@ARTICLE{Nasrun_N.A._The_2024,
 author={Nasrun, N.A. and Yunos, N.F.M. and Idris, M.A. and Halif, N.A. and Nomura, T.},
 volume={vol. 69},
 number={No 4},
 pages={1491-1499},
 journal={Archives of Metallurgy and Materials},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2024},
 publisher={Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences},
 publisher={Committee of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy of Polish Academy of Sciences},
 abstract={To identify the mineral grade ore, two distinct Malaysian ilmenite ores (FeTiO3) from different placers deposits were examined. The sources of ilmenite ore were the Kinta Valley in Perak and the Langkawi Black Sand Beach in Kedah. Both of the ores were reduced by palm char as a sustainable carbon reductant. The study examined carbon characteristics and phase transitions following carbothermal reduction at 1550°C. Prior to the studies, the reductant palm char was characterized by XRF, BET surface area measurement, SEM, and ultimate with proximate analyses. It is shown that the palm char had low moisture (4.10 wt.%) and high fixed carbon (75.40 wt.%). The high carbon content, volatile matter, and porous structure of palm char played a significant role in the gas generated during the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite ores. Carbothermal reduction of both ilmenite ores with palm char-produced rutile, iron, titanium carbide, and pseudobrookite. The XRF analysis exhibits the existence of 18.41 and 35.76 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively in Perak ilmenite ore. While Langkawi ilmenite ore shows 9.28 and 22.72 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively.},
 title={The Effect of Palm Char Properties on Malaysian Ilmenite Ores by Carbothermal Reduction},
 type={Article},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/133544/AMM-2024-4-29-Yunos.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/amm.2024.151419},
 keywords={Malaysian ilmenite ores, Palm char, Carbothermal reduction, Titanium dioxide},
}