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The evaluation of the physico-mechanical properties of selected carpathian sandstones in terms of their use as a armourstone

Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska Agnieszka Pękala
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 1 | 65-77 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2019.126272
Keywords armourstone hydraulic engineering properties of carpathian sandstones
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Abstract

This article presents the results of laboratory tests of the physical and mechanical properties of various types of sandstone selected from ten quarries from Carpathian flysch. The parameters were used to evaluate the quality of the sandstone and its suitability for use as armourstone in accordance with applicable standards and quality guidelines. The requirements of the BN-79/8952-31, EN 13383-1:2003 and the CIRIA, CUR, CETMEF (2007) standards were compared. Sandstone can display a large variability of parameters depending on its origin. This, in turn, results in a varying degree of its susceptibility to the destructive effects of water and climate.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska
Agnieszka Pękala

Susceptibility of selected sandstones to structural strengthening

Anna Smoleńska Marek Rembiś
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2003 | No 3 | 5-22
Keywords Conservation of the sandstone structural strengthening
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Abstract

The authors investigated microstructural development and selected physico-mechanical properties of the sandstones that were treated with structural strengthening chemicals. The method involved impregnation of the pore space of the rocks with various organic compounds that after polymerization at least partly cemented the grain framework. To obtain proper strengthening ofrenovated, damaged parts of the rock, the substance after polymerization should attain physico-mechanical properties approximating those in unaltered parts of the rock. The investigations were carried on the samples collected from selected outcrops of the Istebna sandstone (,,Droginia" deposit), the Godula sandstone (,,Straconka" deposit) and the Szydłowiec sandstone (,,Podkowiński" quarry). The paper presents dependences between diversified lithologies of the natural sandstones and the changes of their physico-mechanical properties resulting from application of various strengthening substances. The changes resulting from impregnation in unaltered sandstone samples allow to predict efficiency of the same strengthening processes that can be applied to various types of damaged sandstones in historic building.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Smoleńska
Marek Rembiś

First record of agglutinated worm tubes from the uppermost Cambrian of Estonia

Olev Vinn Mare Isakar Magdy El Hedeny Mansour I. Almansour Saleh Alfarraj
Acta Geologica Polonica | 2025 | vol. 75 | No 2 | e41 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2024.152663
Keywords Agglutinated tubes polychaetes brachiopods sandstones Furongian Baltica
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Abstract

Vinn, O., Isakar, M., El Hedeny, M., Almansour, M.I. and Alfarraj, S. 2025. First record of agglutinated worm tubes from the uppermost Cambrian of Estonia. Acta Geologica Polonica, 75 (2), e41.

A new species of agglutinated tube, Cryptosiphon oboloides sp. nov., is described from the Furongian of Estonia. The agglutinated tubes are composed of pieces of lingulate shells that are placed to form an overall pattern. The studied agglutinated tube strongly resembles cases of modern caddisfly larvae, though we do not suggest any phylogenetic affinity to caddisflies. The tubes originally contained an organic inner lining with a sticky external surface that enabled worms to glue on shell fragments and sand grains. The relatively well-arranged grains in the tube wall suggest that the animal actively assisted in gluing the shell fragments, orienting, and finding the right place for them. It is possible that worms capable of building agglutinated tubes from shell material originated in Baltica and later dispersed to the Armorican Terrane Assemblage and other regions in the Early to Middle Ordovician.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olev Vinn
1
Mare Isakar
2
Magdy El Hedeny
3
Mansour I. Almansour
4
Saleh Alfarraj
4
  1. Department of Geology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
  2. Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, Estonia
  3. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
  4. College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The role of diagenetic variability of carboniferous sandstones from the Drogomyśl IG-I bore-hole in evaluation of its gas-bearing potential

Zdzisław Adamczyk Andrzej Porszke
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2002 | No 1 | 41-66
Keywords Diagenctic potential diagcnesis of sandstone gas-bearing potential
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Abstract

Petrographic analysis under microscope served to determine the degree ofdiagenetic changes in the Carboniferous sandstones sampled from the borehole core Drogomyśl IG-I. The degree of diagenetic engagement in the sandstones was found to be growing with the depth below the ground level. The transformation is revealed by disappearance of quartz grain edges, partial or entire dissolution of quartz grains with re-crystallisation of chalcedony and also by: Si-enrichment of feldspars and mica, kaolinitization of feldspars and biotite, carbonatization of quartz, feldspars and mica as well as chloritization ofbiotite. On the basis of their mineral composition the sandstones were classified to the group of minerals which arc both mechanically and chemically stable. Results of performed X-ray diffraction analysis of clay minerals in the sandstones indicated to the temperature range of diagcnctic transformation from J 20°C to above I 60°C. It should be emphasized that the appearance of secondary porosity in the sandstones. as a result of diagenctic transformation, may have positive impact on the gas accumulation. Therefore, tha described method can be useful for evaluation of diagcnctic potential of sandston
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Adamczyk
Andrzej Porszke

Volume Density and Longitudinal Wave Velocity Changes of the Ciężkowice and Krosno Flysch Sandstones Under High Pressure and Temperature in the Triaxial Test Condition

J. Pinińska A. Dziedzic
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2011 | No 1 | 73-85
Keywords great depth high pressure temperature volume density longitudinal wave velocity sandstones triaxial tests
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Abstract

The poorly cemented Ciężkowice poorly sorted sandstone and the compact Mucharz fine grain sandstone have been laboratory tested at the triaxial compressing conditions in thermo-pressurized chamber of a rigid press MTS-815. The confining pressure: P = σ₂ = gσ₃ range from 0 to 96 MPa and the temperature: T from 22°C to 120°C (simulated 500 m intervals from the surface to the depth of 3500 m). During (the) each test, the characteristics of deformation and the elastic wave velocity paths were simultaneously monitored. The volume density and longitudinal wave velocity showed a non-linear increase with the progress of simulated depth, a volume density growth by 1.6 to 4.0%, and the elastic wave velocity up to 250% of the primary value (surface condition), dependable on loading path, phase of deformation, and varying type of lithology. That may lead to wide error margin in a determination of rock’s engineering properties and also create discrepancies between the static parameters of rocks (Est, gνst) determined by standard laboratory load tests, and the dynamic parameters (Ed, νd) determined from the wave velocity and volume density.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Pinińska
A. Dziedzic

Characteristics of low mineralization zones in the central part of the copper ore deposit in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline

Wojciech Kaczmarek Mariusz Dudek Katarzyna Golda Monika Wasilewska-Błaszczyk
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2017 | Nr 100 | 79-94
Keywords Fore-Sudetic Monocline copper ore deposit roof elevation of Weissliegend sandstones
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Abstract

The presented article describes the relationship between lithological and facies development of reservoir rocks in the area of the roof elevation of the Weissliegend sandstones, with a particular emphasis on the influence of elevation on the occurrence of low mineralization zones in the deposit area. To illustrate the variability of the deposit parameters, closely related to the facies and lithological conditions of the host rocks, three-dimensional lithological and geochemical models for two research areas were developed using the geostatistical methods and based on field observations and the sampling of the deposit. The research area includes parts of the Northern Elevation of Rudna and the surrounding depressions within the boundaries of the Sieroszowice and Rudna deposits. Based on cross-sections of the 3D models, a different deposit formation in the roof elevation area of sandstone formations has been characterized; the lithological profile is defined as „atypical” due to the absence of a copper-bearing shale series, the most characteristic layer for copper ore deposits in the Fore -Sudetic monocline. Large variations in the shape of the deposit and the irregular boundaries of both balance mineralization and enclaves of gangue have been confirmed. The presence of large-scale enclaves of igneous rock in the entire profile of the Lower Zechstein rocks (areas without the balance copper mineralization) and small areas of gangue (sandstone) enriched with anhydrite binders adjacent to the parts of balance deposit located in argillaceous sandstone has been revealed. The possibility of the occurrence of gangue, in the area of the roof elevation of the Weissliegend sandstones directly adjacent to the border with calcareous dolomite, and irregular gangue partings in sandstone formations in the balance deposit was indicated. In addition, small areas of strong enrichment in Cu sulphides were observed in the contact zones between sulphate and clay binders in the Weissliegend sandstone series.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Kaczmarek
Mariusz Dudek
Katarzyna Golda
Monika Wasilewska-Błaszczyk

Assessment of Deformation Properties of Coal Measure Sandstones Through Regression Analyses and Artificial Neural Networks

Ekin Köken
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 523-542 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2021.139595
Keywords sandstone Zonguldak deformation properties regression analysis artificial neural network
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Abstract

The deformation properties of rocks play a crucial role in handling most geomechanical problems. However, the determination of these properties in laboratory is costly and necessitates special equipment. Therefore, many attempts were made to estimate these properties using different techniques. In this study, various statistical and soft computing methods were employed to predict the tangential Young Modulus (Eti, GPa) and tangential Poisson’s Ratio (vti) of coal measure sandstones located in Zonguldak Hardcoal Basin (ZHB), NW Turkey. Predictive models were established based on various regression and artificial neural network (ANN) analyses, including physicomechanical, mineralogical, and textural properties of rocks. The analysis results showed that the mineralogical features such as the contents of quartz (Q, %) and lithic fragment (LF, %) and the textural features (i.e., average grain size, d50, and sorting coefficient, Sc) have remarkable impacts on deformation properties of the investigated sandstones. By comparison with these features, the mineralogical effects seem to be more effective in predicting the Eti and vti. The performance of the established models was assessed using several statistical indicators. The predicted results from the proposed models were compared to one another. It was concluded that the empirical models based on the ANN were found to be the most convenient tools for evaluating the deformational properties of the investigated sandstones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ekin Köken
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Abdullah Gul University, Nanotechnology Engineering Department, 38170, Kayseri, Turkey

Environmental constraints for mining of rock raw materials between Cieszyn and Skoczów in the last century

Beata Figarska-Warchoł Ewelina Matlak
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2012 | vol. 28 | No 2 | 43-66 | DOI: 10.2478/v10269-012-0012-4
Keywords Skoczów Cieszyn Godula Sandstone Cieszyn Limestone environmental protection GIS
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Abstract

This article presents the history of mining for rock raw materials in the Cieszyn area since the beginning of the 20th century. The study assessed the possibility of continuing these activities in relation to the ongoing enlargement of conservation areas. The conflict between mining these deposits and environmental interests was described. The results of the analysis allowed for the identification of potential sites for further exploitation of Godula Sandstone and Cieszyn Limestone. The study used analog and digital data which were subjected to the procedures specific to the GIS (Geographic Information System) methods. The exploitation of Cieszyn Shale and Limestone played an important role in the first half of the 20th century. They were used for the production of lime and cement. However, the importance of these materials decreased gradually due to declining demand and quality. In later years, after the closure of the cement plant in Goleszów, limestone was used only for aggregate production. Natural aggregates and clay raw materials were initially exploited in small excavations based on local needs, and later in an organized manner with documented deposits. At present, mining of these materials has been discontinued. The centuries-old tradition of Godula Sandstone block production was maintained during the last hundred years. In the last decade, their extraction was conducted in the original quarry, as well as several new quarries. Additional resources have been documented at other locations. Because of the nature of the product, such extraction (in small quarries, without the use of blasting agents) does not significantly affect wildlife. Moreover, the locations of current and former mining operations often become tourist attractions. This is evidenced by the fact that the documentation sites are established on the basis of such excavations. Numerous objects of protection established in recent years have led to a major conflict between the exploitation of rock materials and the environment. This prevents development or even the continuation of exploitation. Therefore, in future planning processes, efforts must be made to characterize mineral deposits as a part of nature, requiring protection.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Figarska-Warchoł
Ewelina Matlak

Detrital heavy minerals as guides to provenance of Albian arenites of southern extra-Carpathian Poland

Jakub Kotowski Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert Krzysztof Nejbert
Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | 801-832 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.148023
Keywords Detrital material Mineral chemistry Provenance Stability of heavy minerals Sand and sandstone Lower Cretaceous
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Abstract

The potential of heavy minerals as a provenance tracer in Albian arenites of extra-Carpathian Poland was assessed. Studies in this area have focused on various methods based on heavy mineral chemistry that provide an effective tool for reconstructing the provenance of quartz-rich sediments. The previously suggested division of the study area into two domains with different source areas: the western domain – the Miechów area, and the eastern domain – the Lublin area, was based on geochronological (monazite and muscovite dating) and rutile mineral chemical studies. The mineral chemistry of newly examined heavy minerals supports the previously suggested division. The mineral chemistry of detrital tourmaline suggests medium-grade metamorphic rocks as the main source in both domains. Detrital garnet in the western domain shows affiliation to the Góry Sowie Massif, while garnet in the eastern domain was most probably sourced from southern/central Norway. The western domain was most probably fed from rocks of the Bohemian Massif. The main source area for the eastern domain was most probably located in the Baltic Shield. The distinct division of the study area into two domains was caused by the palaeogeography of the region in the Albian and the action of longshore currents in south-eastward and eastward directions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Kotowski
1
Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert
1
Krzysztof Nejbert
1
  1. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

Experimental Investigation on Microstructure Evolution and Creep Behaviour of Red Sandstone at Elevated Temperature

PuChao Yang Jun Wen Xie Wenan Gang Dai Xiuting Yang
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 3 | 461-483 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2024.151446
Keywords Temperature treatment Red sandstone Creep behaviour Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Sensitivity analysis
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Abstract

The changes in the physical and mechanical properties of rocks under high temperatures can impact the construction safety and stability of underground geotechnical engineering. This study focuses on red sandstone treated at different temperatures, employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to reveal alterations in the internal pore distribution due to elevated temperatures. The results indicate that high temperatures lead to the formation of micro- to meso scale pores and macro-scale pores and cracks. Additionally, high temperatures cause a significant reduction in load-bearing capacity, accompanied by changes in creep behaviour, including a shortened steady-state creep time and an increased strain threshold for rock failure. To more accurately describe the creep behaviour of red sandstone under different temperatures and stress conditions, a novel non-constant creep model is proposed, combining a generalised Kelvin body and a fractional viscoplastic body to demonstrate its versatility in elastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic deformation. The model parameters are determined through numerical optimisation, and the model’s reliability is confirmed by comparing theoretical curves with experimental data. Sensitivity analysis highlights the critical roles of parameters such as shear modulus, viscosity coefficient, fractional order, and characteristic parameters in capturing various creep patterns, emphasising the model’s wide applicability. This research provides profound insights into the physical and mechanical responses of red sandstone to high temperatures and offers valuable information for engineering and geological applications in relevant fields.
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Authors and Affiliations

PuChao Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Wen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xie Wenan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Gang Dai
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiuting Yang
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
  2. China Communications Construction Company Limited Second Highway Engineering Bureau, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
  3. Luan Coal Chemical Group Luning Xinyu Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Shanxi Province, China

Effects of Initial Damage on Time-Dependent Behavior of Sandstone in Uniaxial Compressive Creep Test

Rongbin Hou Kai Zhang Jing Tao
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 4 | 687-707 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2019.129377
Keywords multi-loading uniaxial creep test initial damage time-dependent behavior sandstone
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Abstract

Time-dependent behavior of rock mass is important for long-term stability analysis in rock engineering. Extensive studies have been carried out on the creep properties and rheological models for variable kinds of rocks, however, the effects of initial damage state on the time-dependent behavior of rock has not yet been taken into consideration. In the present study, the authors proposed a creep test scheme with controlled initial damage to investigate the influence of initial damage on the time-dependent behavior of sandstone. In the test scheme, the initial states of damage were first determined via unloading the specimen from various stresses. Then, the creep test was conducted under different stress levels with specific initial damage. The experimental results show that there is a stress threshold for the initial damage to influence the behavior of the rock in the uniaxial compressive creep tests, which is the stress threshold of dilatancy of rock. When the creep stress is less than the stress threshold, the effect of the initial damage seems to be insignificant. However, if the creep stress is higher than the stress threshold, the initial damage has an important influence on the time-dependent deformation, especially the lateral and volumetric deformation. Moreover, the initial damage also has great influence on the creep failure stress and long-term strength, i.e., higher initial damage leading to lower creep failure stress and long-term strength. The experimental results can provide valuable data for the construction of a creep damage model and long-term stability analysis for rock engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rongbin Hou
Kai Zhang
Jing Tao

Considering the Effects of Local Impact Disturbance on Deep Sandstone: Exploring Strength Weakening Mechanism

Jihe Zhao Jiaxu Jin Yanfeng Li Pengfei Wu Haibo Wang Yingshuang Shi
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2025 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 63-83 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2025.154163
Keywords Deep sandstone local impact disturbance uniaxial compression acoustic emission fractal dimension
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Abstract

The stability of rock mass is an important safety issue in the process of deep mining, and the dynamic disturbance caused by excavation and blasting is an important factor affecting the stability of rock mass. To deeply understand the mechanical characteristics and damage mechanisms of deep sandstone after local impact disturbance by high prestresses, a self-developed rock disturbance system was used to carry out disturbance followed by a uniaxial compression test (UCT) on the rock samples. The whole process of UCT was monitored utilising acoustic emission (AE) technology, and the particle size and fractal dimension of debris after sandstone failure were analysed to explore its strength-weakening mechanism. The experimental study elucidated the influence mechanism of the coupled action of disturbance frequency f and impact area s on the strength weakening effect of sandstone, i.e., high prestressing force is the prerequisite and dominant factor of rock strength weakening, while the perturbation f and the s accelerate the induced rock damage. The fractal dimension D can be used to quantitatively evaluate the fragmentation characteristics of sandstone disturbed by local impact (between 1.68 and 2.14), and it shows a good linear increasing trend with the increase of local impact disturbance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jihe Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jiaxu Jin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yanfeng Li
3 4
ORCID: ORCID
Pengfei Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haibo Wang
5
ORCID: ORCID
Yingshuang Shi
6
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Liaoning Technical University, College of Civil Engineering, Fuxin 123000, China
  2. Liaoning Key Laborat ory of Mine Subsidence Disaster Prevention And Control, Fuxin 123000, China
  3. Shenya ng Jianzhu University, School of Transportat ion and Geomat ics Engineering, Shenyang 110168, China
  4. Northeastern University, Key Laborat ory of the Ministry of Educat ion on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Shenyang 110819, China
  5. Anhui University of Science and Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Mining Construction Engineering, HuaiNan, Anhui, 232001, China
  6. College of Science, North China Institute of Science & Technology, Yanjiao, 065201, China

Analysis of the cracking mechanisms in pre-cracked sandstone under radial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emissions

Guozhu Wang Xulin Luo Lei Song Yu Wang Mouwang Han Zhaocun Song Linjun Wu Zukun Wang
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 447-468 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.141896
Keywords acoustic emission cracking mechanisms moment tensor pre-cracked sandstone radial compression
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Abstract

Rock masses, especially those with different pre-existing cracks, are prone to instability and failure under tensile loading, resulting in different degrees of engineering disasters. Therefore, to better understand the effect of pre-existing cracks with different dip angles on the tensile instability failure behaviour of rocks, the mechanism of crack initiation, propagation and coalescence in precracked sandstone under radial compression loading is investigated through numerical simulations. The temporal and spatial evolution of acoustic emission (AE) events is investigated by the moment tensor (MT), and the fracture mode of micro-cracks is determined. The results show that the pre-existing cracks weaken the specimens. The strength, crack initiation points and macro-failure modes of the specimens differ significantly depending on the dip angle of the pre-existing crack. For different dip angles of the pre-existing cracks, all the micro-cracks at the crack initiation point are tensile cracks, which are dominant during the whole loading process, and mixed cracks are mainly generated near the upper and lower loading ends after the peak stress. Of the total number of events, more than 75% are tensile cracks; approximately 15% are shear mode cracks; and the remainder consist of mixed mode cracks. The study reveals the instability and failure mechanism of pre-cracked rock, which is of great significance to ensure the long-term stability of rock mass engineering.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guozhu Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xulin Luo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Song
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yu Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mouwang Han
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zhaocun Song
3
ORCID: ORCID
Linjun Wu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zukun Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT), State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, Xuzhou 221116, China
  2. Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, School of Architectural Engineering, Zhengzhou 451150, China
  3. CUMT, Xuzhou 221116, China

Lower jurassic sandstones occurring in Przysucha-Opoczno area, their lithology and possibility of utilization

Katarzyna Kobylec
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 2 | 59-72
Keywords Jurassic sandstones building stones decorative stones northern periphery of the Holy Cross Mountains
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Abstract

The paper presents the interpretation of results of field research, petrographic analyses and technological investigations of Lower Jurassic sandstones, occurring in Przysucha and Opoczno area. As the consequence of field research, carried out at the area of 200 krn-, five quarries were located. The extraction of two of them was abandoned, while the raw material from the remaining three has been still utilized by the local people (in two cases without required exploitation license). Sandstones from examined quarries belong to the Skloby Series (Kamienna Góra and Ruszkowice deposits), Ostrowice Series (Brzuśnia and Mroczków Gościnny deposits) and Gielniów Series (Skrzynno deposit). They are predominantly of light grey or yellow colour (pink ones occur only in Mroczków Gościnny deposit), fine-to medium grained with rare visible cross-bedding or lamination. Thickness of the beds is from few centimeters to about one meter. On the base of the microscopic analyses these sandstones were classified as quartz arcnitcs. Their grain' components are mainly detritic quartz and small amounts of fragments of rocks (mainly siliceous), micas and feldspars, which arc cemented by the silica, clay minerals and iron compounds in various proportions. The physical and mechanical properties of these rocks, which were determined, make them appropriate for building purposes. Sandstones have middle and high density (from 1960 to 2700 kg/rn-), low and middle water absorption (from 2.8 to 9.7%), and low and middle compression strength (from 23.8 to 121 MPa). They can be also utilized as architectonic stone, but estimation of block divisibility show, that mainly Skrzynno deposit is suitable for extraction ofblocks -roughly 35% of the rock can be extracted as blocks of above 0.4 m3 volume. Sandstones from the other deposits arc appropriate for the production of smaller dimension and split tiles. Additionally, low compression strength (about 30 MPa) of rocks from Skrzynno makes them very desirable material for sculpturing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Kobylec

Mineralogical and petrographic variability of sandstones from Westem Beskidy Mts. between Stożek and Czantoria mountain range in Silesian Beskid and Jaworzyna Krynicka in Sądecki Beskid

Emil Panek Marek Pawlikowski
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2001 | No 3 | 53-71
Keywords Carpathian flysh Magura and Istebna sandstones mineralogical composition quartz sedimentary environment metamorphicand magmatic rocks binders spatial variability Westem Beskidy Mts
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine mineralogical composition of carpathian sandstones in order to define petrographic composition of the source material areas. The mineralogical composition of the carpathian flysh sandstones collected in six sampling sites was established. The samples collected in the profiles no I and II in Beskid Śląski represent istebnaiańskie sandstones. The other four sampling sites were located in Beskid Żywiecki, Gorce and Beskid Śądecki and represent magurskie sandstones. Tree samples of rock material were collected in reach sampling profile from the BC horizon. The sandstones contain various amounts of quartz, potassium feldsaprs, plagioclase, fragments of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic rocks, muscovite, biotite, carbonates, glauconite, heavy minerals, organic matter and binder. There are considerable differences in mineral composition of the sandstone samples taken from six profiles as well as from the same profile. The istebniańskie sandstones contain average higher amounts of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks than the magurskie sandstones. On the contrary, the magurskie sandstones contain higher amounts of quartz.
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Authors and Affiliations

Emil Panek
Marek Pawlikowski

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