Details

Title

Hot Tearing, Parameters, and Mould Types for Observation – Review

Journal title

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Yearbook

2022

Volume

vol. 22

Issue

No 2

Affiliation

Akhyar : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univeritas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Syech Aburrauf No.7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia

Authors

Keywords

Hot tearing susceptibility ; Pouring temperature ; mould temperature ; Grain refiner

Divisions of PAS

Nauki Techniczne

Coverage

25-49

Publisher

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Bibliography

[1] Li, S. & Apelian, D. (2011). Hot Tearing of aluminum alloy: a critical literature review. International Journal of Metalcasting. 5(1), 23-40.
[2] Kumar, V.M. & Devi, C.N. (2014). Evaluation of mechanical characteristics for aluminum-copper metal matrix composite. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences. 3(3), 1-5.
[3] Briggs, C.W. & Gezelius, R.A. (1934). Studies on solidification and contraction in steel castings II-Free and hindered contraction of cast carbon steel. AFA Trans. 42, 449-476.
[4] Körber, F. & Schitzkowski, G. (1928). Determination of the contraction of cast steel. Stahl Und Eisen. 15, 128-135.
[5] Verö, J. (1936). The hot-shortness of aluminum alloys. The Metals Industry. 48, 431-434.
[6] Pumphrey, W.I. & Jennings, P.H. (1948). A consideration of the nature of brittleness at temperature above the solidus in castings and welds in aluminum alloys. Journal of Institute of Metals. 75, 235.
[7] Pellini, W.S. (1952). Strain theory of hot tearing. Foundry. 80, 125-199.
[8] Rosenberg, R.A. Flemings, M.C. & Taylor, H.F. (1960). Nonferrous binary alloys hot tearing. AFS Transactions. 69, 518-528.
[9] Saveiko, V.N. (1961). Theory of hot tearing. Russian Castings Production. 11, 453-456.
[10] Metz, S.A. & Flemings, M.C. (1970) A fundamental study of hot tearing. AFS Transactions. 78, 453-460.
[11] Clyne, T.W. & Davies, G.J. (1975). A quantitive solidification test for casting and an evaluation of cracking in aluminium-magnesium alloys. The British Foundryman. 68(9), 238-238.
[12] Campbell, J. (1991). Castings. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[13] Sigworth, G.K. (1996). Hot tearing of metals. AFS Transactions. 104, 1053-1062.
[14] Davidson, C., Viano, D., Lu, L., & Stjohn, D. (2006). Observation of crack initiation during hot tearing. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 19, 59-65.
[15] Singer, K., Benek, H. (1931). Contribution to hot tears in steel castings. Stahl and Sisen. 51, 61-65.
[16] Middleton, J.M. & Protheroe, H.T. (1951). The hot-tearing of steel. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. 168, 384-397.
[17] Bichler, L., Elsayed, A., Lee, K. & Ravindran, C. (2008). Influence of mold and pouring temperatures on hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91D magnesium alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 2(1), 43-54.
[18] Couture, A. & Edwards, J.O. (1996) The hot-tearing of copper-base casting alloys. AFS Transactions, 74, 709-721.
[19] Karunakar, D.B., Rai, R.N., Patra, S. & Datta, G.L. (2009). Effects of grain refinement and residual elements on hot tearing in aluminum castings. The International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology. 45, 851-858.
[20] Nasresfahani M.R. & Niroumand, B. (2010). Design of a new hot tearing test apparatus and modification of its operation. Metals and Materials International. 16(1), 35-38.
[21] Burapa, R., Rawangwong, S., Chatthong, J. & Boonchouytan, W. (2013). Effects of mold temperature and casting temperature on hot cracking in Al-4.5 wt.% Cu alloy. Advanced Materials Research. 747, 623-626 doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.747.623.
[22] He, Y., Li, S., Sadayappan, K. & Apelian, D. (2013). Thermomechanical simulation and experimental characterisation of hot tearing during solidification of aluminium alloys. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(2).
[23] Huang, H., Fu, P., Wang, Y., Peng, L. & Jiang, H. (2014). Effect of pouring and mold temperatures on hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91D and Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–Zr Mg alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 24(4), 922-929.
[24] Hasan, A. & Suyitno (2015). Effect pouring temperature on casting defect susceptibility of hot tearing in metal alloy Al-Si. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 758, 95-99.
[25] Birru, A.K. & Karunakar, D.B. (2016). Effects of grain refinement and residual elements on hot tearing of A713 aluminium cast alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 26, 1783-1790.
[26] Apelian, D. (2009). Aluminium cast alloys: enabling tools for improved performance. NADCA.
[27] Spittle, J.A. & Cushway, A.A. (1983). Influence of superheat and grain structure on hot-tearing susceptibilities of Al-Cu alloy castings. Metals Technology. 10(1), 6-13.
[28] Limmaneevichitr, C., Saisiang, A. & Chanpum, S. (2002). The role of grain refinement on hot crack susceptibility of aluminum alloy permanent mold castings. Proceedings of the 65th World Foundry Congress.
[29] Sadayappan, M., Sahoo, M. & Weiss, D. (2007). Evaluation of the hot tear susceptibility of selected magnesium casting alloys in permanent molds. AFS Transactions. 115, 761-766.
[30] Fasoyinu, Y., Sahoo, M. & Sikorski, S. (2008). Hot tearing of aluminum alloys 206 and 535 poured in metal mold. Proceedings of the AFS 6th International Conference on Permanent Mold Casting of Aluminum and Magnesium. 11-25.
[31] Zhen, Z., Hort, N., Utke, O., Huang, Y., Petri, N. & Kainer, K.U. (2009). Investigations on hot tearing of Mg-Al binary alloys by using a new quantitative method. Magnesium Technology.
[32] Pokorny, M.G., Monroe, C.A. & Beckermann, C. (2009). Prediction of deformation and hot tear formation using a viscoplastic model with damage. The minerals. Metal and Materials Society. 198-198.
[33] Nabawy, A.M. Samuel, A.M., Samuel, F.H. & Doty, H.W. (2012). Influence of additions of Zr, Ti–B, Sr, and Si as well as of mold temperature on the hot-tearing susceptibility of an experimental Al–2% Cu–1% Si alloy. Journal of Materials Science. 47(9), 4146-4158.
[34] Srinivasan, A., Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Beckmann, F., Kainer, K.U. & Hort, N. (2013). Hot tearing characteristics of binary Mg-Gd alloy castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 44(5), 2285-2298.
[35] Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Srinivasan, A., Liu, Z., Beckkmann, F., Kainer K.U. & Hort, N. (2014). Experimental and numerical analysis of hot tearing susceptibility for Mg–Y alloys. Journal of Materials Science. 49, 353-362.
[36] D’Elia, F., Ravindran, C., Sediako, D., Kainer, K.U. & N.Hort. (2014). Hot tearing mechanisms of B206 aluminum–copper alloy. Materials & Design. 64, 44-55.
[37] Easton, M., StJohn, D.H. & Sweet, L. (2009). Grain refinement and hot tearing of aluminium alloys - how to optimise and minimise. Material Science Forum. 630, 213–221. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.213.
[38] Elsayed, A., Ravindran, C. & Murty, B.S. (2011). Effect of Al-Ti-B based master alloys on grain refinement and hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91E magnesium alloy. Materials Science Forum. 690, 351–354.
[39] Choi, H., Cho, W., Konishi, H., Kou, S. & Li, X. (2012). Nanoparticle-induced superior hot tearing resistance of A206 alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44(4), 1897-1907.
[40] Sweet, L., Easton, M.A., Taylor, J.A., Grandfield, J.F., Davidson, C.J., Lu, L., Couper, M.J. & StJohn, D.H. (2012). Hot tear susceptibility of Al-Mg-Si-Fe alloys with varying iron contents. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 44(12), 396-5407.
[41] Suyitno, Savran, V.I., Katgerman, L. & Eskin, D.G. (2004). Effects of alloy composition and casting speed on structure formation and hot tearing during direct-chill casting of Al-Cu alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 35A, 3551–3561.
[42] Bozorgi, S., Haberl, K., Kneissl, C., Pabel, T. & Schumacher, P. (2011). Effect of alloying elements (magnesium and copper) on hot cracking susceptibility of AlSi7MgCu-Alloys. In Tiryakioğlu, M., Campbell, J., and Crepeau, P.N. (eds.) Shape Casting: The 4th International Symposium. Wiley.
[43] Malau, V., Akhyar, H., , Iswanto, P.T. (2018). Modification of constrained rod casting mold for new hot tearing measurement. 63(3), 1201-1208. DOI 10.24425/123792.
[44] Gowri, S. & Bouchard, M. (1994). Hot cracking in aluminium alloys-part 1. Literature survey. Research Report. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi.
[45] Pekguleryuz, M.O., Li, X., & Aliravci, C.A. (2009). In-situ investigation of hot tearing in aluminum alloy AA1050 via acoustic emission and cooling curve analysis. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 40(6), 1436-1456.
[46] Purvis, A.L., Kannatey-Asibu, E. & Pehlke, R.D. (1990). Evaluation of acoustic emission from issand cast alloy 319 during solidification and formation of casting defects. AFS Transactions. 98, l-7.
[47] Purvis, A.L., Kannatey-Asibu, E. & Pehlke, R.D. (1991). Acoustic emission signal characteristics from casting defects formed during solidification of Al alloy 319. AFS Transactions. 102, 525-530.
[48] Birru, A.K., Karunakar, D.B. & Mahapatra, M.M. (2012). A study on hot tearing susceptibility of Al–Cu, Al–Mg, and Al–Zn alloys. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 65(1), 97–105.
[49] Singer, A.R.E. & Jennings, P.H. (1946). Hot-shortness of the aluminium-1043 silicon alloys of commercial purity. Journal of Institute of Metals. 72, 197-211.
[50] Gamber, E.J. (1959). Hot cracking test for light metal casting alloys. Trans. AFS. 67, 237-237.
[51] Lemieux, A., Langlais, J. & Chen, X. (2013). Reduction of hot tearing of cast semi-solid 206 alloys. Solid State Phenomena. 193, 101-106.
[52] Novikov, I.I. (1966). Hot shortness of non-ferrous metals and alloys. Moscow, Nauka, 299. (in Russian)
[53] Zych, J., Myszka, M., Snopkiewicz, T. (2017). Hot cracking tendency of non-ferrous alloys - a new test method. W Nauka i Technologia 2017 – Odlewnictwo Metali Nieżelaznych, 199-212. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Akapit”. (in Polish).
[54] Oya, S., Honma, U., Fujii, T. & Othaki, M. (1984). Evaluation of hot tearing in binary Al-Si alloy castings. Aluminium. 60(20), 777.
[55] Warrington, D. & McCartney, D.G. (1989). Development of a new hot-cracking test for aluminum alloys. Cast Metals. 2, 134.
[56] Lin, S., Aliravci, C. & Pekguleryuz, M.O. (2007). Hot-tear susceptibility of aluminum wrought alloys and the effect of grain refining. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38(5), 1056-1068.
[57] Cao, G. & Kou, S. (2006). Hot cracking of binary Mg–Al alloy castings. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 417 (1-2), 230-238.
[58] Wannasin, J., Schwam, D., Yurko, J.A., Rohloff, C. & Woycik, G. (2006). Hot tearing susceptibility and fluidity of semi-solid gravity cast Al-Cu alloy. Solid State Phenomena. 116-117, 76-79.
[59] Lin, S., Aliravci, C. & Pekguleryuz, M.O. (2007). Hot-tear susceptibility of aluminum wrought alloys and the effect of grain refining. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38(5), 1056-1068.
[60] Guo, J. & Zhu, J.Z. (2007). Prediction of hot tearing during alloy solidification. In the 5th Decennial International Conference on Solidification Processing. Columbia. USA, 549-553.
[61] Kamga, H.K., Larouche, D., Bournane, M. & Rahem, A. (2010). Hot tearing of aluminum–copper B206 alloys with iron and silicon additions. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 527(27-28), 7413-7423.
[62] Cao, G., Zhang, C., Cao, H., Chang, Y.A. & Kou, S. (2010). Hot-tearing susceptibility of ternary Mg-Al-Sr alloy castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 41(3), 706-716.
[63] D’Elia, F., Ravindran, C., Sediako, D., Kainer, K.U. & Hort, N. (2014). Hot tearing mechanisms of B206 aluminum–copper alloy. Materials & Design. 64, 44-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.024.
[64] Bichler, L. & Ravindran, C. (2010). New developments in assessing hot tearing in magnesium alloy castings. Materials and Design. 31, 17-23.
[65] Li, S. (2010). Hot Tearing in cast aluminum alloys: measures and effects of process variables. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 24-24.
[66] Myszka, M., Zych, J. & Snopkiewicz, T. (2018). Hot cracking tendency of foundry alloys – an innovative testing method. Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 58(4), 235-249. DOI: 10.7356/iod.2018.19.
[67] Monroe, C. & Beckermann, C. (2004). Development of a hot tear indicator for steel castings. In The 58th SFSA Technical and Operating Conference. Chicago, America, 1-13.
[68] Monroe, C. & Beckermann, C. (2005). Development of a hot tear indicator for steel castings. Materials Science and Engineering A. 413-414(3), 30-36.
[69] Monroe, C.A., Beckermann, C. & Klinkhammer, J. (2009). Simulation of deformation and hot tear formation using a visco-plastic model with damage, in book cockcroft, S.L, & Maijer, D.M., eds. modeling of casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes-XII. TSM (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society). 313-320.
[70] Nasresfahani, M.R. & Niroumand, B. (2014). A new criterion for prediction of hot tearing susceptibility of cast alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 45(9), 3699-3702.
[71] Nasresfahani, M.R. & Rajabloo, M.J. (2014). Research on the effect of pouring temperature on hot-tear susceptibility of A206 alloy by simulation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 45(5), 1827-1833.
[72] Li, S., Sadayappan, K. & Apelian, D. (2013). Role of grain refinement in the hot tearing of cast Al-Cu alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 44(3), 614-623.
[73] Olivier, C., Yvan, C. & Michel, B. (2008). Hot tearing in steels during solidification: experimental characterization and thermomechanical modeling. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. 130(2), 021018.
[74] Bellet, M., Cerri, O., Bobadilla, M. & Chastel, Y. (2009). Modeling hot tearing during solidification of steels: assessment and improvement of macroscopic criteria through the analysis of two experimental tests. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 40(11), 2705-2717.
[75] Srinivasan, A., Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Beckmann, F., Kainer, K.U. & Hort, N. (2013). Hot tearing characteristics of binary Mg-Gd alloy castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 44(5), 2285-2298.
[76] Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Srinivasan, A., Liu, Z., Beckmann, F., Kainer, K.U. & Hort, N. (2013). Hot tearing susceptibility of binary Mg–Y alloy castings. Materials and Design. 47, 90-100.
[77] Srinivasan, A., Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Beckmann, F., Kainer, K.U. & Hort, N. (2013) Hot tearing characteristics of binary Mg-Gd alloy castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 44(5), 2285-2298.
[78] Liu, Z., Zhang, S., Mao, P. & Wang, F. (2014). Effects of Y on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 24(4), 907-914.
[79] Akhyar, H. & Husaini (2016). Study on cooling curve behavior during solidification and investigation of impact strength and hardness of recycled Al–Zn aluminum alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 10(4), 452-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-016-0024-8.
[80] Clyne, B. & Davies, G.J. (1981). The influence of composition on solidification cracking susceptibility in binary alloy systems. J. Brit Foundryman. 74, 65-73.
[81] Instone, S. (1999). The effect of alloy composition and microstructure on the hot cracking of vertical direct chill cast aluminium alloy billet. University of Queensland.
[82] Davidson, C., Viano, D., Lu, L., D.H.S. (2005). Shape Casting, 7th International Symposium Celebrating Prof. John Campbell's 80th Birthday.
[83] Mitchell, J.B. Cockcroft, S.L., Viano, D., Davidson, C. & StJohn, D. (2007). Determination of strain during hot tearing by image correlation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38(10), 2503-2512.
[84] Easton, M.A., Wang, H., Grandfield, J., Davidson, C.J., StJohn, D.H., Sweet, L.D. & Couper, M.J. (2012). Observation and prediction of the hot tear susceptibility of ternary Al-Si-Mg alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 43(9), 3227-3238.
[85] Li, M., Wang, H., Wei, Z. & Zhu, Z. (2010). The effect of Y on the hot-tearing resistance of Al–5 wt.% Cu based alloy. Materials and Design. 31(5), 2483-2487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.044.
[86] Knuutinen A., Nogita K., Mcdonald S.D. & Dahle A.K. (2001) Modification of Al–Si alloys with Ba, Ca, Y and Yb. Journal of Light Metals. 229-240.
[87] Murashima, I., Asada, J. & Yoshida, M., (2008). Effect of grain refiner and grain size on the susceptibility of Al – Mg die casting alloy to cracking during solidification. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 209, 210-219.
[88] Xu, R., Zheng, H., Luo, J., Ding, S., Zhang, S. & Tian, X. (2014). Role of tensile forces in hot tearing formation of cast Al-Si alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 24(7), 2203-2207.
[89] Zhang, J. & Singer, R.F. (2004).Effect of grain-boundary characteristics on castability of nickel-base superalloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A. 35, 939-946.
[90] Zhou, Y., Volek, A. & Singer, R.F. (2005). Influence of solidification conditions on the castability of nickel-base superalloy IN792. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 36, 651-656.
[91] Zhou, Y., Volek, A. & Singer, R.F. (2006). Effect of grain boundary characteristics on hot tearing in directional solidification of superalloys. Journal of Materials Research. 21(09), 2361-2370.
[92] Zhou, Y. & Volek, A. (2008). Effect of carbon additions on hot tearing of a second generation nickel-base superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 479(1-2), 324-332.
[93] Phillion, A.B., Hamilton, R.W., Fuloria, D., Leung, A.C.L., Rockett, P., Connolley, T. & Lee, P.D. (2011). In situ X-ray observation of semi-solid deformation and failure in Al–Cu alloys. Acta Materialia. 59, 1436-1444.
[94] Akhyar, H., Malau, V., Suyitno & Iswanto, P.T. (2017). Hot tearing susceptibility of aluminum alloys using CRCM-Horizontal mold. Results in Physics. 7, 1030-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.02.041.
[95] Clyne, G.J. & Davies, T.W. (1979). Solidification and Casting of Metals. London: Metals Society. 275-278.
[96] Suyitno, Kool, W. H., Katgerman, L., (2005). Hot Tearing Criteria Evaluation for Direct-Chill Casting of an Al-4.5 Pct Cu Alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 36A, 1537-1546.
[97] Katgerman, L. (1982). A mathematical model for hot cracking of aluminum alloys during D.C. casting. JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals & Materials Society. 34, 46-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03339110.
[98] Magnin, B., Maenner, L., Katgerman, L. & Engler, S. (1996). Ductility and theology of an Al-4.5%Cu alloy from room temperature to coherency temperature. Mater Science Forum. 1209, 217-222.
[99] Eskin, D.G., Suyitno & Katgerman, L. (2004). Mechanical properties in the semi-solid state and hot tearing of aluminum alloys. Progress in Materials Science. 49, 629-711.
[100] Prokhorov, N.N. (1962). Resistance to hot tearing of cast metals during solidification. Russian Castings Production. 2, 172-175.
[101] Rappaz, M., Drezet, J.M. & Gremaud, M. (1999). A new hot-tearing criterion. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 30A, 449-455.
[102] Braccini, M., Martin, C. L., Suéry, M. & Bréchet, Y. (2000). Modeling of casting. Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes IX. 18-24.
[103] Eskin, D.G. & Katgerman, L. (2007). A quest for a new hot tearing criterion. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38A, 1511- 1519, DOI: 10.1007/s11661-007-9169-7.
[104] Hamdi, M.M., Mo, A. & Fjær, H.G. (2006). TearSim : A two-phase model addressing hot tearing formation during aluminum direct chill casting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 37, 3069-3083.
[105] Monroe, C. & Beckermann, C. (2014). Prediction of hot tearing using a dimensionless niyama criterion. The Journal of The Minerals. 66(8), 1439-1445.
[106] Aguiar, A.M. (2020). Hot tearing susceptibility of single-phase Al-3.8 wt%Zn-1 wt%Mg alloy using the constrained rod solidification experiment: influence of 1.2 wt%Fe addition and grain refinement. Thesis, McMaster University. Hamilton, Ontario.

Date

2022.05.10

Type

Article

Identifier

DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140223
×