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Title: Benefit Effect of Low Addition Yttrium on the Phase αMg and Eutectic αMg + γ(Mg17Al12) in AZ91 Alloy

Authors:

Mikusek, D. ; Rapiejko, C. ; Andrzejczak, A. ; Pacyniak, T.

Date:

2020.12.22

Type:

Article

Coverage:

57-63

Abstract:

This paper presents results of a study of the effect of inoculation of yttrium on the microstructure of AZ91 alloy. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in samples in the range from 0.1% up to 0.6%. The influence of Y on the thermal effects resulting from the phase transformations occurring during the crystallisation at different inoculant concentrations were examined with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). The microstructures of the samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope; and an image analysis with a statistical analysis were also carried out. Those analyses aimed at examining oh the effect of inoculation of the Y on the differences between the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg + γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters.

Identifier:

oai:journals.pan.pl:117788 ; DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.134759

Subject and keywords:

magnesium alloy AZ91 yttrium grain refining Solidification process Investment casting

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Last modified:

Jul 1, 2025

In our library since:

Sep 14, 2020

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https://journals.pan.pl/publication/134759

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8 Jul 1, 2025

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Crystallographic Orientation, Recrystallization, and Texture Development in AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Rods Fabricated by Continuous Rotary Extrusion (CRE)

M. Mitka W.Z. Misiołek K. Limanówka M. Lech-Grega R. Skrzyńska W. Szymański
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2025 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 1447–1452 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2025.155492
Keywords AZ91 magnesium alloy CRE EBSD Conform®
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Abstract

The magnesium alloy AZ91 is widely used in the aviation and automotive industries, where high mechanical properties combined with low density are required. Searching for new, advanced deformation methods in these industries is also essential. Therefore, the presented fundamental research is applied to the continuous rotary extrusion (CRE) process of AZ91 alloy, which is being introduced to industrial applications as a wrought alloy. In this process, magnesium alloy rods were continuously extruded using two types of dies, and their physical properties were examined and compared to rods extruded using the traditional direct extrusion (DE) method. The results indicate changes in the crystallographic orientation, texture, and degree of recrystallization of rods extruded in the CRE process to rods directly extruded from the AZ91 alloy. Significant changes in crystallographic orientation, surface texture, and crystallographic texture asymmetry for rods extruded with both types of CRE dies have been observed compared to the DE rods. The share of the recrystallized grain fraction for the CRE rods obtained using two kinds of dies was relatively uniform on the rod’s cross-section. In contrast, in the case of DE rods, the differences between the surface and the center of the rod were more visible. The obtained results indicate different local deformation conditions within the processed material.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Mitka
1
ORCID: ORCID
W.Z. Misiołek
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Limanówka
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Lech-Grega
1
R. Skrzyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Szymański
1
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network/Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals/Light Metals Center, Skawina, Poland
  2. Lehigh University/Loewy Institute, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Investigation of Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable AZ91 Alloy Produced by Cold Chamber High Pressure Casting Method

Levent Urtekin Recep Arslan Fatih Bozkurt Ümit Er
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 205-216 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.134777
Keywords die casting AZ91 magnesium alloy cold chamber high pressure casting method mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy wear of AZ91 alloy tribological properties of AZ91 alloy
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Abstract

In this study, AZ91 Magnesium alloy is produced by cold chamber high pressure die casting (HPDC) method. Different combinations of the cold chamber HPDC process parameters were selected as; in-mold pressure values of 1000 bar and 1200 bar, the gate speed of 30 m/s and 45 m/s, the casting temperatures of 640°C and 680°C. In addition, the test samples were produced by conventional casting method. Tensile test, hardness test, dry sliding wear test and microstructure analysis of samples were performed. The mechanical properties of the samples produced by the cold chamber HPDC and the conventional casting method were compared. Using these parameters; the casting temperature 680°C, in-mold pressure 1000 bar and the gate speed 30 m/s, the highest tensile strength and the hardness value were obtained. Since the cooling rate in the conventional casting method is slower than that of the cold chamber HPDC method, high mechanical properties are obtained by the formation of a fine-grained structure in the cold chamber HPDC method. In dry sliding wear tests, it was observed that there was a decrease in friction coefficient and less material loss with the increase of hardness values of the sample produced by the cold chamber HPDC method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Levent Urtekin
Recep Arslan
Fatih Bozkurt
Ümit Er

Evaluation of the Possibility to Improve the Scratch Resistance of the AZ91 Alloy by Applying a Coating

Marek Mróz Sylwia Olszewska Patryk Rąb
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 157-162 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146690
Keywords AZ91 magnesium alloy WCCoCr coating Microstructure Scratch test
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Abstract

This paper presents the possibility of improving the scratch resistance of the AZ91 magnesium alloy by applying a WCCoCr coating using the Air Plasma Spraying (APS) method. The coating thickness ranged from 140 to 160 m. Microstructural studies of the AZ91 magnesium alloy were performed. The chemical composition of the WCCoCr powder was investigated. The quality of the bond at the substrate–coating interface was assessed and a microanalysis of the chemical composition of the coating was conducted. The scratch resistance of the AZ91 alloy and the WCCoCr coating was determined. The scratch resistance of the WCCoCr powder-based coating is much higher than the AZ91 alloy, as confirmed by scratch geometry measurements. The scratch width in the coating was almost three times smaller compared to the scratch in the substrate. Observations of the substrate–coating interface in the scratch area indicate no discontinuities. The absence of microcracks and delamination at the transition of the scratch from the substrate to the coating indicates good adhesion. On the basis of the study, it was found that there was great potential to use the WCCoCr powder coating to improve the abrasion resistance of castings made from the AZ91 alloy.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mróz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwia Olszewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patryk Rąb
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Optimization of Output Responses during EDM of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy using Grey Relational Analysis and TOPSIS

A. Tajdeen A. Megalingam
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1105-1113 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136430
Keywords AZ91 magnesium alloy EDM TOPSIS GRA ANOVA
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Tajdeen
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Megalingam
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyamangalam, Erode-638401, Tamil Nadu, India

Scratch Test Studies on the Connection of Al2O3+40%TiO2 Coating with AZ91 Alloy Casting

S. Olszewska M. Mróz
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2025 | vol. 25 | No 3 | 47-52 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155353
Keywords AZ91 magnesium alloy Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating Scratch test
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of scratch tests on the connection of the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating with the AZ91 alloy casting. The Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating was applied to the AZ91 alloy casting using the APS (Atmospheric Plasma Spraying) method. Microstructure studies and chemical composition analysis of the substrate material and the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating were conducted. The analysis of the coating to substrate connection was based on microstructure examinations before and after the scratch test. The scratch was made in the direction from the substrate to the coating. In the scratch test, the depth and width of the scratch were determined. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has a very good quality connection with the AZ91 alloy substrate. The obtained lower values of the geometric parameters of the scratch (width and depth) for the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating, compared to the AZ91 alloy substrate, indicate the potential use of the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating to improve the scratch resistance of elements and machine parts made of the AZ91 alloy. The effect of the indenter's intervention during scratching is the degradation of the microstructure of the AZ91 alloy and the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating. In this process, cracking plays the main role. In the case of the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating, the effect of the indenter's action is a network of microcracks, while in the microstructure of the AZ91 alloy, cracks appeared in large precipitates of the γ-Mg17(Al, Zn)12 phase.
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Bibliography

Lai, L., Wu, H., Mao, G., Li, Z., Zhang, L. & Liu, Q. (2022). Microstructure and corrosion resistance of two-dimensional TiO2/MoS2 hydrophobic coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy. Coatings. 12(10), 1488, 1-12. DOI: 10.3390/coatings12101488. Xi, B., Fang, G. & Xu, S. (2018). Multiscale mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of extruded magnesium alloy sheets: experimental and crystal plasticity analysis. Materials Characterization. 135, 115-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2017.11.034. Yang, Y., Xiong, X., Chen, J., Peng, X., Chen, D. & Pan, F. (2021). Research advances in magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide in 2020. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 9(3), 705-747. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.04.001. Wang G.G. & Weiler J.P. (2023). Recent developments in high pressure die-cast magnesium alloys for automotive and future applications. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 11(1), 78-87. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.10.001. Liu B., Yang J., Zhang X., Yang Q., Zhang J., & Li X. (2022). Development and application of magnesium alloy parts for automotive OEMs: A review. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 11(1), 15-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2022.12.015. Sun, H. & Ma, S. (2016). Microstructural characteristics and protection performances of plasma-sprayed Al2O3–Al composite coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials. 23(5), 467-474. DOI: 10.1515/secm-2014-0151. Xin, Y., Huo, K., Hu, T., Tang, G. & Chu, P.K. (2009). Mechanical properties of Al2O3/Al bi-layer coated AZ91 magnesium alloy. Thin Solid Films. 517(17), 5357-5360. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.101. Chang, S.H., Niu, L., Su, Y., Wang, W., Tong, X. & Li, G. (2016). Effect of the pretreatment of silicone penetrant on the performance of the chromium-free chemfilm coated on AZ91D magnesium alloys. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 171, 312-317. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.01.022. Liu, C., Liang, J., Zhou, J., Wang, L. & Li, Q. (2015). Effect of laser surface melting on microstructure and corrosion characteristics of AM60B magnesium alloy. Applied Surface Science. 343, 133-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.067. Basha, G.M.T., Srikanth, A. & Venkateshwarlu, B. (2020). A critical review on nano structured coatings for alumina-titania (Al2O3-TiO2) deposited by air plasma spraying process (APS). Materials Today: Proceedings. 22(4), 1554-1562. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.117. Michalak, M., Łatka, L., Sokołowski, P. & Ambroziak, A. (2019). Investigations of microstructure and selected mechanical properties of Al2O3+ 40 wt.% TiO2 coatings deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS). Welding Technology Review. 91(8), 7-11. DOI: 10.26628/wtr.v91i8.1068. Ahmed, I. & Abdel Salam, H. (2011). Microstructure, corrosion, and fatigue properties of alumina-titania nanostructured coatings. Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology. 1(3), 101-106. DOI: 10.4236/jsemat.2011.13015. Łatka, L., Niemiec, A., Michalak, M. & Sokołowski, P. (2019). Tribological properties of Al2O3+TiO2 coatings manufactured by plasma spraying. Tribologia. 283(1), 19-24. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.1431. Çelik, İ. (2016). Structure and surface properties of Al2O3–TiO2 ceramic coated AZ31 magnesium alloy. Ceramics International. 42(12), 13659-13663. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.05.162. Bayram, T., Karabaş, M. & Kayalı, Y. (2023). Deposition and study of plasma sprayed Al2O3-TiO2 coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy. European Mechanical Science. 7(1), 35-40. DOI: 10.26701/ems.1175394. Yılmaz, R., Kurt, A.O., Demir, A. & Tatlı, Z. (2007). Effects of TiO2 on the mechanical properties of the Al2O3–TiO2 plasma sprayed coating. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 27(2-3), 1319-1323. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.099. Toma, F.L., Stahr, C.C., Berger, L.M., Saaro, S., Herrmann, M., Deska, D. & Michael, G. (2010). Corrosion resistance of APS-and HVOF-sprayed coatings in the Al2O3-TiO2 Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. 19, 137-147. DOI: 10.1007/s11666-009-9422-2. Habib, K.A., Saura, J.J., Ferrer, C., Damra, M.S., Giménez, E. & Cabedo, L. (2006). Comparison of flame sprayed Al2O3/TiO2 coatings: Their microstructure, mechanical properties and tribology behavior. Surface and Coatings Technology. 201(3-4), 1436-1443. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.02.011. Grimm, M., Conze, S., Berger, L.M., Paczkowski, G., Lindner, T. & Lampke, T. (2020). Microstructure and sliding wear resistance of plasma sprayed Al2O3-Cr2O3-TiO2 ternary coatings from blends of single oxides. Coatings. 10(1), 42, 1-12. DOI: 10.3390/coatings10010042.  
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Olszewska
1
M. Mróz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Effect of Inoculant Emgesal® Flux 5 on the Microstructure of Magnesium Alloy AZ91

C. Rapiejko D. Mikusek A. Andrzejczak T. Pacyniak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2019 | vol. 19 | No 2 | 15-20 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.127109
Keywords Metallography solidification process Magnesium alloys Emgesal® Flux 5 DTA process
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Abstract

This work presents the results of the research of the effect of the inoculant Emgesal Flux 5 on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy AZ91. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in samples in the range from 0.1% to 0.6%. The thermal processes were examined with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). During the examination, the DTA samplers were preheated up to 180 °C. A particular attention was paid to finding the optimum amount of inoculant, which would cause fragmentation of the microstructure. The concentration of each element was verified by means of a spark spectrometer. In addition, the microstructures of the samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope, and an image analysis with a statistical analysis using the NIS–Elements program were carried out. Those analyses aimed at examining the differences between the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared samples as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters. This paper is an introduction to a further research of grain refinement in magnesium alloys, especially AZ91. Another purpose of this research is to achieve better microstructure fragmentation of magnesium alloys without the related changes of the chemical composition, which should improve the mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko
D. Mikusek
A. Andrzejczak
T. Pacyniak

Effect of Mischmetal on the Microstructure of the Magnesium Alloy AZ91

D. Mikusek C. Rapiejko D. Walisiak T. Pacyniak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2019 | vol. 19 | No 4 | 45-50 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.129628
Keywords Metallography Solidification process Magnesium alloys Mischmetal DTA process
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Abstract

In this paper is discussed the effect of the inoculant mischmetal addition on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy AZ91. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in the samples within the range from 0.1% up to 0.6%. The thermal process was performed with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). A particular attention was paid to finding the optimal amount of the inoculant, which causes fragmentation of the microstructure. The concentration of each element was verified with use of a spark spectrometer. In addition, the microstructures of every samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope and also was performed an image analysis with a statistical analysis using the NIS–Elements program. The point of those analyses was to examine the differences in the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared samples as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters. This paper is the second part of the introduction into a bigger research on grain refinement of magnesium alloys, especially AZ91. Another purpose of this research is to achieve better microstructure fragmentation of magnesium alloys without the relevant changes of the chemical composition, which should improve the mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Mikusek
C. Rapiejko
ORCID: ORCID
D. Walisiak
T. Pacyniak
ORCID: ORCID

Effect of Gadolinium on the Microstructure of Magnesium Alloy AZ91

C. Rapiejko D. Mikusek P. Just T. Pacyniak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1 | 31-36 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136075
Keywords Metallography Solidification process Magnesium alloys Gadolinium DTA process
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research related to the possibility of inoculation of the AZ91 magnesium alloy casted into ceramic moulds by gadolinium. Effects of gadolinium content (0.1–0.6 wt%) on microstructure of the AZ91 alloy under as-cast state were investigated. The influence of the inoculator on the formation of the microstructure investigated by means of the thermal and derivative analysis by analysing the thermal effects arising during the alloy crystallization resulting from the phases formed. The degree of fragmentation of the microstructure of the tested alloys was assessed by means of the light microscopy studies and an image analysis with statistical analysis was performed. Conducted analyses have aimed at examining on the effect of inoculation of the gadolinium on the differences between the grain diameters and average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters of all phases, preliminary αMg and eutectics αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material.
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[1] Wang, Y.N. & Huang, J.C. (2007). The role of twinning and untwining in yielding behavior in hot-extruded Mg-Al-Zn. Alloy Acta Materialia. 55(3), 897-905. DOI: 10.1016/ j.actamat.2006.09.010. [2] Yu, Zhang et. al (2017). Effects of samarium addition on as-cast microstructure, grain fragmentation and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.4Zr magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 167(1), 31-33. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(17)60939-6. [3] Cao, F.Y, Song, G.L. & Atrens, A. (2016). Corrosion and passivation of magnesium alloys. Corrosion Science, 111(10), 835-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.041. [4] Mao, X., Yi, Y., Huang, S. & He, H. (2019). Bulging limit of AZ31B magnesium alloy tubes in hydroforming with internal and external pressure. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 101, 2509-2517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3076-5. [5] Władysiak, R. & Kozuń, A. (2015). Structure of AlSi20 alloy in heat treated die casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering.15(1), 113-118. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0021. [6] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B. & Pacyniak, T. (2017). Effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with a chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(4), 2199-2204. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0324. [7] Zhao, H.L., Guan, S.K. & Zheng, F.Y. (2007). Effects of Sr and B addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Journal of Materials Research. 22, 2423-2428. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2007.0331. [8] Bonnah, R.C., Fu, Y. & Hao, H. (2019). Microstructure and mechanical properties ofAZ91 magnesium alloy with minor additions of Sm, Si and Ca elements. China Foundry. 16(5), 319-325. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-019-9067-9. [9] Jafari, H. & Amiryavari, P. (2016). The effects of zirconium and beryllium on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of as-cast AZ63 alloy. Materials Science & Engineering A. 654, 161-168 DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.034. [10] Boby, A., Ravikumar, K.K., Pillai, U.T.S. & Pai, B.C. (2013). Effect of antimony and yttrium addition on the high temperature properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Procedia Engineering 55. 355(5), 98-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng. 2013.03.226. [11] Huang, W., Yang, X., Mukai, T. & Sakai, T. (2019). Effect of yttrium addition on the hot deformation behaviors and microstructure development of magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 786, 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jallcom.2019.01.269. [12] Pourbahari, B., Mirzadeh, H., Emamy, M. & Roumina, R. (2018). Enhanced ductility of afine-grained Mg-Gd-Al-Zn magnesium alloy by hot extrusion. Advanced Engineering Materials. 20, 1701171. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201701171. [13] Tardif, S., Tremblay, R. & Dubé, D. (2010). Influence of cerium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA104 and ZA104 + 0.3Ca magnesium alloys. Material Science and Engineering A. 527, 7519-7529. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.082. [14] Wang, X.J. et al. (2018). What is going on in magnesium alloys? Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 34(2), 245-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.07.019. [15] Nan, J. et. al (2016) Effect of neodymium, gadolinium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 34(6), 632-637. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(16)60072-8. [16] Miao, Y., Yaohui, L., Jiaan, L. & Yulai, S. (2014). Corrosion and mechanical properties of AM50 magnesium alloy after being modified by 1 wt.% rare earth element gadolinium. Journal of Rare Earth. 723, 558-563. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60108-3. [17] Mingbo, Y., Caiyuan, Q., Fusheng, P. & Tao, Z. (2011). Comparison of effects of cerium, yttrium and gadolinium additions on as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 29(6), 550-557. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60496-6. [18] Sumida, M., Jung, S. & Okane, T. (2009). Microstructure, solute partitioning and material properties of gadolinium-doped magnesium alloy AZ91D. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 475. 903-910. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom. 2008.08.067/ [19] Pietrowski, S. & Rapiejko, C. (2011). Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 177-186. [20] PN-EN 1753:2001. Magnesium and magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloy ingots and castings. [21] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B, Czekaj, E. & Pacyniak, T. (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallisation in ceramic moulds by thermal derivative analisys (TDA). Archive of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(4) DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.
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Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Mikusek
1
P. Just
1
T. Pacyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, ul. Stefanowskiego 1, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Citation

Citation style: [1] Wang, Y.N. & Huang, J.C. (2007). The role of twinning and untwining in yielding behavior in hot-extruded Mg-Al-Zn. Alloy Acta Materialia. 55(3), 897-905. DOI: 10.1016/ j.actamat.2006.09.010. [2] Yu, Zhang et. al (2017). Effects of samarium addition on as-cast microstructure, grain fragmentation and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.4Zr magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 167(1), 31-33. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(17)60939-6. [3] Cao, F.Y, Song, G.L. & Atrens, A. (2016). Corrosion and passivation of magnesium alloys. Corrosion Science, 111(10), 835-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.041. [4] Mao, X., Yi, Y., Huang, S. & He, H. (2019). Bulging limit of AZ31B magnesium alloy tubes in hydroforming with internal and external pressure. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 101, 2509-2517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3076-5. [5] Władysiak, R. & Kozuń, A. (2015). Structure of AlSi20 alloy in heat treated die casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering.15(1), 113-118. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0021. [6] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B. & Pacyniak, T. (2017). Effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with a chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(4), 2199-2204. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0324. [7] Zhao, H.L., Guan, S.K. & Zheng, F.Y. (2007). Effects of Sr and B addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Journal of Materials Research. 22, 2423-2428. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2007.0331. [8] Bonnah, R.C., Fu, Y. & Hao, H. (2019). Microstructure and mechanical properties ofAZ91 magnesium alloy with minor additions of Sm, Si and Ca elements. China Foundry. 16(5), 319-325. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-019-9067-9. [9] Jafari, H. & Amiryavari, P. (2016). The effects of zirconium and beryllium on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of as-cast AZ63 alloy. Materials Science & Engineering A. 654, 161-168 DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.034. [10] Boby, A., Ravikumar, K.K., Pillai, U.T.S. & Pai, B.C. (2013). Effect of antimony and yttrium addition on the high temperature properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Procedia Engineering 55. 355(5), 98-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng. 2013.03.226. [11] Huang, W., Yang, X., Mukai, T. & Sakai, T. (2019). Effect of yttrium addition on the hot deformation behaviors and microstructure development of magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 786, 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jallcom.2019.01.269. [12] Pourbahari, B., Mirzadeh, H., Emamy, M. & Roumina, R. (2018). Enhanced ductility of afine-grained Mg-Gd-Al-Zn magnesium alloy by hot extrusion. Advanced Engineering Materials. 20, 1701171. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201701171. [13] Tardif, S., Tremblay, R. & Dubé, D. (2010). Influence of cerium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA104 and ZA104 + 0.3Ca magnesium alloys. Material Science and Engineering A. 527, 7519-7529. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.082. [14] Wang, X.J. et al. (2018). What is going on in magnesium alloys? Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 34(2), 245-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.07.019. [15] Nan, J. et. al (2016) Effect of neodymium, gadolinium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 34(6), 632-637. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(16)60072-8. [16] Miao, Y., Yaohui, L., Jiaan, L. & Yulai, S. (2014). Corrosion and mechanical properties of AM50 magnesium alloy after being modified by 1 wt.% rare earth element gadolinium. Journal of Rare Earth. 723, 558-563. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60108-3. [17] Mingbo, Y., Caiyuan, Q., Fusheng, P. & Tao, Z. (2011). Comparison of effects of cerium, yttrium and gadolinium additions on as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 29(6), 550-557. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60496-6. [18] Sumida, M., Jung, S. & Okane, T. (2009). Microstructure, solute partitioning and material properties of gadolinium-doped magnesium alloy AZ91D. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 475. 903-910. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom. 2008.08.067/ [19] Pietrowski, S. & Rapiejko, C. (2011). Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 177-186. [20] PN-EN 1753:2001. Magnesium and magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloy ingots and castings. [21] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B, Czekaj, E. & Pacyniak, T. (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallisation in ceramic moulds by thermal derivative analisys (TDA). Archive of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(4) DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.

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