@ARTICLE{Schmidt-Polończyk_Natalia_Simulation_2021,
 author={Schmidt-Polończyk, Natalia and Burtan, Zbigniew and Liszka, Piotr},
 volume={vol. 66},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Archives of Mining Sciences},
 pages={13-28},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2021},
 publisher={Committee of Mining PAS},
 abstract={This paper provides an analysis of the evacuation process in a road tunnel in the event of a fire, using the example of the tunnel under the Luboń Mały mountain currently being constructed on Expressway S7’s Lubień – Rabka-Zdrój section. As fires are the largest and most dangerous events occurring in road tunnels, it is important to predict the evacuation process as early as at the design stage. The study described here used numerical modelling to simulate evacuation, which made it possible to determine the required safe evacuation time of all tunnel users in a fire. On the basis of the parameters of the tunnel under Luboń Mały, numerical studies were performed for four different fire scenarios, three of which assumed various fire locations with the currently designed two traffic lanes. The fourth variant accounted for the planned extension of the roadway to include three traffic lanes. Eventually, four numerical models were developed involving various fire ignition locations and numbers of potential tunnel users. The values of initial-boundary conditions used in the simulation, such as movement speed during evacuation, shoulder breadth and pre-movement time, were specified on the basis of experimental data for an evacuation performed in smoke conditions in the Emilia tunnel in Laliki. The results lead to the conclusion that if the time of reaching critical conditions in the tunnel is not shorter than 5 minutes 40 seconds for the current design state and 5 minutes 47 seconds for three lanes, the distribution of evacuation exits in the tunnel under Luboń Mały will ensure safe evacuation.},
 type={Article},
 title={Simulation of the Evacuation of People in a Road Tunnel in the Event of Fire – Case Study},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/119609/PDF/Archiwum-66-1-02-Schmidt-Polonczyk.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/ams.2021.136689},
 keywords={safety, simulation, evacuation, road tunnels},
}