@ARTICLE{Wong_Wong_Ming_Impact_2024,
 author={Wong, Wong Ming and Tzeng, Shian-Yang and Mo, Hao-Fan and Su, Wunhong},
 volume={50},
 number={4},
 pages={116-1236},
 journal={Archives of Environmental Protection},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2024},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences},
 abstract={This paper examines the influence of COVID-19-related factors on PM2.5 concentrations (PM2.5) in Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand from January 2018 to December 2021. Using data from four sources, cluster analysis based on six socioeconomic indices was employed to select these countries for focused analysis. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) were applied to assess associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 factors, including new cases, deaths, vaccinations, stringency index, time series (STOL), and COVID-19 status (dummy variable). Results show that PM2.5 levels in Singapore and Indonesia were significantly impacted by COVID-19 measures, with F-statistics for new cases (22.875, p < 0.001), deaths (12.563, p = 0.012), as well as significant associations for vaccinations (t = 5.976, p < 0.001), stringency index (t = 5.124, p < 0.001), and the dummy variable (t = 6.624, p < 0.001). In contrast, PM2.5 levels in Thailand were unaffected by these factors, likely due to seasonal pollution sources. The model explains 90.3% of the variation in PM2.5 (adjusted R² = 0.872). This paper offers important insights for policymakers on incorporating air quality into health policies and highlights how pandemic responses varied across countries. By examining the impact of COVID-19 factors on PM2.5 in different nations, the study enhances understanding through detailed data and averaging periods. It reveals differences in how countries’ air quality responded to the pandemic, contributing to discussions on environmental management and public health. These findings inform policy decisions and facilitate discussions on better managing environmental and health challenges during global crises.},
 title={Impact of COVID-19 on PM2.5 concentrations in Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand: Cluster Analysis and Generalized Additive Mixed Models},
 type={Article},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/133571/PDF/Archives50no4pp116_126.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/aep.2024.152901},
 keywords={COVID-19;, PM2.5;, Cluster Analysis;, Generalized Additive Mixed Model;, Thailand;, Singapore;, Indonesia;},
}