Title

Thermal management of electrical machines for propulsion – challenges and future trends

Journal title

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Yearbook

2022

Volume

vol. 71

Issue

No 1

Affiliation

Wrobel, Rafal : Newcastle University, United Kingdom

Authors

Wrobel, Rafal

Keywords

future technology trends ; high specific output electrical machines ; new manufacturing techniques and materials ; thermal management

Divisions of PAS

Nauki Techniczne

Coverage

175-187

Publisher

Polish Academy of Sciences

Bibliography

[1] GOV UK, UK becomes first major economy to pass net zero emission law, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-becomes-first-major-economy-to-pass-net-zero-emissionslaw, accessed October 2021.
[2] EPA GOV, Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data, available at: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data, accessed October 2021.
[3] APC UK, The Roadmap Report, Towards 2040: A Guide to Automotive Propulsion Technologies, Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) UK, pp. 1–136 (2018).
[4] ATI UK, Insight – Electrical Power Systems, Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI), pp. 1–16 (2018).
[5] Del Rosario R., A Future with Hybrid Propulsion Systems: A NASA Perspective, Turbine Engine Technology Symposium, Strategic Vision Workshop, Dayton, OH, USA, pp. 1–21 (2014).
[6] El-Refaie A., Osama M., High Specific Power Electrical Machines, CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 88–9 (2017), DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2019.00012.
[7] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Boglietti A., Cavagnino A., Hawkins D., Goss J., Modern Heat Extraction Systems for Power Traction Machines, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 2167–2175 (2016), DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2016.2518132.
[8] Gai Y., Kimiabeigi M., Chong Y.C., Widmer J.D., Deng X., Popescu M., Goss J., Staton D.A., Steven A., Cooling of Automotive Traction Motors: Schemes, Examples, and Computational Methods, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1681–1692 (2019), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2835397.
[9] Yang Y., Bilgin B., Kasprzak M., Nalakath S., Sadek H., Preindl M., Cotton J., Schofield N., Emadi A., Thermal Management of Electric Machines, IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 104–116 (2017), DOI: 10.1049/iet-est.2015.0050.
[10] Bennion K., Electric Motor Thermal Management, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review, pp. 1-28 (2011).
[11] Lambourne A., Opportunities and Challenges of ALM in Electrical Machines, Advanced Propulsion Centre UK (APC UK), Seminar, Bristol, UK (2019).
[12] Wrobel R., Mecrow B., A Comprehensive Review of Additive Manufacturing in Construction of Electrical Machines, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 1054–1064 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2964942.
[13] Wu F., El-Refaie A.M., Towards Additively-Manufactured Electrical Machines: Opportunities and Challenges, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1306–1320 (2019), DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2960250.
[14] Wrobel R., Mellor P.H., Popescu M., Staton D.A., Power Loss Analysis in Thermal Design of Permanent-Magnet Machines - Review, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1359–1368 (2016), DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2015.2489599.
[15] Liu H., Ayat S.,Wrobel R., Zhang C., Comparative Study of Thermal Properties of ElectricalWindings Impregnated with Alternative Varnish Materials, IET Journal of Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 17, pp. 3736–3741 (2019), DOI: 10.1049/joe.2018.8198.
[16] Ayat S., Liu H., Kulan M., Wrobel R., Estimation of Equivalent Thermal Conductivity for Electrical Windings with High Conductor Fill Factor, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp. 6529–6536 (2018).
[17] Wrobel R., Ayat S., Godbehere J., A Systematic Experimental Approach in Deriving Stator-Winding Heat Transfer, IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), pp. 1–8 (2017).
[18] Chiodetto N., Mecrow B.,Wrobel R., Lisle T., Elector-Mechanical Challenges in the Design of a High- Speed-High-Power-PMSM Rotor for an Aerospace Application, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, pp. 3944–3951 (2019).
[19] Gerada D., Mebarki A., Brown N.L., Gerada C., Cavagnino A., Boglietti A., High-Speed Electrical Machines: Technologies, Trends, and Developments, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2946–2959 (2014), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2286777.
[20] Moghaddam R.R., High speed operation of electrical machines, a review on technology, benefits and challenges, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 5539–5546 (2014).
[21] Gieras J.F., Advancements in Electrical Machines – Power Systems, Springer (2008). [22] Additive News, Additive Manufacturing moves TUfast, available at: https://additivenews.com/additivemanufacturing-moves-tufast/, accessed October 2021.
[23] Wrobel R., Hussein A., A Feasibility Study of Additively Manufactured Heat Guides for Enhanced Heat Transfer in Electrical Machines, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 205–215 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2949258.
[24] Sixel W., Liu M., Nellis G., Sarlioglu B., Cooling of Windings in Electrical Machines via 3D Printed Heat Exchanger, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp. 229–235, (2018).
[25] Sixel W., Liu M., Nellis G., Sarlioglu B., Ceramic 3D Printed Direct Winding Heat Exchangers for Improving Electric Machine Thermal Management, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp. 769–776 (2019).
[26] Lindh P., Petrov I., Pyrhonen J., Scherman E., Niemela M., Immonen P., Direct Liquid Cooling Method Verified with a Permanent-Magnet Traction Motor in a Bus, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 4183–4191 (2019), DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2908801.
[27] Lorenz F., Rudolph J.,Werner R., Design of 3D printed High Performance Windings for Switched Reluctance Machines, International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), pp. 2451–2457 (2018).
[28] Pyrhonen J., Montonen J., Lindh P., Vauterin J., Otto M., Replacing Copper with New Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrical Machine Windings, International Review of Electrical Engineering, pp. 12–21 (2015), DOI: 10.15866/IREE.V10I1.5253.
[29] Wohlers C., Juris P., Kabelac S., Ponick B., Design and Direct Liquid Cooling of Tooth-Coil Winding, Electrical Engineering, Springer, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 2299–2308 (2018), DOI: 10.1007/s00202-018-0704-x.
[30] Ayat S., Daguese B., Khazaka R., Design Considerations ofWindings Formed with Hollow Conductors Cooled with Phase Change Material, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, pp. 5539–5546 (2019).
[31] Gai Y., Widmer J.D., Steven A., Chong Y.C., Kimiabeigi M., Goss J., Popescu M., Numerical and Experimental Calculations of CHTC in an Oil-Based Shaft Cooling System for a High-Speed High- Power PMSM, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 4371–4380 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2922938.
[32] Davin T., Pelle J., Harmand S., You R., Experimental Study of Oil Cooling System for Electric Motors, Applied Thermal Engineering, Elsevier, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 1–13 (2015), DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.060.
[33] Brown G.V., Cryogenic Electric Motor Tested, NASA report – propulsion and power (2005).
[34] Arndt T., Basic Considerations and Recent Results in HTS Device Developments for Electric Aircraft, Safran-Group h Scientific Day, Paris, France (2020).
[35] ASuMED – Deliverable System Topology Report, 2017.

Date

2022.03.11

Type

Article

Identifier

DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.140204