundaries. Contrary to the LENS method, the EBAM prepared samples showed Ni-rich primary particles resulted from different processing conditions that reduce the Ni content in the solid solution thus increase the martensitic transformation temperature. Ageing at 500°C allowed for shifting the martensitic transformation temperatures to the higher range in both, LENS and EBAM, samples. It resulted from the formation of Ni rich coherent precipitates. In samples prepared by both methods and aged at 500°C, the presence of martensite B19’ twins was observed mainly on {011} B19’ planes.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Dutkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Rogal
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Węglowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Czujko
3
ORCID: ORCID
T. Durejko
3
ORCID: ORCID
E. Cesari
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, PAS, 25, Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz – Institute of Welding, Błogosławionego Czesława 16-18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Military University of Technology, 2, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
  4. University of Balearic Islands, Department of Physics, E07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Abstract

The main objective of the work was to create a layer of carbon nanofibre on the surface of the NiTi shape memory alloy. The coating process was carried out in three stages. First, polyacrylonitrile was deposited by electrospinning. Then it was stabilized at temperatures up to 250°C. The last stage was the carbonization performed below 1000°C. The microstructure of the obtained coatings was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The X-ray diffraction techniques were applied to analyze the coating structure. After the polyacrylonitrile deposition, the fibers had an average diameter of about 280 nm, and the final fibers were almost twice as tiny. The applied steps also changed the phase and crystalline state of the fibers, finally leading to the formation of amorphous-nanocrystalline graphite.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Goryczka
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Szaraniec
2
ORCID: ORCID
E. Stodolak-Zych
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Kluska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Science, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Scientists and medics are still searching for new metallic materials that can be used in medicine, e.g., as material for implants. The following article proposes materials based on titanium with vital elements prepared by combined powder metallurgy and arc melting methods. Four compositions of Ti-28Ta-9Nb, Ti-28Ta-19Nb, Ti-28Ta-9Zr and Ti-28Ta-19Zr (wt.%) have been prepared. The tested material was thoroughly analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative phase analysis using X-ray diffraction showed the presence of two phases, α' and β titanium. In addition, a microhardness test was conducted, and the material was characterized in terms of corrosion properties. It was found that the corrosion resistance decreases with an increase of the β phase presence.
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Authors and Affiliations

I. Matuła
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Dercz
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Prusik
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Szklarska
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kazek-Kęsik
2
ORCID: ORCID
W. Simka
2
ORCID: ORCID
E. Sudoł
3

  1. University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Engineering, 75 Pułku Piechoty Str., 1 A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 B. Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Graduate, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1 A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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Abstract

Magnetic microstructure in the as suction cast Fe 69B 20Nb 2Hf 2Si 2Y 5 alloy was revealed by combined Lorentz-TEM and LM-STEM DPC analysis. The thin foil of the alloy was found to be composed primarily of the amorphous phase with few dendritic structures. Magnetic domains were found large in the µm range with an average domain wall width of 52 nm. The magnetic domain boundaries are easily mobile, what was confirmed by in situ applied magnetic field. The LM-STEM DPC complements the Lorentz-TEM analysis by providing details on the intensity and spatial distribution of the magnetization vector within the domains.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Czaja
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Aleksander Krupkowski Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

A 20 gram batch weight of NiTi alloy, with a nominal equiatomic composition, was produced by mechanical alloying with milling times of 100, 120, and 140 hours. The differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze the progress of the crystallization process. The X-ray diffraction examined the crystal structure of the alloy at individual crystallization stages. The observation of the powders microstructure and the chemical composition measurement were carried out using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive detector. After the milling process, the alloy revealed an amorphous-nanocrystalline state. The course of the crystallization process was multi-stage and proceeded at a lower temperature than the pure amorphous state. The applied production parameters and the stage heat treatment allowed to obtain the alloy showing the reversible martensitic transformation with an enthalpy of almost 5 J/g.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Goryczka
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Dercz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Science, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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Abstract

This work investigated two titanium-based alloys with a constant tantalum content and variable contents of alloy additives – niobium and zirconium. The Ti-30Ta-10Zr-20Nb (wt.%) and Ti-30Ta-20Zr-10Nb (wt.%) alloys were obtained using a combination of powder metallurgy and arc melting methods. The influence of alloying additives on the structure and properties of the Ti-Ta-Nb-Zr system was studied using, among others: X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the single-β-phase structure of both alloys. In addition, the microscopic analysis revealed that a higher amount of zirconium favoured the formation of larger grains. However, the microhardness analysis indicated that the alloy with the higher niobium content had the higher microhardness. Importantly, the in vitro corrosion study revealed that the addition of niobium promoted the better corrosion resistance of the investigated alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Dercz
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Matuła
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Prusik
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Zając
1
M. Szklarska
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kazek-Kęsik
2
ORCID: ORCID
W. Simka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1 A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  2. Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego Street 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

In the presented work, two multicomponent Cr 25Z 25Co 20Mo 15Si 10Y 5 and Cr 25Co 25Zr 20Mo 15Si 10Y 5 alloys were produced from bulk chemical elements using the vacuum arc melting technique. X-ray diffraction phase analysis was used to determine the phase composition of the obtained materials. Microstructure analysis included scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The studies revealed the presence of multi-phase structures in both alloys. Elemental distribution maps confirmed the presence of all six alloying elements in the microstructure. The segregation of chemical elements was also observed. Microhardness measurement revealed that both alloys exhibited microhardness from 832(27) to 933(22) HV1.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Glowka
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Zubko
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Piotrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Świec
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Prusik
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Albrecht
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Stróż
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Engeenering, Chorzów, Poland
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Abstract

Still unsolved is the problem of monitoring the tissue regeneration with the use of implants (substrates) in in vivo conditions. The multitude of implant materials combined with their specific immanent often limit standard diagnostic methods, i.e. X-rey or computer tomography (CT). This is particularly difficult in therapies using polymeric high-resistance substrates for tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to fabricate a non-woven carbon fiber composed of carbon fibers (CF) which were then subjected to a surface modification by magnetron sputtering. A layer of iron (Fe) was applied under inert conditions (argon) for different time periods (2-10 min). It was shown that already after 2-4 minutes of iron sputtering, the voxel surface (CF_Fe2’, CF_Fe4’) was covered with a heterogeneous iron layer observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The longer the modification time, the more uniform the layer on the fiber surface becomes. This can be seen by the change in the wettability of the nonwoven surface which decreases from 131° for CF_Fe2 to 120° for CF_Fe10. The fibers do not change their geometry or dimensions (~11.5 um). The determination of pore size distribution by adsorption and desorption techniques (BJH) and specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption method (BET) have shown that the high specific surface area for the CF_Fe2’ fibers decreases by 10% with the increasing iron sputtering time. All the studied CF_Fe fibers show good biocompatibility with osteoblast-like cells MG-63 cells after both 3 and 7 days of culture. Osteoblasts adhere to the fiber surface and show correct morphology.
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Authors and Affiliations

E. Stodolak-Zych
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kudzin
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kornaus
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Gubernat
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Kaniuk
1
M. Bogun
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Departament Biomaterials and Composites, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz – Lodz Institute of Technology, Łodz, Poland
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Abstract

Two single crystals with compositions Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Ta and Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Ta-B were selected and fabricated by Bridgman method. Subsequently, ingots were homogenized, oriented and subjected to a two-step heat treatment process in order to obtain fine and coherent γ' precipitates. Subsequently, superelastic cycling experiments were performed at 77 K. The next step included detailed microstructural characterization using transmission electron microscopy and high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements together with Rietveld refinement. The results show that the number of fully reversible superelastic strains is very sensitive to the size of γ' precipitates. The smaller (3 nm) γ' precipitates ensured more superelastic response compared to material with larger γ' particles size (5 nm), in which the material did not receive its original shape after 10 cycles even after being heated.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Szewczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Dutkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Maziarz
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In the present work, we performed the ultra-rapid annealing (URA) process for amorphous Fe78Ni8B14 melt-spun ribbons in order to obtain fine excellent microstructure assuring the best soft magnetic properties. Several microscopic methods mainly based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Lorentz TEM (L-TEM) were applied for detailed studies of the microstructure and magnetic domains structure. The investigation revealed that the optimized parameters of the URA process (500°C/0.5-5 s) lead to outstanding soft magnetic properties. A mixture containing close to 50% amorphous phase and 50% α-Fe nanocrystals of size up to 30 nm has been already obtained after annealing for 3 s. These annealing conditions appear to be the most suitable in terms of microstructure providing the best magnetic properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Maziarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kolano-Burian
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kowalczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
P. Błyskun
3
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Czaja
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Szlezynger
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Lukasiewicz Research Network – institute of non-Ferrous Metals, 5 Generała Józefa Sowińskiego str., 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska stR., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents a precise method for the orientation process of NiMnGa-based single crystals. For this method, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD camera and a heating stage allowing temperatures exceeding 873 K was used. The orientation process was carried out in both the high-temperature austenite phase and in the room-temperature martensite phase. The facilities allowed for determining the orientation of a single grain of austenite at elevated temperatures as well as the orientation of particular martensitic variants at room temperature. A practically perfect cubic orientation was obtained in the austenitic case with a deviation of about 1° while the samples oriented in the martensitic phase deviated from the desired orientation by 4.5-5.2°. Additionally, the training process of single crystals was carried out in order to show the influence of the orientation process on twinning stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Szewczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Faryna
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Maziarz
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

We present Al2O3-ZnAl2O4-ZnO nanostructure, which could be a prominent candidate for optoelectronics, mechanical and sensing applications. While ZnO and ZnAl2O4 composites are mostly synthesized by sol-gel technique, we propose a solid-vapor growth mechanism. To produce Al2O3-ZnAl2O4-ZnO nanostructure, we conduct ZnO:C powder heating resulting in ZnO nanowires (NWs) growth on sapphire substrate and ZnAl2O4 spinel layer at the interface. The nanostructure was examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique enabled us to prepare a lamella for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. TEM examination revealed high crystallographic quality of both spinel and NW structure. Epitaxial relationships of Al2O3-ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4-ZnO are given.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Zajkowska-Pietrzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Turczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kurowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Teisseyre
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Fronc
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Kret
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 32/46 Lotników Av., 02-668 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The lack of room-temperature ductility of high-strength TiAl-based alloys called for complicated high temperature processing limiting their application areas. Introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) methods allowed to circumvent this disadvantage, but entailed microstructure refinement affecting, among the others, their oxidation resistance. The dry-air high temperature oxidation processing of TiAl-based alloys is relatively well covered for coarse grained materials, but to what extent the TiAl alloys are affected by the changes caused by the AM remains to be found out. Additionally, the role of nitrogen during these processes was to large extent omitted in previous works. Within the present experiment, the mould cast (MC) and the electron beam melted (EBM) Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si (at. %) RNT650 alloys were dry-air oxidized at 650°C for 1000 h. The TEM/EDS investigations allowed to confirm that the scale formed during such treatment consists of the layers occupied predominantly by TiO2+Al2O3/TiO2/Al2O3 sequence. Additionally, it was shown that N diffuses to the sub-scale and reacts with the substrate forming two distinct discontinuous sub-layers of α2-Ti3Al(N) and TiN. The scale over EBM was noticeably less porous and nitrogen penetration of the substrate was more extensive, while the MC showed higher susceptibility to local sub-scale oxidation.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Morgiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Dudziak
2
ORCID: ORCID
L. Maj
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kirchner
3
M. Pomorska
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Klöden
3
T. Weissgärber
3
D. Toboła
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059-Kraków, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Kraków Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopianska Str, 30-418 Kraków, Poland
  3. Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung IFAM, Institutsteil Dresden Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract

This study investigates mechanical properties of accelerated cooled and self-tempered (AC-ST) H-type S275JR quality steel sections in HEA120 and HEB120 sizes. The cooling process is conducted with a specially manufactured system that sprays a coolant consisting of a water + compressed air mixture on the section surfaces. Cooling times were applied as 10 and 30 seconds using 4 and 12 bar compressed air + water at an average constant pressure of 5 bar and a constant flow rate of 0.08 kg/s. In the HEA120 sections, the highest cooling rate was obtained with 83°C/s in the web region under the cooling time of 30 s and the air pressure cooling condition of 12 bar. At the cooling rate up to 6°C/s, the microstructure is transformed to acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite phase from Ferrite+Pearlite. But upper bainite phase was formed at a cooling rate of 30°C/s, and a small amount of martensite and lower bainite microstructures were observed at a cooling rate of 60°C/s and above. The hardness in the untreated sections, in the range of 106-120 HB, was increased to 195 HB at a cooling rate of 83 C/s in the web region of the HEA120 section. For a cooling rate of 23°C/s, the maximum compressive residual stresses of –352 MPa are measured in the crotch region of the HEB120. And for a cooling rate of 6°C/s, the maximum tensile residual stresses of 442 MPa were determined in the flange region of the HEA120 section.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Işıkgül
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Ahlatci
2
ORCID: ORCID
İ. Esen
3
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Türen
2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Yağız
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Karabük Iron Steel Industry Trade and Co. Inc., Research and Development Department, Karabük, Turkey
  2. Karabük University, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Karabük, Turkey
  3. Karabük University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karabük, Turkey
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Abstract

The research aims to develop a novel and safer milling route to produce Hard Metals. Considering the risks associated with milling fine particles under organic solvents, especially the increased fire and explosion risks, we propose milling under aqueous milling media to diminish the risks associated with fire hazards, while maintaining the oxidation level at a minimum. The samples were sintered in an industrial sintering oven under vacuum at 1380°C subsequent to milling and drying. The characterisation of the materials has been done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, optical microscopy, and a magnetometer. The obtained results indicate that appropriate properties of the powders after milling and drying as well as the desired biphasic (Co-WC) phases were obtained after sintering, thus proving the feasibility of such a route and diminishing specific fire hazards.
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Authors and Affiliations

H.-F. Chicinas
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
L.-E. Marton
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
C.-O. Popa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Materials Science and Engineering Department, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
  2. SC Gühring SRL, 32 Constructorilor Street, 407035 Apahida, Romania
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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 ­stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yingbin Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaochen Huang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
  2. Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
  3. Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Additional info

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is covered by the following services:


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