@ARTICLE{Syed_Naeem_S.B._The_2023,
 author={Syed, Naeem S.B. and Shuqi, Zhao},
 number={No 57},
 pages={21-29},
 journal={Journal of Water and Land Development},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2023},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Technology and Life Sciences - National Research Institute},
 abstract={This study analyses and presents a technical comparison of seepage estimation from 11 empirical equations with measured seepage losses by the inflow-outflow method from two lined and unlined secondary irrigation canals sub-divided into different reach lengths. A significant margin of error was observed between empirical and inflow- outflow methods, hence modifications in empirical equations were performed. Results reveal that the average seepage losses observed in unlined and lined canals by inflow-outflow method were 9.15 and 3.89%, respectively. Moreover, only the Chinese equation estimated seepage losses for an unlined canal as similar to observed losses (0.11 m 3∙s –1) whereas the Indian equation estimated similar results for a lined canal to those observed in the field (0.09 m 3∙s –1). However, the rest of empirical equations were modified in accordance with error percentage with regard to the observed losses. The empirical equations were then observed to estimate reliable results of seepage.},
 type={Article},
 title={The use of empirical equations for seepage estimation in comparison with observed losses from irrigation canals},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/127180/PDF/2023-02-JWLD-03.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/jwld.2023.145332},
 keywords={empirical equations, equation modifications, seepage estimation, seepage losses, seepage rate},
}