Applied sciences

Archives of Acoustics

Content

Archives of Acoustics | 2022 | vol. 47 | No 4

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to compare the extended high-frequency (EHF) hearing thresholds (10–16 kHz) in tinnitus and non-tinnitus ears, in a group of 98 patients with unilateral tinnitus and normal hearing at standard audiometric frequencies, in a 0.125–8 kHz range. It was found that a total of 65 patients (66%) had a hearing loss (a threshold shift >20 dB HL) in the EHF range and the EHF hearing loss occurred more frequently in the tinnitus ear than in the non-tinnitus ear. The data also indicate that the EHF thresholds increased with the patient’s age and were in most patients higher in the tinnitus ear than in the non-tinnitus ear.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lidija Ristovska
1
Zora Jachova
2

  1. City General Hospital “8th September” Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Audiology, Skopje, North Macedonia
  2. Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Abstract

Noise mapping is based on long-term noise indicators, such as L N or L DEN. On the other hand, transportation intensity changes during a day (road traffic peak hours) or a year (more flights during holidays) and this variability is not reflected in single sound level values. We wanted to find out whether not only sound level but also the number of noise events is the factor influencing noise annoyance assessment. Ambisonic recordings of real traffic in a city were used. Road, tramway, and aircraft traffic were investigated and two factors were manipulated: the equivalent sound level value and the number of noise events. All stimuli were presented in an anechoic chamber. The results showed that sound level is always a statistically significant parameter while the number of events has an impact only for tramways and airplanes. Moreover, the difference is observed only between one or more subgroups, no matter what the sound level value was. For road traffic this relation was not found to be statistically significant. It was also shown that the existence of tramway bonus or airplane malus is linked with the number of noise events.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Felcyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patrycja Ptak
1

  1. Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychoacoustic annoyance (PA) that the tractor drivers are exposed to, and investigate its effects on their brain signals during their work activities. To this aim, the sound of a garden tractor was recorded. Each driver’s electroencephalogram (EEG) was then recorded at five different engine speeds. The Higuchi method was used to calculate the fractal dimension of the brain signals. To evaluate the amount of acoustic annoyance that the tractor drivers were exposed to, a psychoacoustic annoyance (PA) model was used. The results showed that as the engine speed increased, the values of PA increased as well. The results also indicated that an increase in the Higuchi’s fractal dimension (HFD) of alpha and beta bands was due to the increase of the engine speed. The regression results also revealed that there was a high correlation between the HFD of fast wave activities and PA, in that, the coefficients of determination were 0.92 and 0.91 for alpha and beta bands, respectively. Hence, a good correlation between the EEG signals and PA can be used to develop a mathematical model which quantifies the human brain response to the external stimuli.
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Authors and Affiliations

Majid Lashgari
1
Mohammad Reza Arab
2
Mohsen Nadjafi
3
Rafiee Mojtaba
1

  1. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Arak University Arak, Iran
  2. Department of Medical Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak, Iran
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Arak University of Technology Arak, Iran
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Abstract

In the calculation of the acoustic performance of mufflers, the walls of mufflers are usually treated rigidly without considering the acoustic-structural coupling, but the results so calculated differ significantly from the actual situation. Based on the basic equations, the article derives the finite element equations of the muffler system while considering the acoustic-structural coupling effect and theoretically analyses the connection between the acoustic-structural coupling system and the structural and acoustic modes. The structural and acoustic modes of the muffler are calculated and the reasons for the mutation of the transmission loss curve of the muffler when the acoustic-structural coupling is considered are analysed. The results show that the acoustic-structural coupling is the result of the interaction between the structure and the air inside the expansion chamber under acoustic excitation, which manifests mutations in the sound pressure inside the muffler in some frequency bands. Then, using a single-chamber muffler as an example, the transmission loss is used to characterise the performance of the muffler. The effects of different factors such as shell thickness, structure, porous media material lining, and restraint method on the acoustic-structural coupling effect of the muffler are analysed, and the structure of a double-chamber muffler is successfully optimised according to the conclusions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bo Zhao
1
He Li
1

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Abstract

Mufflers are popular in the suppression of noise levels coming from various machinery. The most common parameters for the evaluation of the performance of mufflers are transmission loss, noise level, and insertion loss. The transmission loss is evaluated for tapered side outlet muffler using finite element analysis without considering the fluid-structure interaction. This study includes analytical modelling and acoustic modelling of the side outlet muffler and transmission loss is in excellent agreement with the reference paper. The feasibility of the acoustic model is also verified with the experimental work on simple expansion chamber muffler. The same finite element analysis is extended for the tapered side outlet muffler. The transmission loss of the tapered side outlet muffler in the given frequency range is found 8.96 dB better than the side outlet muffler. The acoustic pressure level and sound pressure level contours for the tapered side outlet muffler give a clear picture of wave propagation inside the muffler. The effect of the cut-off frequency on the transmission loss of the tapered side outlet muffler can be seen from the contours. This study can be helpful in the determination of the performance of the mufflers in terms of transmission loss, the performance of mufflers above cut-off frequency, and design improvements in the muffler to avoid the higher-order modes of the sound wave.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sandeep Kumar Vishwakarma
1
Suryappa Jayappa Pawar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Abstract

Effects of microstructure factors on the acoustic performance of open-cell foams can be characterized numerically by a microstructure-based approach. To this regard, the numerical homogenization approach and the equivalent-fluid theory are employed to study the acoustic behavior of random open-cell foams within their Voronoi tessellation-based Representative Volume Elements (RVE). As a validation step, the numerical predictions are compared with the reference findings to either verify the finite element procedure or demonstrate that the constructed RVE can capture both the local geometrical characteristics and the acoustic macrobehavior of cellular solid foams. It can be seen from the obtained results that the morphological characteristics of open-cell foams could be controlled to achieve the desired sound absorbing behavior. In addition, the analytical expressions, formulating the relationship between the geometry of foam absorbers and their target absorption performance, are established to design sound absorbing foam layers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van-Hai Trinh
1
Thien-Van Nguyen
2
Thi-Hai-Nhu Nguyen
3
Minh-Tan Nguyen
1

  1. Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
  2. Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
  3. Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Abstract

Cavitation has been widely used in wastewater degradation, material synthesis and biomedical field under dual-frequency acoustic excitation. The applications of cavitation are closely related to the power (i.e. the rate of internal energy accumulation) during bubble collapse. The Keller–Miksis equation considering liquid viscosity, surface tension and liquid compressibility is used to describe the radial motion of the bubble. The model is built in predicting the power during bubble collapse under dual-frequency acoustic excitation. The influences of parameters (i.e. phase difference, frequency difference, and amplitude ratio) on the power are investigated numerically. With the increase of phase difference, the power can be fluctuated in a wide range at all conditions. Three typical characteristics of the power appear under the effects of frequency difference and amplitude ratio. With the increase of amplitude ratio, if the frequency difference is small, the power has two maximum values; and if the frequency difference is medium, there is a maximum value. Otherwise, the power monotonously decreases. The results can provide theoretical references for the selections of experimental parameters of sonoluminescence and sonochemistry in the dual-frequency acoustic field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liang Lv
1
Kai Hu
2
Fei Liu
2
Yawei Li
2
Bing Cui
1

  1. School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Suzhou Vocational University, Suzhou, China
  2. Department of Sports Health and Art Education, Hebei Petroleum University of Technology, Chengde, China
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Abstract

Graphs in the thermodynamic plane acoustic pressure versus excess acoustic density representing acoustic hysteresis, are considered as indicators of relaxation processes, equilibrium parameters of a flow, and kinds of wave exciters. Some flows with deviation from adiabaticity are examined: the Newtonian flow of a thermoconducting gas, the flow of a gas with vibrational relaxation, the flow of liquid electrolyte with a chemical reaction, and the Bingham plastic flow. The total range of characteristic frequencies of a harmonic exciter is taken into account. The impulsive sound is considered as well. The peculiarities of hysteretic behaviour are discussed in dependence with the kind and degree of deviation form adiabaticity. Examples of acoustically active flows are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Perelomova
1

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

This study presents an analysis of the effect of the concentrated mass on the acoustic power and the resonant frequencies of a vibrating thin circular plate. The fluid-structure interactions and the acoustic wave radiation effect have been included. The eigenfunction expansion has been used to express the transverse displacement of the plate. The appropriate number of modes is determined approximately to achieve physically correct results. Then highly accurate results are obtained numerically. The radiated acoustic power has been used to determine the resonant frequencies. The introducing of the concentrated mass is justified by modelling the added mass of the moving component of the exciter.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech P. Rdzanek
1
Krzysztof Szemela
1

  1. University of Rzeszow, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Physics, Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this research is to use a simple acoustic method of a very near field recording, which enables measurement and display of oscillation modes, to estimate the velocity of flexural waves, based on the wavelengths of standing waves measured on the sample. The paper analyses cases of 1D geometry, flexural waves that occur on a beam excited by an impulse. Measurements were conducted on two different samples: steel and a wooden beam of the same length. Due to the appearance of evanescent waves at the boundary regions, the distance between the nodes of standing waves that occur deviates from half the wavelength, which can be compensated using a correction factor. Cases of fixed and free boundary conditions were analysed. By quantifying how much the boundary conditions change the mode shape function, it can be predicted how the mode of oscillation changes if the boundary conditions change, which can also find application in musical acoustics and sound radiation analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Pantelić
1
Dragana Šumarac-Pavlović
2
Miomir Mijić
2
Danial Ridley-Ellis
3

  1. The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Applied Studies, Academy of Technical and Art Applied Studies, Belgrade, Serbia
  2. The School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
  3. The Centre for Wood Science and Technology, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract

Recent advances in the construction of speed of sound meters made high-accuracy routine measurements possible in laboratories non-specialized in physical acoustics. Reliable values of the isentropic compressibility can be obtained from speeds of sound and densities of liquids using the Laplace formula. Strict thermodynamic relationships connect the isentropic compressibility of a medium and its density as a function of temperature and pressure with the heat capacity. These relationships result from the principles of thermodynamics and require no approximations or molecular models. In this study, the heat capacities of twelve liquids: hydrocarbons, acetonitrile, and ionic liquids were calculated from the speeds and densities taken from the literature sources. The agreement of the calculation results with the reference heat capacities, either critical values or measured calorimetrically, was satisfactory. The relative uncertainty of the calculated heat capacities was rather conservatively estimated for 5%. If the measurement procedures were optimized for heat capacity determination, better results would be attained, with the uncertainty probably smaller than 1%. Thus, the speed-and-density method is a potential alternative to classical calorimetry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sylwia Szpaczek
1
Wojciech Marczak
1

  1. Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University, Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The article extended the idea of active vibration reduction of beams with symmetric modes to beams with asymmetric modes. In the case of symmetric modes, the symmetric PZT (s-PZT) was used, and the optimization of the problem led to the location of the s-PZT centre at the point with the greatest beam curvature. In the latter case, the asymmetric modes that occur due to the addition of the point mass cause an asymmetric distribution of the bending moment and transversal displacement of a beam. In this case, the optimal approach to the active vibration reduction requires both new asymmetric PZT (a-PZT) and its new particular distribution on the beam. It has been mathematically determined that the a-PZT asymmetry point (a-point), ought to be placed at the point of maximum beam bending moment. The a-PZT asymmetry was found mathematically by minimizing the amplitude of the vibrations. As a result, it was possible to formulate the criterion of the maximum bending moment of the beam. The numerical calculations confirmed theoretical considerations. So, it was shown that in the case of asymmetric vibrations, the a-PZTs reduced vibrations more efficiently than the s-PZT.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Brański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romuald Kuras
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Laboratory of Acoustics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Fundamentals, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the acoustoelectric phenomenon in a layered structure: piezoelectric waveguide – semiconductor. The publication presents an original acoustic method for determining the electrical and electron parameters of the subsurface area in crystalline semiconductors. The method is based on the so-called transverse acoustoelectric effect realized in a layer system: piezoelectric waveguide with Rayleigh surface acoustic wave – semiconductor. The paper discusses the physical foundations of the transverse acoustoelectric effect in the piezoelectric – semiconductor layer system, taking into account the distinctness of the physical properties of the semiconductor near-surface region in relation to its volumetric properties. The work covers many experimental studies of the near-surface region of semiconductors. The original method was presented to determine such surface parameters as: surface potential, surface conductivity, mobility of carriers in the subsurface area, life time of charge carriers in surface states. By means of the acoustic method the following semiconductors have been extensively tested: indium phosphide InP and gallium phosphide GaP. These semiconductors are one of the main semiconductors of group III-V, which are the basis of modern photonics, optoelectronics as well as integrated optics. The work also includes an analysis of the measurement possibilities of the developed acoustic method and its limitations, as well as an analysis of the accuracy of the obtained values of the parameters of the subsurface area of crystalline semiconductors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Pustelny
1

  1. Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

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Author Guidelines
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o why the paper is submitted to ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS,
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o 3–5 names of suggested reviewers together with their affiliations, full postal and e-mail addresses; at least 3 suggested reviewers should be affiliated with other scientific institutions than the affiliations of the authors,
o author’s suggestion to classification of the paper as the research paper, review paper or technical note.

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