@ARTICLE{Tabaka_Przemysław_Influence_2023,
 author={Tabaka, Przemysław and Kołomański, Sylwester},
 volume={71},
 number={6},
 journal={Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences},
 pages={e147915},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2023},
 abstract={Light pollution has a detrimental effect on astronomy. Artificial light emitted from outdoor lighting increases the brightness of the night sky, making it difficult to observe astronomical objects. The spectral power distribution of artificial light sources is one of the key factors determining how much the night sky is deteriorated by light pollution. The ongoing replacement of discharge lamps with LED sources may have a major impact on astronomy because LED spectra usually cover the entire visible radiation range. This paper provides an analysis of the impact of LED sources with correlated color temperature in the range from 1000 K to approximately 10 000 K on visual and instrumental astronomical observations. For each analyzed artificial source, the Starlight Contamination Degree (SCD) index, i.e. a quantity that allows for quick evaluation of the impact of the sources on the night sky, is calculated. The reflection of artificial light from different ground surfaces and its scattering in the atmosphere was included in the calculation of the SCD index. LED lamps with very low values of correlated color temperature (CCT) and color rendering index (CRI) were found to possibly have a similar or even smaller impact on astronomical observations than sodium discharge lamps. Moreover, professional astronomical observations are more affected by LED lamps than visual observations, even for lamps with the lowest CCT and CRI. Thus, additional measures (e.g. reducing lumen output) should be applied to protect observational conditions. The results of the study help to assess which LED lamps can be used, and which should be avoided in the protection zones around astronomical observing sites.},
 type={Article},
 title={Influence of replacing discharge lamps with LED sources in outdoor lighting installations on astronomical observations},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/129082/PDF-MASTER/BPASTS_2023_71_6_3574.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/bpasts.2023.147915},
 keywords={outdoor lighting, LED sources, light pollution, astronomical observations, Starlight Contamination Degree},
}