@ARTICLE{Maniowski_Michał_Spatial_2016,
 author={Maniowski, Michał and Czauderna, Tomasz},
 volume={vol. 63},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Archive of Mechanical Engineering},
 pages={5-23},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2016},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee on Machine Building},
 abstract={The paper presents kinematic characteristics of the double 4-link coupler system, used in actual powertrain of low-floor trams (NGT6-Kr). The spatial kinematic model of the couplings was formulated assuming ideal joints and rigid members. The constraints equations of the mechanism were solved iteratively and differentiated to obtain the Jacobian matrix. The mobility and singularity analysis of the coupler mechanism was performed on the basis of the Jacobian matrix. Kinematic characteristics of the single and double coupler system were analyzed for gross angular and linear axle displacements (misalignments), taking the advantage of the fully nonlinear model. The coupling system was evaluated based on criteria describing homokinetics, balancing and clearance demands, and angular displacements in the joints. These criteria were determined for different design parameters like: coupler proportions, platform shift and angle, middle shaft length.},
 type={Artykuły / Articles},
 title={Spatial kinematic analysis of double 4-link coupler used in low-floor tram powertrains},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/85082/PDF/ame-2016-0001.pdf},
 doi={10.1515/meceng-2016-0001},
 keywords={kinematic analysis, tram powertrain, coupling system},
}