@ARTICLE{Azmi_Ahmad_Azrem_Crumb_2022,
 author={Azmi, Ahmad Azrem and Al Bakri Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa and Ghazali, Che Mohd Ruzaidi and Ahmad, Romisuhani and Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra and Abd Rahim, Shayfull Zamree and Almadani, Mohammad A. and Wysłocki, Jerzy J. and Śliwa, Agata and Sandu, Andre Victor},
 volume={vol. 68},
 number={No 3},
 journal={Archives of Civil Engineering},
 pages={97-105},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING and COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES},
 abstract={Low calcium fly ash is used as the main material in the mixture and the crumb rubber was used in replacing fine aggregates in geopolymer mortar. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) which were high alkaline solution were incorporated as the alkaline solution. The fly ash reacted with the alkaline solution forming alumino-silicate gel that binds the aggregate to produce a geopolymer mortar. The loading of crumb rubber in the fly ash based geopolymer mortar was set at 0% (CRGM-0), 5% (CRGM-5), 10% (CRGM-10), 15% (CRGM-15), and 20% (CRGM-20), respectively. NaOH solution (12M) and Na2SiO3 solution ratio is set constant at 2.5 for all geopolymer mixture and the fly ash to alkali activator ratio was kept at 2.0. The CRGM at 28 days of curing time was exposed to elevated temperature at 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C. The weight loss of the CRGM increases with increasing temperature at all elevated temperatures. However, the density and compressive strength of CRGM decrease with an increase of crumb rubber loading for all elevated temperature exposure. The compressive strength of CRGM reduced due to the fact that rubber decomposes between 200°C and 600°C thereby creating voids. CRGM-15 and CRGM-20 showed cracks developed with rough surface at 800°C. Image obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that, the CRGM changed significantly due to the decomposition of crumb rubber and evaporation of the free water at 400°C, 600°C and 800°C.},
 type={Article},
 title={Crumb rubber geopolymer mortar at elevated temperature exposure},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/124507/PDF-MASTER/art06_corr.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/ace.2022.141875},
 keywords={fly ash, geopolymer, crumb rubber, elevated temperature exposure},
}