@ARTICLE{Usmani_M.W._Seroprevalence,_2022,
 author={Usmani, M.W. and Rizvi, F. and Khatoon, A. and Mahmood, M.S.},
 volume={vol. 25},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences},
 pages={137-147},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Veterinary Sciences},
 publisher={University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn},
 abstract={Buffalopox (BPX) is a highly contagious disease that causes high morbidity and production losses in buffaloes. During this study, seroprevalence, effect of various associated risk factors, and pathological studies of BPX were recorded in the Punjab province. A total of 97 blood samples and 63 scabs were collected from clinically pox suspected buffaloes. Serum was harvested to perform single radial hemolysis to assess the seroprevalence, and scabs were subjected to PCR for BPX virus confirmation. Results revealed that, animal demographics and environmental associated factors showed significant effect (p<0.05,1<R2>0) on BPX occurrence. The overall BPX seroprevalence was recorded 4.18% in the Punjab province. The BPX was recorded 5.48% in Nili Ravi breed during winter (7.42%), aged 5-7 years (7.46%) under loose housing (5.51%) in the Faisalabad region (8.03%). Further, BPX was 5.37% in pregnant, 6.86% pregnant milking buffaloes during the 3rd lactation period (7.28%) in dairy herds (5.20%). The BPX was 5.22% in non-vaccinated buffaloes where multiple animals were reared together (4.99%) in the herds having 21-30 total number of animals. A total of 49 scab samples were found positive for the BPX virus via PCR with C18L gene amplification. Grossly, inflammatory lesions with pits in the center and wart-like nodules were seen on teats and udder of buffaloes. Increased leukocytes, especially neutrophils and lymphocytes, were seen in the blood of the infected animals. These results provide a broader window to understand the effect of associated risk factors, strengthen the diagnostic aid, and to contain the current spread of BPX in Pakistan to safeguard large ruminant-based livelihood.},
 type={Article},
 title={Seroprevalence, associated risk factors and clinico-pathological studies of buffalopox disease in various regions of Punjab province, Pakistan},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/122667/PDF-MASTER/17%20_%20Usmani.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/pjvs.2022.140850},
 keywords={seropositive, single radial hemolysis, scab samples, PCR, C18L gene, leukocytes},
}