@ARTICLE{Zawrzykraj_Piotr_Zbigniew_Ettringite_2022,
 author={Zawrzykraj, Piotr Zbigniew and Rydelek, Paweł and Bąkowska, Anna and Cabalski, Krzysztof},
 volume={vol. 72},
 number={No 4},
 journal={Acta Geologica Polonica},
 pages={519-528},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Komitet Nauk Geologicznych PAN},
 publisher={Wydział Geologii UW},
 abstract={Engineering activity may lead to uncontrolled changes in the geological environment. This paper presents an example of structural changes in fluvial sand of the Praski terrace (in Warsaw) caused by the activity of a temporary concrete batching plant. Our investigations made it possible to identify the material responsible for the structural anomalies observed in the bottom of the trench excavation. The compound responsible for the cementation phenomenon was identified as ettringite – hydrated calcium aluminosulphate: Ca 6Al 2[(OH) 12(SO 4) 3]·26H 2O. The source of ettringite were most probably significant volumes of contaminants coming from the temporary concrete batching plant (e.g., from the rinsing of concrete mixers and/or installations for concrete storage and transportation). While penetrating into the ground, ettringite caused extensive cementation of the soil mass, mainly in the saturation zone. As a result, the mineral (chemical) composition of the inter-grain space changed and the structure of the sand was strengthened. The estimated zone of volumetric changes in soil properties was about 6 thousand m 3. However, analysis of the chemical composition of groundwater for its potential sulphate contamination, did not reveal any anomalous concentrations of sulphates.},
 type={Article},
 title={Ettringite as a factor causing structural strengthening of fluvial sand from the Praski terrace (Warsaw, Poland)},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/125364/PDF-MASTER/09_Zawrzykraj.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/agp.2022.142648},
 keywords={Praski terrace, Anthropogenic soils, Ettringite, cementation, contamination},
}