@ARTICLE{Makowski_Andrzej_The_2021,
 author={Makowski, Andrzej},
 number={No XL},
 pages={41-56},
 journal={Prawo Morskie},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2021},
 publisher={Oddział PAN w Gdańsku},
 abstract={From the announcement of the Independence by Ukraine in 1991 and signing many bilateral agreements with the Russian Federation on the state border, the joint use of the Azov Sea and the Kerch Strait, until the annexation of the Crimea in 2014, both parties did not manage to carry out maritime distractions on these waters, due to different positions. After the annexation of the Crimea, the situation became beneficial for FR, because in its hands there was a Kerch Strait and the Russian side started the economic blockage of Ukrainian ports on the Azov Sea. The Ukrainian site, wanting to increase the number of its ships in the Berdyansk base located on this sea, decided to move through the sea team consisting of 2 artillery cutters and a subsidiary (tug) belonging to the Navy of Ukraine. During the approach to Kerch Strait, an incident occurred on November 25, 2018 between Ukrainian ships and the ships of the border service of the Federal Security Service (shelling, detention of the ships, arrests and putting their crews before the court). The above action was inconsistent with international law violating Articles 32, 58, 95 and 96 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea from 1982. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in its judgement ordered RF to give back the ships and send seamen to Ukraine. The warrant was performed partially: ships were returned, while seafarers returned as part of the exchange of prisoners between the parties. Currently, Russia continues to run the economic blockage of the Ukrainian ports, closing (due to military exercises) approaches to the Kerch Strait for ships and vessels of other countries. The current situation indicates that Russia implements its geopolitical goals and disregards the provisions of international law of the sea.},
 type={Artykuły / Articles},
 title={The Kerch Strait incident on November 25, 2018 and the convention on the law of the sea},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/120579/2021-01-PRMO-04-Makowski.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/pm.2021.138123},
 keywords={Sea of Azov, Kerch Strait, UNCLOS, immunities of warships, innocent passage, navigational rights of warships},
}