Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Zawartość

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 1

Abstrakt

Small-signal transmittances of the power stage of a flyback converter in continuous conduction mode are derived on the averaged model obtained by the separation of variables approach. The precise knowledge of these transmittances is necessary in the design process of the converter control circuit. Apart from mathematical formulas for transmittances, the numerical calculations of the frequency dependencies of the transmittances for the assumed set of the converter parameters are presented with the parasitic resistances of components taken into account. The results of the calculations are compared with the measurements performed on the laboratory model of the converter and a good consistency is observed. It is concluded, that the results of the paper may be useful in the designing process of a control circuit of the flyback converter.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maciej Bączek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Włodzimierz Janke
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Kraśniewski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Koszalin University of Technology 2 Sniadeckich Street, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland

Abstrakt

This paper proposes a method for compensation of dead-time effects for a fivephase inverter. In the proposed method an additional control subsystem was added to the field-oriented control (FOC) scheme in the coordinate system mapped to the third harmonic. The additional control loop operates in the fixed, orthogonal reference frame ( α - β coordinates) without the need for additional Park transformations. The purpose of this method is to minimize the dead-time effects by third harmonic injection in two modes of operation of the FOC control system: with sinusoidal supply and with trapezoidal supply. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified experimentally on a laboratory setup with a prototype five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM). All experimental results were presented and discussed in the following paper.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Łuksza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dmytro Kondratenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Lewicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology 11/12 Narutowicza str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

Abstrakt

The article presents selected static characteristics of a parallel active filter with voltage control in the supply line (VPAPF – Voltage-controlled Active Power Filter) as a function of parameters of the supply network. The tests were done on the basis of a simulation model of the supply network and an appropriate compensator. The test results showed that VPAPFs are most suitable for operation in weak networks, maintaining an almost constant level of voltage distortion, regardless of the value of the network impedance. In addition, the influence of the parameter G corresponding to the conductance value suppressing higher harmonics of the network voltage on the operation of the active power filter was determined.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Grugel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Mućko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz

Abstrakt

Electromagnetic processing of molten copper is provided in a special kind of electrical furnace called an induction furnace with a cold crucible (IFCC), making it possible to successfully remove impurities from the workpiece. In order to analyze the process in a sufficient way not only electromagnetic, thermal and flow but also metallurgical and mass transfer phenomena in the coupled formulation should be taken into consideration. The paper points to an analysis of the kinetic process of lead evaporation from molten copper. It was shown that mass transport in the gas phase determines the rate of the analyzed evaporation process. The possibility of removal of lead from molten copper is analyzed and described.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Albert Smalcerz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek Blacha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Barglik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ivo Dolezel
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Wieczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia Univerzitní 26, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic

Abstrakt

Soft-switching technologies can effectively solve the problem of switching losses caused by increasing switching frequency of grid-connected inverters. As a branch of soft-switching technologies, load-side resonant soft-switching is a hotspot for applications of high-frequency inverters, because it has the advantage of achieving soft-switching without using additional components. However, the traditional PI control strategy based on the linear model is prone to destabilization and non-robust dynamic performance when large signal perturbation occurs. In this paper, a novel Passivity-Based Control (PBC) method is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of load-side resonant soft-switching grid-connected inverter. Besides, the model based on the Port Controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) model of the soft switching inverter is carried out, and the passivity-based controller is designed based on the established model using the way of interconnection and damping assignmentpassivity based control (IDA-PBC). Both stable performance and dynamic performance of the load-side resonant soft-switching inverter can be improved over the whole operating range. Finally, a 750 W load-side resonant soft-switching inverter simulation model is built and the output performance is compared with the traditional PI control strategy under stable and dynamic conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy reduces the harmonic distortion rate and improves the quality of the output waveforms.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yajing Zhang
1
Huanchen Zhang
1
Jianguo Li
1
Jiuhe Wang
1

  1. School of Automation, Beijing Information Science & Technology University No.12 Qinghe Xiaoying East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China

Abstrakt

In conventional finite element simulations, foil windings with thin foils and with a large number of turns require many mesh elements. This renders models quickly computationally infeasible. This paper uses a homogenized foil winding model and approximates the voltage distribution in the foil winding domain by globally supported polynomials. This way, the small-scale structure in the foil winding domain does not have to be resolved by the finite element mesh. The method is validated successfully for a stand-alone foil winding example and for a pot inductor example. Moreover, a transformer equipped with a foil winding at its primary side is simulated using a field-circuit coupled model.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jonas Bundschuh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yvonne Späck-Leigsnering
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Herbert De Gersem
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute for Accelerator Science and Electromagnetic Fields (TEMF) Technical University of Darmstadt Schloßgartenstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
  2. Graduate School of Excellence Computational Engineering Technical University of Darmstadt Dolivostraße 15, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany

Abstrakt

Accurate temperature prediction is vital for the canned permanent magnet synchronous motor (CPMSM) used in the vacuum pump, as it experiences severe heating. In this paper, a novel motor temperature calculation method is proposed, which takes into account the temperature impact on the heat transfer capacity. In contrast to existing electromagnetic-thermal coupled calculation methods, which solely address the temperature effect on the motor electromagnetic field, the proposed method comprehensively considers its impact on motor losses, permanent magnet magnetic properties, thermal conductivity, and heat dissipation ability of motor components, resulting in a motor temperature simulation that closely resembles the actual physical process. To verify the reliability of the proposed temperature calculation method, a 1.5 kW CPMSM was chosen as the research subject. The method was used to analyze the temperature distribution characteristics of the motor and assess the impact of ambient temperature on motor temperature rise. Furthermore, a prototype was fabricated, and an experimental platform was established to test the motor temperature. The results demonstrate good agreement between the calculated results obtained using the proposed method and the experimental data. This research not only provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing the design of the CPMSM but also provides valuable insights into its operational safety and reliability.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ming Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuxian Lun
1
Haiqi Mu
1
Wei Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Control Science and Engineering, Bohai University No.19, Keji Road, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China

Abstrakt

The LLC resonant converter is a widely used DC/DC converter that offers the benefit of enabling soft switching compared to classical DC/DC converters. However, traditional PI control strategy based on a linear model has drawbacks such as slow dynamic response and poor anti-interference performance. To overcome the shortage, a passivitybased control strategy based on the Euler–Lagrange (EL) model is proposed in this paper to improve the dynamic performance of the half-bridge LLC resonant converter. In addition, the stability of the system based on the proposed strategy is analyzed and verified. Further, the effectiveness and performance of the proposed strategy is verified in the simulation by comparing with the traditional PI controller. Finally, a prototype was built to verify the dynamic performance of the LLC resonant converter based on the proposed control strategy.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yajing Zhang
1
Weihao Liang
1
Xiuteng Wang
2
Lifen Li
3

  1. School of Automation, Beijing Information Science & Technology University No. 12 Qinghe Xiaoying East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
  2. Branch of Resource and Environment, China National Institute of Standardization No. 4 Zhi Chun Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
  3. School of Information Science and Technology, Yanching Institute of Technology No. 808 Yingbin Road, National High-tech Industrial Development Zone Dongyanjiao, Beijing, Hebei, China

Abstrakt

Aiming to address power consumption issues of various equipment in metro stations and the inefficiency of peak shaving and valley filling in the power supply system, this study presents an economic optimization scheduling method for the multi-modal “source-network-load-storage” system in metro stations. The proposed method, called the Improved Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm (IGWO), utilizes objective evaluation criteria to achieve economic optimization. First, construct a mathematical model of the “sourcenetwork- load-storage” joint system with the metro station at its core. This model should consider the electricity consumption within the station. Secondly, a two-layer optimal scheduling model is established, with the upper model aiming to optimize peak elimination and valley filling, and the lower model aiming to minimize electricity consumption costs within a scheduling cycle. Finally, this paper introduces the IGWO optimization approach, which utilizes meta-models and the Improved Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm to address the nonlinearity and computational complexity of the two-layer model. The analysis shows that the proposed model and algorithm can improve the solution speed and minimize the cost of electricity used by about 5.5% to 8.7% on the one hand, and on the other hand, it improves the solution accuracy, and at the same time effectively realizes the peak shaving and valley filling, which provides a proof of the effectiveness and feasibility of the new method.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jingjing Tian
1
Yu Qian
1
Feng Zhao
1 2
Shenglin Mo
1
Huaxuan Xiao
1
Xiaotong Zhu
1
Guangdi Liu
1

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou, China
  2. Key Laboratory of Opto-Technology and Intelligent Control Ministry of Education Lanzhou, China

Abstrakt

The article presents selected results of research on improving pedestrian traffic safety. Based on annually-updated accident statistics made available by the police, as well as the new pedestrian traffic regulations in force, detailed work was undertaken to assess the level of visibility of pedestrians by drivers in pedestrian crossing areas. The research was carried out by analyzing several characteristic cases of pedestrian crossings occurring in Poland, in which there was only dedicated lighting for crossings, only street lighting, and a variant of coexistence of both of the above lighting solutions. Illuminance measurements were made in the horizontal and vertical planes of pedestrian crossings, and the results were confronted with the relevant guidelines. The next step involved a complementary measurement of the luminance distribution of the vertical plane containing the pedestrian and a portion of the sub- and super-horizontal background. Visibility pedestrians was considered in positive and negative contrast variants, and was then related to the obtained results of the illumination distribution. The analysis of the results of the study indicated the possibility of limited visibility of pedestrians at the crossings despite the satisfactory results obtained from measurements of the illuminance distribution within the crossings.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sebastian Różowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Baran
2
ORCID: ORCID
Antoni Różowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Leśko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Lubomír Beňa
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automatic Control Kielce University of Technology Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
  2. Department of Power Electronics and Power Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology Wincentego Pola 2, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
  3. Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (FEI) Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, Kosice, 040 01, Slovakia

Abstrakt

In recent years, fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (FSCW PMSMs) have become a hotspot in the research field. Due to the unique inductance characteristics of the FSCW PMSM, a fast and accurate calculation of the d/q-axis inductance and saliency ratio is necessary. In this paper, a method is proposed to calculate the d/q-axis reactance of the FSCW SPMSM, which constructs the equivalent magnetic circuit model of the d/q-axis armature reaction flux separately, and the saliency ratio characteristics of the FSCW SPMSM were demonstrated. In addition, to meet the high requirements of the modern industries, especially in servo systems, accurate consideration of the effect of stator resistance on torque and electromagnetic performance is important and more applicable. According to the relationship between the vector parameter, the explicit expression of the d/q-axis currents that consider the stator resistance is obtained, and the prediction of load angle at maximum electromagnetic torque is achieved. Then, combined with the finite element method, the influence mechanism of stator resistance on the motor steady-state performance is revealed. Finally, the experimental data are compared with the calculation data, and the correctness of the models and analysis was verified.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hongbo Qiu
1
Dong Wang
1
Cunxiang Yang
1
Kun Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou, Henan, China

Abstrakt

New methods for identifying the material properties of planar objects as a result of measurements by the eddy current method are proposed. The methods are based on the latest surrogate strategies and advanced optimization techniques that improve efficiency and reduce resource consumption of problem solutions, and balance computational complexity with the accuracy of the results. High-performance metamodels for global surrogate optimization are based on deep truly meaningful fully connected neural networks, serving as an additional function of accumulating apriori information about objects. High accuracy of the approximation of the multidimensional response surface, which is determined by the “exact” electrodynamic model of the testing process, is ensured by performing calculations according to the computer design of a homogeneous experiment with a low weighted symmetric centered discrepancy. The results of numerical experiments performed for full and reduced dimensional search spaces, which can be obtained by linear transformations using the principal component method, are presented. The verification of the methods proved their sufficiently high accuracy and computational performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Volodymyr Y. Halchenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruslana Trembovetska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Tychkov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nataliia Tychkova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instrumentation, Mechatronics and Computer Technologies Department Cherkasy State Technological University Blvd. Shevchenka, 460, 18006, Cherkasy, Ukraine

Abstrakt

The combination of permanent magnets and electrically excited windings creates an air gap magnetic field. The development of a hybrid magnetic circuit motor with an adjustable magnetic field is of great significance. This article introduces a hybrid magnetic circuit motor design that combines salient pole electromagnetic and permanent magnets. A tubular magnetic barrier has been designed to reduce inter-pole leakage and enhance the usage rate of permanent magnets in the hybrid magnetic circuit motor. The optimum eccentricity of the rotor has been accurately designed, resulting in an improved sinusoidal distribution of the air gap magnetic density waveform. An analysis of the static composite magnetic field under various excitation currents has been conducted, showcasing the capability of the hybrid magnetic circuit motor to stably adjust the air gap flux density level and output torque. A prototype has undergone comprehensive trial production and testing, conclusively confirming the machine’s superior output performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mingling Gao
1
Shilong Yan
1
Chenglong Yu
2
Wenjing Hu
1
Huihui Geng
1
Hongbin Yin
1
Mingjun Xu
1
Yufeng Zhang
1

  1. Shandong University of Technology 266 Xincun West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
  2. Zibo Yongtai Motor Co., Ltd Zichuan District, Zibo, Shandong, China

Abstrakt

In order to achieve energy savings and promote on-site integration of photovoltaic energy in electrified railways, a topology structure is proposed for the integration of photovoltaic (PV) and the energy storage system (ESS) into the traction power supply system (TPSS) based on a railway power conditioner (RPC). This paper analyzes the composition and operation principles of this structure. To assess the economic benefits brought by the integration of photovoltaic and energy storage systems, a bilevel optimization model is established, with the objectives of optimizing energy storage capacity configuration and photovoltaic energy integration. The KKT (Karush–Kuhn–Tucker) method is employed to transform the model into a single-layer mixed-integer linear programming model, which is then solved using the CPLEX solver in MATLAB. The research findings indicate that, with the configuration of the ESS, the optimal PV consumption rate achieved is 96.8749%. Compared to a 100% PV consumption rate, the ESS capacity configuration is reduced by 13.14%, and the overall operational cost of the TPSS is at its lowest. The study suggests that the proposed bilevel optimization algorithm can more effectively consider PV consumption, leading to enhanced economic performance of the TPSS operation.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wei Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaoqiang Chen
1
Ying Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou,730070 China

Abstrakt

To explore the influence of surface energy on the contamination characteristics of insulators, COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to simulate the contamination characteristics of XWP 2-160 insulators under wind tunnel conditions, and the rationality of the modified expression of the dynamic deposition model of the contaminated particles was verified. The change of contamination characteristics before and after changing the surface energy of insulators under natural conditions was simulated and analyzed. The results show that under the original surface energy (72 mJ/m 2) and low surface energy (6.7 mJ/m 2) with the increase in particle size, the contamination amount of an insulator surface area decreases first and then increases. When the wind speed is 2 m/s, the change in the particle size has the most pronounced effect on the amount of contamination. The amounts of contamination for the low surface energy are 64–75%, 60–95%, 55–91% and 54–78% lower than those for the original surface energy for particle sizes of 10, 15, 20 and 25 μm, respectively. For the same wind speed, when the size of contamination particles increases, the difference between the ratio of DC and AC contamination accumulation is gradually increasing because of the influence of the electric field force. From the perspective of the insulator preparation process, the development of low surface energy insulators can improve their anti-fouling performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yukun Lv
1
Qian Wang
1
Zeze Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jiawen Wang
1

  1. Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University

Abstrakt

This study introduces a robust strategy for regulating output voltage in the presence of false data injection (FDI) attacks. Employing a hierarchical approach, we disentangle the distributed secondary control problem into two distinct facets: an observer-based resilient tracking control problem and a decentralized control problem tailored for real systems. Notably, our strategy eliminates the reliance on global information and effectively mitigates the impact of FDI attacks on directed communication networks. Ultimately, simulation results corroborate the efficacy of our approach, demonstrating successful voltage regulation within the system and proficient management of FDI attacks.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Rongqiang Guan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jing Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siyuan Fan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tianyi Sun
2
ORCID: ORCID
Peng Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Han Gao
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, 130000, China
  2. Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132000, China

Instrukcja dla autorów

ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

Manuscript submission:

All manuscripts should be submitted electronically on Editorial System.

Submission of paper to the Archives of Electrical Engineering is understood to imply that the article is original, unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All articles will be reviewed. Since 2013, Authors wishing to use the facility of colour printing should consult the editors.

Template:

Microsoft Word is recommended as a standard word processor to prepare the paper to the AEE journal. If you use the LaTex format, please transfer your document to Microsoft Word and then use Template AEE.

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The articles that don’t conform to the above will not be processed and published.

The reviewing process:

Each paper submitted for publication in Archives of Electrical Engineering is subjected to the following review procedure:

a) the paper is reviewed by the editor in chief or guest editor for general suitability for publication in AEE

b) if it is judged suitable two reviewers are selected and a double blind peer review process takes place

c) based on the recommendations of the reviewers, the editor then decides whether the paper should be accepted in its present form, revised or rejected

d) the author(s) is(are) informed by e-mail on the results of the reviewing procedure.

The papers are published on average within 3 months after acceptance.

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The manuscript submitted for publication should have no less than 12 pages and no more than 16 pages. In the case of the manuscript longer than 16 pages, please contact the AEE Editorial Board before submitting your paper. The manuscripts, written in UK English, should be typed using Template AEE according to the following instructions and should include: a title page with the title of a manuscript, a short title; abstract; key words, text; list of references. A DOI number as well as received and revised data will be completed by Editor. When you open Template.doc, select "Print Layout" from the "View" menu in the menu bar (View > Print Layout). Then type over sections of Template.doc or cut and paste from another document and then use markup styles (Home > Styles). For example, the style at this point in the document is "main text").

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The manuscripts are published on average within 3 months after their acceptance.

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Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. Use 9 point Times New Roman for the title of the table and 9 point Times New Roman for the filling of the table (9 in the case of symbols with subscripts).

AEE journal allows an author to publish color figures in e-version at no charge, and automatically convert them to grayscale for print versions. Authors wishing to use the facility of color printing should consult the editors.

Conclusions:

A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the manuscript, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion.

References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

Please provide name(s) and initials of author(s), the title of the manuscript, editors (if any), the title of the journal or book, a volume number, the page range, and finally the year of publication in brackets.

You can use the rules presented on the site: IEEE standard.

Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

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The fee for the publication of an article in the AEE journal is 200 Euro.

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