Applied sciences

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers

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Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles

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Abstract

Various types of events and emergency situations have a significant impact on the safety of people and the environment. This especially refers to the incidents involving the emission of pollutants, such as ammonia, into the atmosphere. The article presents the concept of combining unmanned aerial vehicles with contamination plume modelling. Such a solution allows for mapping negative effects of ammonia release caused by the damage to a tank (with set parameters) during its transport as well as by the point leakage (such as unsealing in the installation). Simulation based on the ALOHA model makes it possible to indicate the direction of pollution spread and constitutes the basis for taking action. And, the use of a drone allows to control contamination in real time and verify the probability of a threat occurring in a given area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Rabajczyk
1
Jacek Zboina
1
Maria Zielecka
1
Radosław Fellner
2
Piotr Kaczmarzyk
1
Dariusz Pietrzela
1
Grzegorz Zawistowski
1

  1. Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection, National Research Institute, Nadwiślańska 213, 05-420 Józefów, Poland
  2. Fire University of Warsaw, Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

At the design stage of heat exchange installation used for gas conversion it is required to test the stability of the installation operation for the expected variable heat loads. For this purpose, a numerical model of the installation can be used. The paper presents an original concept of modelling the operation of heat exchange installations for randomly changing temperatures. Accumulation elements with lumped parameters were used in the model, which significantly facilitates the definition of model parameters and the calculation itself at the design stage. Due to the randomly changing temperatures supplying the accumulation element by the heating medium and the non-linear nature of the functions used in the calculation model, the iterative procedure was used for calculations. The process of validation of the proposed computational model of the accumulation element with lumped parameters was carried out for a water installation powered by a natural gas-fired boiler. The obtained results showed very good accuracy of the applied approach, the root mean square error for tested data has reached 1°C to 3°C, depending on the analysed case.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Kropiwnicki
1
Bartosz Dawidowicz
1
Przemysław Wojewódka
2
Andrzej Rogala
2

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223, Gdansk, Poland
  2. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Hydrogen has been identified as an essential component of a decarbonized and sustainable energy system. The use of hydrogen is associated with the problem of its storage and distribution. Storing hydrogen in the gaseous state is energy-consuming, mainly due to the process of its compression. A much higher density of hydrogen can be obtained after its liquefaction. Hydrogen can also bond in chemical compounds, for example, in ammonia which contains 17.8% hydrogen by weight. The aim of the work was to examine the ammonia decomposition process in the plasma-catalytic system and to determine the effect of the process parameters on energy consumption. The applied catalysts allowed higher ammonia conversion than the homogeneous system. The lowest energy consumption, 593 kJ/molH2, was obtained for the 10% Fe/Al2O3 catalyst. The highest ammonia conversion (approx. 90%) was obtained using the 10% Co/Al2O3 catalyst.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Młotek
1
Maria Ogrodowska
1
Michalina Perron
1
Bogdan Ulejczyk
1
Krzysztof Krawczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a novel, low-cost and simple route for synthesis of TiOF2/CuO and F-TiO2/CuO out of fluoride solutions. The obtained materials after calcination can be used in various photocatalytic applications, e.g. in water treatment. It was demonstrated that control of synthesis process parameters, such as pH, allowed for synthesis of particles with different phase composition and properties. Thus, pH≤4 environment had created conditions for formation of two structures of TiOF2, hexagonal and cubic ones, as well as CuTiF6(H2O)4. Increase of Cu content promoted increase of the cubic c-TiOF2 phase. When the solutions exhibited pH>5, the synthesized particles consisted of (NH4)2TiF6·2H2O, (NH4)3TiF7, and (NH4)2СuF4·4H2O. Calcination above 300 °С provided formation of TiOF2/CuO particles, while elevated temperatures of 600 °С ensured appearance of F-TiO2/CuO material. It was found that higher copper concentrations resulted with higher fluoride percentage after calcination at 600 °С. It was also demonstrated that F-TiO2/CuO particles synthesized at рН≤4 exhibited energy band gap Eg of 3.3–3.25 eV, which decreased down to 2.85 eV for higher copper(II) oxide concentrations of 10 wt.%. Notably, the particles F-TiO2/CuO synthesized at pH>5 exhibited band gap Eg of 3.4–3.5 eV, which decreased down to 2.9 eV for higher CuO concentrations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dmitry Sofronov
1
Miroslaw Rucki
2
Alexey Lebedynskiy
3
Pavel Mateychenko
1
Sergii Minenko
4
Anna Shaposhnyk
3
Zbigniew Siemiatkowski
5
Jerzy Jozwik
6
Arkadiusz Tofil
7

  1. Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauki, 60, Kharkiv 61178, Ukraine
  2. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
  3. State Scientific Institution «Institute for Single Crystals», National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauki, 60, Kharkiv 61178, Ukraine
  4. Institute for Scintillation Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauki,60, Kharkiv 61178, Ukraine
  5. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Stasieckiego Str. 51,26-600 Radom, Poland
  6. Department of Production Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Lublin Universityof Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  7. Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, The University College of Applied Sciences inChełm, ul. Pocztowa 54, Chełm 22–100, Poland
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Abstract

Improvement of life quality, food production and sustainability requires search for better, efficient natural resources extracting methods, while minimizing environmental impact, which is determined by carbon and water footprint calculation. In order to counter global phenomena, it is necessary for food-producing chain to work together to take conscious action on environment. Restoring balance demands action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and rational water use, by reducing energy intensive processes or increasing efficiency of wastewater treatment methods. This requires a thorough understanding of all phenomena that determine a given process. Viscous fingering occurs during such processes as enhanced oil recovery, metal crystallization in batteries, sugar refining, groundwater purification and many others. Research to improve knowledge of this phenomenon and ability to predict its effects is crucial in development of basic industrial processes. This paper presents an experimental study of tracking immiscible viscous fingering in modified Hele-Shaw cells filled with a granular bed of known parameters. The influence of bed parameters and flow conditions on the observed phenomenon was investigated. During the tests, beds with the following grain diameter ranges were used: 200–300, 300–400 and 400–600 μm; the liquid was injected at three different flow rates in the range of 100–400 ml/h. On the basis of carried out work, a model of the studied phenomenon was proposed, which made it possible to determine the extent and the fingering scale.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariola Błaszczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Wróbel-Jędrzejewska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Przybysz
1 2
Budzyń Aleksandra
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Address: 213 Wolczanska St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  2. Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Department of Technology and Refrigeration Techniques in Lodz, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 84, 92-202 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

This study focuses on intensifying photocatalytic hydrogen generation from glycerol under natural sunlight, examining the effects of cocatalysts and solar applicability. Cocatalysts are commonly employed to enhance the separation of photo-generated charges, while sacrificial agents suppress electron-hole recombination. Utilizing crude glycerol and solar light for photocatalytic hydrogen generation presents a promising avenue. The main objective was to enhance H2 production from a glycerol-containing solution by selecting parameters and scaling up the process using various reactor types and research systems. The study investigated the applicability of natural sunlight for photocatalytic H2 production and examined the influence of organic impurities on H2 production from synthetic and real crude glycerol. Scaling up the process intensified the rate of hydrogen generation, with the highest production achieved using TiO2 loaded with 0.5% Pt under visible light irradiation. It was concluded that H2 can be generated by reducing protons from both water and glycerol, the sacrificial agent. Glycerol and water, in the presence of photodeposited Pt or Pd on TiO2 and light, are converted to H2 through photocatalytic water-splitting and light-induced oxidation of glycerol. The successful application of photocatalysts under natural sunlight for hydrogen production was confirmed, highlighting the potential for sustainable and scalable green hydrogen generation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Bednarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Gmurek
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Safety Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  2. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Molecular Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

The deacetylation process of chitin or chitosan is carried out on industrial scale by chemical reaction with concentrated NaOH or KOH solution, but an enzymatic process is also possible. Enzymatic deacetylation with chitin deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.41) is non-destructive for polymer chains, and that is why recently it has been investigated more intensively. The structure of the enzyme is important information as it helps to better understand the enzyme action. Chitin deacetylase's primary and secondary structures were presented in literature and were the basis for the mathematical modelling of the 3D tertiary structure. However, the mathematical model for the activity centre has never been confirmed experimentally. This paper presents the experimental confirmation of a computer modelling of the catalytic residues in the activity centre of extracellular chitin deacetylase from Absidia coerulea vel orchidis. Based on kinetic studies, amino acids responsible for enzyme activity were determined experimentally as aspartic acid and glutamic acid or as two aspartic acid residues.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara M. Stencel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata M. Jaworska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

These studies were carried out within the framework of the European FuelSOME Project (No. 101069828), which focuses on establishing a multi-fuel energy generation system based on utilization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and is dedicated mainly to the long-distance maritime shipping. For the SOFC stacks, the removal of sulphur contaminations from fuels is crucial as the content of sulphur compounds is strictly limited, even to dozens of mol ppb. The modelling and calculations were performed for a selected testing system of deep adsorptive purification of methanol to remove dibenzothiophene (DBT) on activated carbon (AC), where DBT was taken as a representative of compounds contaminating sulphur. An appropriate model of the adsorption column packed with activated carbon pellets was elaborated as a basis for process simulations and further techno-economic considerations. The research focused on modelling sulphur removal to achieve the required purity of methanol, then on cost analysis to optimize the proposed purification process. At the current stage, the aim of the performed studies was a preliminary check of a possibility of successfully performing deep adsorptive desulphurisation of methanol and an estimation of purification costs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eugeniusz Molga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Cherbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej I. Stankiewicz
1
Michał Lewak
1

  1. Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The effects of leachates from newly-synthesized bioplastics on the early stages of higher plant growth were studied together with the putative identification of the chemicals in the given microbioplastic leachates. Three polylactide-based bioplastics and pure polylactide (PLA) were subjected to the phytotoxicity tests (1) to determine the intrinsic effects of chemicals on the germination and early growth of plants without prior incorporation of the chemicals into a soil and (2) to find the impact of the chemicals introduced into a soil on the germination and plant growth. Plants Sorghum saccharatum, Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba were used. For two out of four microbioplastics the total ion chromatograms revealed the presence of chemicals in the leachates. Out of 20 individual m/z values, 6 were putatively attributed to the known compounds. Microbioplastic leachates did not affect seed germination and contributed rather to the stimulation than inhibition of the early plant growth. In the soil tests the inhibition of root and shoot growth of dicotyledons occurred more frequently than in the liquid phase tests. It indicates the potential interactions between the chemicals in the leachates and soil matrix. Dicotyledons were more sensitive than monocotyledons in the evaluation of phytotoxicity of microbioplastic leachates.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Liwarska-Bizukojć
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Bizukojć
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Lodz University of Technology, Al. Politechniki 6, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
  2. Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 93-005 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

Electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are an excellent material which can possess a wide range of properties through controlling the parameters of the electrospinning process, as well as through thermal treatment. At the same time, CNFs are an excellent substrate for carrying out modifications, both volumetric, at the stage of precursor preparation, and surface modifications. Different methods of introducing various silicon carbide (SiC) precursors into the spinning solution enables the formation of needleshaped SiC nanostructures on the CNF surface. This work presents an attempt to obtain nanofibrous carbon materials modified in volume and on the surface with SiC precursors, along with their characteristics. The most promising method of creating needle-like SiC nanostructures on the surface of CNFs is the use of volume modification with polysiloxane and silanization of the surface of the CNFs in a organosilicon sol solution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Pazdyk-Słaby
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Długoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Zientara
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków
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Abstract

The biotechnological production of organic compounds using renewable carbon sources is an approach consistent with sustainable development and green technologies. The development of these processes requires refinement of both the upstream stage, including the selection of microorganisms and the use of waste raw materials, and the downstream stage. The fermentation broth contains not only the main product but also unreacted substrates and by-products. The paper presents computer simulations that analyse the possibility of using esterification for the separation of lactic acid from acetic acid. The standard distillation approach does not allow for a high degree of separation, but a distillation step is possible for esters of both acids. As a result, high-purity ethyl lactate is obtained and, by introducing a hydrolysis step, pure lactic acid. The issue was analysed using Chemcad software with the UNIFAC thermodynamic model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Rukowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering,Berdychowo 4, 61‑131, Poznan, Poland

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All manuscripts submitted for publication in Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers must comprise a description of original research that has neither been published nor submitted for publication elsewhere.

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Bird R. B., Stewart W.E., Lightfood E.N., 2002. Transport Phenomena. 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, 415-421.
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Hanjalić K., Jakirlić S., 2002. Second-moment turbulence closure modelling, In: Launder B.E., Sandham N.D. (Eds.), Closure strategies for turbulent and transitional flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 47-101.
Conferences
ten Cate A., Bermingham S.K., Derksen J.J., Kramer H.M.J., 2000. Compartmental modeling of an 1100L DTB crystallizer based on Large Eddy flow simulation. 10th European Conference on Mixing. Delft, the Netherlands, 2-5 July 2000, 255-264.



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