Applied sciences

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers

Content

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 4 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy)

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Abstract

Here One important aspect of the process of anaerobic stabilisation of sewage sludge in medium and large sewage treatment plants, in addition to sludge mineralisation, is the acquisition of a valuable source of energy, which is biogas. There are well-known methods of intensifying the process of methane fermentation by subjecting sludge to disintegration using physical factors, i.e. ultrasonic field. Acetate production is the ratelimiting step in the acetate consumption pathway and affects the efficiency of the anaerobic stabilisation process. The product of the first stage of the process is also the substrate for the next stage. Therefore, it is advisable to subject sewage sludge to disintegration, which increases its susceptibility to biodegradation. Sludge modification with the above-mentioned method causes a significant increase in the concentration of organic substances in the supernatant liquid. The reflection of the physical and chemical transformations of sludge in the disintegration processes is the change in their structure expressed by the increase in the degree of particle dispersion. The disintegration of sludge using sonolysis is an effective process solution, both in terms of technology and energy, in terms of obtaining biogas, which is a valuable source of energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Zawieja
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology,Dąbrowskiego 73, 42-201, Czestochowa, Poland, ORCID 0000-0002-4480-8736
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Abstract

The two aims of this study were to obtain stable thyme-oil loaded nanoemulsions using the statistical design of experiment method (DOE) and to confirm their antimicrobial and disinfecting properties. Thyme oil was used as the oil phase, ECO Tween ® 80 acted as an emulsifier, and the rest of the formulation was deionized water. Ultrasonication was chosen as the method of obtaining the nanoemulsions. It was checked whether the input parameters (oil concentration, emulsifier concentration, amplitude, and sonication time) had a significant impact on the output parameters (nanoemulsion particle size, polydispersity index, viscosity, and stability over time). For the formulations selected on the basis of the statistical data analysis, the values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biocidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined in relation to 10 bacterial strains and 10 strains fungi (filamentous fungi, yeast-like fungi). The results obtained from the statistical analysis showed that the optimal concentration of the thyme oil in nanoemulsion should amount up to 2%. Biological studies proved that the obtained formulation had stronger antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to pure oil. Moreover, it was shown that the nanoemulsion caused the required for disinfectants reduction of > 5 log of bacterial strains ( S. aureus, P. aeruginosa) and > 4 log of fungal strains ( C. albicans) after 30 minutes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Miastkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Łętocha
1
Alicja Michalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology,Cracow, Poland
  2. Lukasiewicz - Research Network-Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an important tool of Circular Economy (CE), which performs the analysis in a closed loop (“cradle-to-cradle”) of any product, process or technology. LCA assesses the environmental threats (climate change, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication, biodiversity loss, etc.), searches for solutions to minimize environmental burdens and together with CE contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emission, counteracts global climate crisis. The CE is a strategy for creating value for the economy, society and business while minimizing resource use and environmental impacts through reducing, re-using and recycling. In contrast, life cycle assessment is a robust and science-based tool to measure the environmental impacts of products, services and business models. Combining both the robustness of the LCA methodology and the principles of circular economy one will get a holistic approach for innovation. After a presentation of the LCA framework and methods used, 27 examples of case studies of comparative LCA analysis for replacement materials to reduce environmental load and their challenges as assessment methods for CE strategies are presented. It was concluded that there is a need for improvement of existing solutions, developing the intersection between the CE and LCA. Suggestions for developing a sustainable future were also made.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Ledakowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Ziemińska-Stolarska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wólczańska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

The paper aims to show a search method for optimal conditions of 3A, 13X, ZSM-5 zeolite thermal regeneration after adsorption from a liquid water-isopropanol mixture. Comparative TGA-DTG results for heating of wet zeolites with different structure and hydrophobicity showed characteristic effects corresponding to the optimal temperature of zeolite regeneration. The consequences of overheating and collapse of the 3A, 13X, ZSM-5 zeolite structure at temperatures of 850, 900, 1000 °C, respectively, were recorded with XRD method. Moreover, XRD and NIR/DRS tests of loaded and regenerated zeolite samples showed interaction of adsorbate and co-adsorbed water with adsorbent and revealed influence of adsorption and regeneration processes on the adsorbent structure. Investigations of the regeneration of the zeolite 3A bed after adsorption of water from the isopropanol solution in the temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process were carried out by heating the bed with inert gas at 250 °C and different purge gas streams in the range of 1.68–2.40 kg/h. Four stages of wet bed regeneration were distinguished, which corresponded to the effect observed during TGA-DTG tests. For each stage, the specific demand for purge gas and energy was determined depending on the gas stream and its minimum value of 2.16 kg/h was indicated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Tabero
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Gabruś
2

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technologyand Engineering, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
  2. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemicaland Process Engineering, Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

Chemical and process engineering offers scientific tools for solving problems in the biomedical field, including drug delivery systems. This paper presents examples of analyzing the dynamics of dispersed systems (aerosols) in medical inhalers to establish a better relationship between the test evaluation results of these devices and the actual delivery of drugs to the lungs. This relationship is referred to as in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). It has been shown that in dry powder inhalers (DPls), the aerosolization process and drug release times are determined by the inhalation profile produced by the patient. It has also been shown that inspiratory flow affects the size distribution of aerosols generated in other inhalation devices (vibrating mesh nebulizers, VMNs), which is due to the evaporation of droplets after the aerosol is mixed witha dditional air taken in by the patient. The effects demonstrated in this work are overlooked in standard inhaler testing methods, leading to inaccurate information about the health benefits of aerosol therapy, thus limiting the development of improved drug delivery systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Dorosz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Moskal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz R. Sosnowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This work presents results of investigations on biotrickling filtration of air polluted with cyclohexane co-treated in binary, ternary and quaternary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mixtures, including vapors of hexane, toluene and ethanol. The removal of cyclohexane from a gas mixture depends on the physicochemical properties of the co-treated VOCs and the lower the hydrophobicity of the VOC, the higher the removal efficiency of cyclohexane. In this work, the performance of biotrickling filters treating VOCs mixtures is discussed based on surface tension of trickling liquid for the first time. A mixed natural – synthetic packing for biotrickling filters was utilized, showing promising performance and limited maintenance requirements. Maximum elimination capacity of about 95 g/(m 3·h) of cyclohexane was reached for the total VOCs inlet loading of about 450 g/(m 3·h). This work presents also a novel approach of combining biological air treatment with management of a spent trickling liquid in the perspective of circular economy assumptions. The waste liquid phase was applied to the plant cultivation, showing a potential for e.g. enhanced production of energetic biomass or polluted soil phytoremediation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Rybarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Szulczyński
1
ORCID: