Applied sciences

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers

Content

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2024 | vol. 45 | No 3

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Abstract

Various types of events and emergency situations have a significant impact on the safety of people and the environment. This especially refers to the incidents involving the emission of pollutants, such as ammonia, into the atmosphere. The article presents the concept of combining unmanned aerial vehicles with contamination plume modelling. Such a solution allows for mapping negative effects of ammonia release caused by the damage to a tank (with set parameters) during its transport as well as by the point leakage (such as unsealing in the installation). Simulation based on the ALOHA model makes it possible to indicate the direction of pollution spread and constitutes the basis for taking action. And, the use of a drone allows to control contamination in real time and verify the probability of a threat occurring in a given area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Rabajczyk
1
Jacek Zboina
1
Maria Zielecka
1
Radosław Fellner
2
Piotr Kaczmarzyk
1
Dariusz Pietrzela
1
Grzegorz Zawistowski
1

  1. Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection, National Research Institute, Nadwiślańska 213, 05-420 Józefów, Poland
  2. Fire University of Warsaw, Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

At the design stage of heat exchange installation used for gas conversion it is required to test the stability of the installation operation for the expected variable heat loads. For this purpose, a numerical model of the installation can be used. The paper presents an original concept of modelling the operation of heat exchange installations for randomly changing temperatures. Accumulation elements with lumped parameters were used in the model, which significantly facilitates the definition of model parameters and the calculation itself at the design stage. Due to the randomly changing temperatures supplying the accumulation element by the heating medium and the non-linear nature of the functions used in the calculation model, the iterative procedure was used for calculations. The process of validation of the proposed computational model of the accumulation element with lumped parameters was carried out for a water installation powered by a natural gas-fired boiler. The obtained results showed very good accuracy of the applied approach, the root mean square error for tested data has reached 1°C to 3°C, depending on the analysed case.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Kropiwnicki
1
Bartosz Dawidowicz
1
Przemysław Wojewódka
2
Andrzej Rogala
2

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223, Gdansk, Poland
  2. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Hydrogen has been identified as an essential component of a decarbonized and sustainable energy system. The use of hydrogen is associated with the problem of its storage and distribution. Storing hydrogen in the gaseous state is energy-consuming, mainly due to the process of its compression. A much higher density of hydrogen can be obtained after its liquefaction. Hydrogen can also bond in chemical compounds, for example, in ammonia which contains 17.8% hydrogen by weight. The aim of the work was to examine the ammonia decomposition process in the plasma-catalytic system and to determine the effect of the process parameters on energy consumption. The applied catalysts allowed higher ammonia conversion than the homogeneous system. The lowest energy consumption, 593 kJ/molH2, was obtained for the 10% Fe/Al2O3 catalyst. The highest ammonia conversion (approx. 90%) was obtained using the 10% Co/Al2O3 catalyst.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Młotek
1
Maria Ogrodowska
1
Michalina Perron
1
Bogdan Ulejczyk
1
Krzysztof Krawczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a novel, low-cost and simple route for synthesis of TiOF2/CuO and F-TiO2/CuO out of fluoride solutions. The obtained materials after calcination can be used in various photocatalytic applications, e.g. in water treatment. It was demonstrated that control of synthesis process parameters, such as pH, allowed for synthesis of particles with different phase composition and properties. Thus, pH≤4 environment had created conditions for formation of two structures of TiOF2, hexagonal and cubic ones, as well as CuTiF6(H2O)4. Increase of Cu content promoted increase of the cubic c-TiOF2 phase. When the solutions exhibited pH>5, the synthesized particles consisted of (NH4)2TiF6·2H2O, (NH4)3TiF7, and (NH4)2СuF4·4H2O. Calcination above 300 °С provided formation of TiOF2/CuO particles, while elevated temperatures of 600 °С ensured appearance of F-TiO2/CuO material. It was found that higher copper concentrations resulted with higher fluoride percentage after calcination at 600 °С. It was also demonstrated that F-TiO2/CuO particles synthesized at рН≤4 exhibited energy band gap Eg of 3.3–3.25 eV, which decreased down to 2.85 eV for higher copper(II) oxide concentrations of 10 wt.%. Notably, the particles F-TiO2/CuO synthesized at pH>5 exhibited band gap Eg of 3.4–3.5 eV, which decreased down to 2.9 eV for higher CuO concentrations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dmitry Sofronov
1
Miroslaw Rucki
2
Alexey Lebedynskiy
3
Pavel Mateychenko
1
Sergii Minenko
4
Anna Shaposhnyk
3
Zbigniew Siemiatkowski
5
Jerzy Jozwik
6
Arkadiusz Tofil
7

  1. Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauki, 60, Kharkiv 61178, Ukraine
  2. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
  3. State Scientific Institution «Institute for Single Crystals», National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauki, 60, Kharkiv 61178, Ukraine
  4. Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauki,60, Kharkiv 61178, Ukraine
  5. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Stasieckiego Str. 51,26-600 Radom, Poland
  6. Department of Production Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Lublin Universityof Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  7. Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, The University College of Applied Sciences inChełm, ul. Pocztowa 54, Chełm 22–100, Poland
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Abstract

Improvement of life quality, food production and sustainability requires search for better, efficient natural resources extracting methods, while minimizing environmental impact, which is determined by carbon and water footprint calculation. In order to counter global phenomena, it is necessary for food-producing chain to work together to take conscious action on environment. Restoring balance demands action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and rational water use, by reducing energy intensive processes or increasing efficiency of wastewater treatment methods. This requires a thorough understanding of all phenomena that determine a given process. Viscous fingering occurs during such processes as enhanced oil recovery, metal crystallization in batteries, sugar refining, groundwater purification and many others. Research to improve knowledge of this phenomenon and ability to predict its effects is crucial in development of basic industrial processes. This paper presents an experimental study of tracking immiscible viscous fingering in modified Hele-Shaw cells filled with a granular bed of known parameters. The influence of bed parameters and flow conditions on the observed phenomenon was investigated. During the tests, beds with the following grain diameter ranges were used: 200–300, 300–400 and 400–600 μm; the liquid was injected at three different flow rates in the range of 100–400 ml/h. On the basis of carried out work, a model of the studied phenomenon was proposed, which made it possible to determine the extent and the fingering scale.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariola Błaszczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Wróbel-Jędrzejewska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Przybysz
1 2
Budzyń Aleksandra
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Address: 213 Wolczanska St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  2. Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Department of Technology and Refrigeration Techniques in Lodz, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 84, 92-202 Lodz, Poland