@ARTICLE{El-Shennawy_Tarek_Ibrahim_Before_2023,
 author={El-Shennawy, Tarek Ibrahim and Abdallah, Lamiaa},
 volume={vol. 26},
 number={No 3},
 journal={Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal},
 pages={81-100},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2023},
 publisher={Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN},
 abstract={Carbon taxing is an efficient instrument that is implemented by several countries to reduce CO2 emissions. Taxed products and services that result in emitting CO2 in their processes will be replaced by more sustainable alternatives. Carbon taxing is associated with concerns about high energy prices that can negatively affect households and businesses. Egypt, one of the low middle-income developing countries, depends on fossil fuels to supply more than 93% of its total energy supply. In this paper, an analysis is carried out to assess the effects of a suggested carbon tax on the major carbon emitting sectors; power generation, transport and industry. The results show that the power generation sector can absorb and benefit from a suggested tax at a rate of USD 5 per ton of emitted CO2. The transport sector, which relies heavily on subsidized liquid fuels, needs an urgent reform program to remove these subsidies, which costs the country about 10 billion USD annually, and after that, the carbon tax can be introduced. The industry sector may be affected negatively by the suggested tax, due to competitiveness with non-taxed imported products. On the other hand, this tax can help this sector to be prepared to compete when exporting its products to foreign markets that apply carbon taxes. In conclusion, developing countries like Egypt need a well-planned carbon tax program that can make revenues, remove subsidies, and prepare local industries for fair competitiveness in the global market.},
 type={Article},
 title={Before implementing carbon taxes in developing countries: Egypt as a case study},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/128695/PDF-MASTER/05-El-Shennawy%20i%20Abdallah.pdf},
 keywords={carbon tax, developing countries, CO2 emissions, Egypt},
}