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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Description

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.


Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.5

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2023: 1.5

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.200

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.364

Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.15

ISSN
eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland</

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

 

 

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.


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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3

1 Optimized Supervised ML for Medicinal Plant Detection - An FPGA Implementation
Amrutha M. Raghukumar , Gayathri Narayanan , Somanathanm Geethu Remadevi
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 537-544 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149576
Keywords: Machine learning GLCM FPGA Intellectual Property Medicinal Plants
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Abstract

Medicinal plants have a huge significance today as it is the root resource to treat several ailments and medical disorders that do not find a satisfactory cure using allopathy. The manual and physical identification of such plants requires experience and expertise and it can be a gradual and cumbersome task, in addition to resulting in inaccurate decisions. In an attempt to automate this decision making, a data set of leaves of 10 medicinal plant species were prepared and the Gray-level Co-occurence Matrix (GLCM) features were extracted. From our earlier implementations of the several machine learning algorithms, the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm was identified as best suited for classification using MATLAB 2019a and has been adopted here. Based on the confusion matrices for various k values, the optimum k was selected and the hardware implementation was implemented for the classifier on FPGA in this work. An accuracy of 88.3% was obtained for the classifier from the confusion chart. A custom intellectual property (IP) for the design is created and its verification is done on the ZedBoard for three classes of plants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amrutha M. Raghukumar
1
Gayathri Narayanan
2
Somanathanm Geethu Remadevi
2
  1. DFT Engineer at Anora Semiconductor Labs Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
  2. Somanathan are with the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
2 Mobile (wireless) telecommunication sector: an Indian perspective and PESTLE analysis
Chandrahash Patel , Kunal Sinha
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 545-553 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149577
Keywords: 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Indian Telecom Sector mobile communication PESTLE
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Abstract

Revolutionary changes in how people interact while travelling at a distance have given rise to several mobile communication tactics. Numerous generations of Mobile telecommunications/telephony have progressed as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and 6G (now under research). However, in the context of India, mobile telephony can be realized from 2G. The sector has directly or indirectly been impacted by political, social, economic, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) aspects. Therefore, the study objectives are first to discuss the (mobile) telecom sector evolution outline and, second, the factors that contributed to sectoral development by the PESTLE framework. The conceptual foundation of the work is secondary sources.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chandrahash Patel
1
Kunal Sinha
1
  1. Centre for Studies in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (CSSTIP), School of Social Sciences (SSS), Central University of Gujarat, India
3 Noise spectra for calculation the speech transmission index in public address systems
Paweł Dziechciński
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 555-562 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149578
Keywords: speech transmission index STIPA public address system interfering noise noise spectra
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Abstract

To precision calculate the speech transmission index (STI), it is necessary to know the level and spectrum of the interfering noise. Simplified design methods used in public address systems are limited to obtaining an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio based on A weighted sound levels. For this reason, among others, guidelines for designers usually contain information on typical interfering noise levels and do not provide information on the noise spectrum. As shown in the paper, the effect of the noise spectrum on STI can be very high, and when such spectrum cannot be obtained by measurement or computation, standardised spectra appropriate for a given type of noise can be used for STI calculations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Dziechciński
1
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology
4 Experimental validation of asymmetric PZT optimal shape in the active vibration reduction of triangular plates
Romuald Kuras , Sebastian Hajder
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 563-568 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149579
Keywords: triangular plate active vibration reduction AVC open-loop control
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Abstract

In the active vibration reduction of two-dimensional structures, piezoelectric actuators of regular shapes, e.g. rectangular, circular, are commonly used. However, the shape of the transducers can be irregular, asymmetric (a-PZT), and its geometry can be an object for optimization. The paper presents an experimental validation of the application of optimal shaped a- PZT in the active reduction of triangular plate vibrations. Optimization was based on the criterion of the maximum bending moment. This means that the center of a-PZT is located at the point where the bending moment of the plate has reached its absolute maximum. The isosceles right triangular plate with simply supported edges was chosen as the research object. The research confirms the validity of the criterion used for optimization and may be an introduction to considering the use of optimal a-PZT in the active reduction of vibrations for more complex structures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Romuald Kuras
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Hajder
1
  1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
5 Amplitude spectrum correction to improve speech signal classification quality
Stanislaw Gmyrek , Robert Hossa , Ryszard Makowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 569-574 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149580
Keywords: automatic speech recognition robust parameterization amplitude spectrum correction inverse filtering
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Abstract

The speech signal can be described by three key elements: the excitation signal, the impulse response of the vocal tract, and a system that represents the impact of speech production through human lips. The primary carrier of semantic content in speech is primarily influenced by the characteristics of the vocal tract. Nonetheless, when it comes to parameterization coefficients, the irregular periodicity of the glottal excitation is a significant factor that leads to notable variations in the values of the feature vectors, resulting in disruptions in the amplitude spectrum with the appearance of ripples. In this study, a method is suggested to mitigate this phenomenon. To achieve this goal, inverse filtering was used to estimate the excitation and transfer functions of the vocal tract. Subsequently, using the derived parameterisation coefficients, statistical models for individual Polish phonemes were established as mixtures of Gaussian distributions. The impact of these corrections on the classification accuracy of Polish vowels was then investigated. The proposed modification of the parameterisation method fulfils the expectations, the scatter of feature vector values was reduced.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanislaw Gmyrek
1
Robert Hossa
1
Ryszard Makowski
1
  1. Department of Acoustics, Multimedia and Signal Processing, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
6 Sound power level as a measure of efficiency of Distributed Mode Loudspeakers
Karol Czesak , Piotr Kleczkowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 575-580 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149581
Keywords: DML sound power level loudspeaker characteristics loudspeaker measurements reverberation chamber
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Abstract

Distributed Mode Loudspeakers (DMLs) are characterized by properties, which make them significantly different from conventional electrodynamic loudspeakers. Such differences occur due to the design assumptions of the DML. In this work, a series of SPL measurements of DML in a reverberation chamber has been carried out, which were compared with those for an electrodynamic loudspeaker. Sound power level was determined from the results of conducted measurements for both types of transducers. It was calculated in 1/3 octave bands, for the pink noise excitation. The sound power level obtained with these two different types of loudspeakers is not significantly differing between each other.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Czesak
1
Piotr Kleczkowski
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków
7 Beamforming in near-field - metaheuristic approach and experimental tests in an anechoic chamber
Agnieszka Wielgus , Bogusław Szlachetko , Michał Łuczyński
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 581-586 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149582
Keywords: microphone array noise cancellation spatial filtering
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Abstract

A set of microphones spatially arranged in space in a specific pattern is called a microphone array. It can be used to extract and enhance the signal of interest from its observation corrupted by other interfering signals, such as noise or to estimate the direction of arrival of a source. In this paper we focus on a problem in which the desired signal (speech signal) is interfered by other signal with fully overlapping bandwidth but with different localization. Our goal is to attenuate the interfering signal. We experimentally study the method in which microphones do not have to be equally spaced and all information regarding signal phase is hidden in a transfer function of the microphone. We focus on determining the microphones positions and FIR filter coefficients so that the actual output the beamformer is as close as possible to the desired one (the level of speech signal remains unchanged, while the interfering signal is attenuated) in the sense of ���� norm. To solve this problem, we use a metaheuristic algorithm. Next, we construct the array and make an experiment in anechoic chamber. The initial results of the experiment show that the proposed method can be applied for array designing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wielgus
1
Bogusław Szlachetko
1
Michał Łuczyński
1
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology
8 Profile Analysis: A framework for the study of auditory sound spectrum analysis
Jan Żera
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 587-595 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149583
Keywords: sound spectrum auditory profile analysis formants detection and discrimination
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Abstract

Profile Analysis (PA) is a research approach developed by David M. Green and his associates, aimed at measuring listeners’ ability to discern changes in the spectral envelope shape of complex tones. PA introduces an innovative method by separating across-frequency spectral envelope shape comparisons within a complex tone and across-time level comparisons within specific frequency channels. This paper revisits the outcomes of several PA studies and examines the correlations between PA and the results obtained from experiments involving harmonic signals and listening tests designed to enhance timbre evaluation skills among sound engineering students at the Chopin University of Music in Warsaw.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Żera
1
  1. Warsaw Institute of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Poland
9 Lossy coding and bitrate effects on changes in formant frequencies in Japanese and English speech signals
Mateusz Andrzej Kucharski , Stefan Brachmański
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 597-602 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149584
Keywords: formants formant frequency bitrate coding lossy codecs speech
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Abstract

Since speaker recognition and verification became heavily used technology, both in professional applications like forensics and more everyday ones, the question arose: what factors can impact results of those processes? One thing that may be important with respect to this subject is lossy coding, as some of the information contained in an original file is lost in the coding process. In the era of globalization, not only native languages or languages of neighboring countries are of interest to researchers, but also those quite far, especially from Asia – the biggest exporter of goods and services to Europe. Those economic relationships are usually connected with the interchange of personnel, which further shortens geographical distance. The article presents the results that are a continuation of research on the behavior of Japanese language formants. Earlier research focused on changes occurring for the first and second formants. This article presents changes observed for the third and fourth formants. The knowledge of these changes is indicated in the process of speaker identification in forensics using the spectrographic method. At the Department of Acoustics and Multimedia, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology and in many centers around the world, the auditoryspectrographic method is used, which is a combination of the aural and spectrographic methods. In the spectrographic part, a person is identified on the basis of a comparison of the formants’ trajectory.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Andrzej Kucharski
1
Stefan Brachmański
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
10 Objective assessment of the speech quality broadcasted by local Digital Radio in selected locations in Wroclaw
Stefan Brachmański , Maurycy Kin , Natalia Rurzyńska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 603-608 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149585
Keywords: speech quality DAB PESQ POLQA
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Abstract

The development of digital radio, observed in recent years, and the advantages offered by this medium are resulting in the expansion of the audience. In order to ensure the proper quality of broadcasting, it is necessary to monitor this quality. The assessment based on listening tests is very expensive and organizationally inconvenient. The development of methods for objective evaluation of signals makes it possible to monitor the quality of transmitted content, without the need for troublesome procedures associated with subjective evaluation. The good correlation of subjective evaluation and objective measurements in the transmission of perceptually encoded signals, reported in the literature, may allow for random quality monitoring. The authors decided to test the feasibility of using two objective evaluation methods to assess the quality of the speech signal transmitted on digital radio by comparing the results obtained with the subjective evaluation. The paper presents the results of objective measurements of speech quality transmitted via Digital Audio Broadcasting+ in Wroclaw agglomeration. Measurements have been done in various city sites in order to determine the influence of the location on speech quality. The obtained results of the assessment performed by the use of two methods of testing: PESQ and POLQA, allowed to find a correlation between the objective and subjective results of quality evaluations. The method of objective testing may be used for monitoring the quality of signals in Digital Audio Broadcasting networks especially spoken broadcasts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stefan Brachmański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maurycy Kin
1
Natalia Rurzyńska
2
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
  2. KFB Acoustics Sp. z o. o., ul. Mydlana 7, 51-502 Wroclaw
11 Crowd noise spectra for the calculation of the speech transmission index for public address systems
Paweł Dziechciński
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 609-614 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149586
Keywords: speech transmission index STIPA public address system interfering noise noise spectra
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Abstract

Knowledge of interfering noise is necessary for the correct design of a public address system. Noise sound levels can be obtained, for example, from BS 5389-1. It is more difficult to acquire knowledge of the interfering noise spectra, and the spectrum is also important for calculating speech intelligibility. As shown in the paper, for crowd noise, it is possible to determine the spectrum by pairing the level of noise to the speech spectrum for appropriate vocal effort. The error in determining the speech transmission index for public address systems for such selected noise spectra, relative to values for measurement-acquired noise spectra, is acceptable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Dziechciński
1
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology
12 Subjective tests of speaker recognition for selected voice disguise techniques
Piotr Staroniewicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 615-620 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149587
Keywords: speaker recognition forensics biometrics voice desguise
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Abstract

Research work on the effectiveness of voice disguise techniques is important for the development of biometric systems (surveillance) as well as phonoscopic research (forensics). A speaker recognition system or a listener can be deliberately or non-deliberately misled by technical or natural methods. It is important to determine the impact of these techniques on both automatic systems and live listeners. This paper presents the results of listening tests conducted on a group of 40 people. The effectiveness of speaker recognition was investigated using selected natural (chosen from four groups of deliberate natural techniques: phonation, phonemic, prosodic and deformation) and technical (pitch shifting, GSM coding) voice disguise techniques. The results were related to the previously obtained outcomes for the automatic method of verification carried out using a classical speaker recognition system based on MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) parameterisation and GMM (Gaussian Mixture Models) classification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Staroniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
13 Preliminary study: mobile phone as a phonocardiographic signal recorder
Michał Łuczyński
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 621-626 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149588
Keywords: phonocardiography signal processing acoustics
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility of using a mobile phone with a voice recorder function as a phonocardiographic signal recorder. Test measurements were carried out by placing the phone at various points on the chest. For one selected point, measurements were carried out for a group of 120 people, using different models of mobile phones. Data on weight, height and age were collected through a survey. Participants of the study were also asked about diagnosed heart defects and potential problems related to the measurement. Signal quality was assessed using quality parameters. It was checked how the selected methods of signal pre-processing (editing of recordings, filtering) affect the values of quality parameters. The obtained recordings were subjected to automatic signal classification.
The result of this work is an extended analysis of the use of mobile phones as electronic stethoscopes and an analysis of the usefulness of signals obtained using this measurement method. The results of these studies are important for the field of medical diagnostics, especially in situations where access to traditional stethoscopes is limited. If mobile phones prove to be effective recorders of phonocardiographic signals, it will open new possibilities in the field of remote heart monitoring and telemedicine. However, it should be noted that further research, including validation and comparison of results obtained with mobile phones with those obtained with traditional stethoscopes, is needed before this technology is introduced into clinical practice.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Łuczyński
1
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
14 The analysis of the metrological propertiesof contact temperature measurement with the use of selected statistical methods
Dariusz Michalski , Beata Maciejewska , Magdalena Piasecka , Norbert Dadas , Artur Piasecki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 627-635 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149589
Keywords: temperature measurement thermoelements calibration measurement uncertainty Monte Carlo method statistical methods
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Abstract

In this study, the uncertainty of measurement paths was estimated using selected statistical methods. Specifically, temperature measurements obtained from contact temperature sensors used in a heat transfer test section were investigated. The experiments utilized a drywell temperature calibrator, thermoelements (types K, J, N, and T), and a data acquisition station. Additionally, a certified Pt-100 resistance sensor connected to the temperature meter was considered during measurements. The temperature range for the selected measurement points was 0.3 to 100 °C, covering both increasing and decreasing temperatures. To calculate the expanded uncertainty, both the uncertainty propagation method and the Monte Carlo method were employed. The results were analyzed and found to be similar.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Michalski
1
Beata Maciejewska
1
Magdalena Piasecka
1
Norbert Dadas
1
Artur Piasecki
1
  1. Kielce University of Technology, Poland
15 Design of a system to analyse the performance of certified measuring instruments
Jacek Wójcik , Magdalena Piasecka , Marzena Mięsikowska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 637-642 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149590
Keywords: certification digital methods and certificates digitisation certificate system measuring instruments analysis of measuring instrument operating conditions
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to present modern methods for analysing the performance of certified measuring instruments. The design of a system for analysing the performance of certified measuring instruments is presented. In the first part, the traditional process of certification of measuring instruments and methods of market surveillance are described. The other part proposes an electronic solution to support the certification process by supervising the correct operation of measuring instruments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Wójcik
1
Magdalena Piasecka
2
Marzena Mięsikowska
2
  1. Central Office of Measures (GUM)
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Poland
16 Origin and properties of own error signals of the discrete wavelet transform algorithms
Łukasz Dróżdż , Jerzy Roj
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 643-648 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149591
Keywords: wavelet transform uncertainty budget uncertainty estimation wavelet transform own errors
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Abstract

The article presents a method for analyzing the own errors of the discrete wavelet transform algorithms, which are introduced by these algorithms into the output quantities. The presented considerations include determining the origin of the error signals in question and determining their parameters. Both errors resulting from imperfections in the transmittance of the algorithm and those resulting from its implementation in the actual measurement chain were considered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Dróżdż
1
Jerzy Roj
1
  1. Department of Measurement Science,Electronics and Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
17 Fractal dragon curve microstrip antenna for Dual-Band WLAN communications
Karol Dragowski , Mateusz Pasternak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 649-654 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149592
Keywords: fractal antenna microstrip antenna WLAN antenna dual-band antenna dragon curve
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Abstract

The growing usage of wireless networks and the reduction of device sizes requires the search for new solutions in antenna technology. This study presents a direct-fed microstrip antenna, which is based on the Dragon Curve fractal and operates at two resonances: 2.4 and 5 GHz, frequencies commonly used in wireless communications. The antenna dimensions are 4.25 by 2.84 cm. The simulated reflection coefficients for the resonances are -36.49 and -30.73 dB, while the measured values are -14.68 and -14.85 dB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Dragowski
1
Mateusz Pasternak
2
  1. Unmanned Systems and Balistics Centre, Military Institute of Armament Technology, Zielonka, Poland
  2. Radioelectronics, Military Universityof Technology, Warsaw, Poland
18 Bandwidth enhancement of circular structure microstrip antenna based on inverted C-shaped ground configuration
Siswo Wardoyo , Jaka Permana , Toto Supriyanto , Muh Wildan , Febrizal , Syah Alam , Teguh Firmansyah
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 655-660 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149593
Keywords: antenna bandwidth enhancement broadband frequency circular-shaped modified ground
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Abstract

Designing microstrip antennas with wide bandwidth and low-frequency capabilities presents several challenges. These difficulties mainly arise due to the relatively small size of the microstrip in comparison to the operating frequency. Therefore, achieving a combination of enhanced bandwidth and lowerfrequency cut-off becomes crucial to support a broad frequency range of communication technologies. This paper presents a method for enhancing the bandwidth of a circular microstrip antenna based on an inverted C-shaped ground configuration. The proposed method successfully creates an antenna with extended bandwidth while lowering the operating frequency. The antenna was simulated and then fabricated using an RO5880 duroid substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of 1.575 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the antenna can operate effectively within a wide frequency range of 3.5 GHz to 18 GHz. Additionally, utilizing this method enables the antenna to function at even lower frequencies and wider bandwidth without the need for additional dimensions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Siswo Wardoyo
1
Jaka Permana
1
Toto Supriyanto
2
Muh Wildan
3
Febrizal
4
Syah Alam
5
Teguh Firmansyah
1
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Km 3, Cilegon, Indonesia
  2. Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Jl. G.A. Siwabessy, Depok, Indonesia
  3. Politeknik Penerbangan Indonesia. Jl. Raya PLP Curug, Tangerang, Indonesia
  4. Department of Electrical Engineering. Universitas Riau. Jl. Soebrantas Km. 12.5, Indonesia
  5. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
19 Enhanced optimization model decision efficient multi product retail
Solly Aryza , Syahril Efendi , Poltak Sihombing , Sawaluddin
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 661-666 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149594
Keywords: business progress optimization multi product retail
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Abstract

The success of businesses depends on factors such as cost management, improving product and service quality, and satisfying customer demands. This study has been conducted to optimize the distribution of multiple product and levels of product flow under uncertain condition. This involves developing a mathematical model that minimizes supply chain costs while maximizing customer satisfaction across different scenarios. This is enabled businesses to introduce omnichannel approaches that cover all social strata, tastes, and habits, allowing organizations to take greater control over pricing and product selection and receive precise feedback from the market and customers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Solly Aryza
1
Syahril Efendi
2
Poltak Sihombing
2
Sawaluddin
2
  1. Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan
  2. Universitas Sumatera Utara
20 Estimating risk levels for blood pressure and thyroid hormone using artificial intelligence methods
Musab T.S. Al-Kaltakchi , Raid Rafi Omar Al-Nima , Azza Alhialy
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 667-672 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149595
Keywords: blood pressure thyroid hormone Artificial Intelligence Fuzzy Logic Adaptive Neuron-Fuzzy Inference System
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Abstract

In this work, artificial intelligence methods are designed and adopted for evaluating various risk levels of thyroid hormone and blood pressure in humans. Fuzzy Logic (FL) method is firstly exploited to provide the risk levels. Additionally, a machine learning was proposed using the Adaptive Neuron- Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to learn and assess the risk levels by fusing a multiple-layer Neural Network (NN) with the FL. The data are collected for standard risk levels from real medical centers. The results lead to well ANFIS design based on the FL, which can generate such interesting outcomes for predicting risk levels for thyroid hormone and blood pressure. Both proposed methods of the FL and ANFIS can be exploited for medical applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Musab T.S. Al-Kaltakchi
1
Raid Rafi Omar Al-Nima
1
Azza Alhialy
1
  1. Technical Engineering College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
21 Analysis of digital footprints associated with cybersecurity behavior patterns of users of University Information and Education Systems
Valerii Lakhno , Nurgazy Kurbaiyazov , Miroslav Lakhno , Olena Kryvoruchko , Alona Desiatko , Svitlana Tsiutsiura , Mykola Tsiutsiura
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 673-682 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149596
Keywords: digital footprints behavior patterns users university information and educational system
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Abstract

The analysis of digital footprints (DF) related to the cybersecurity (cyber risk) user behavior of university information and education systems (UIES) involves the study and evaluation of various aspects of activity in the systems. In particular, such analysis includes the study of typical patterns (patterns) of access to UIES, password usage, network activity, compliance with security policies, identification of anomalous behavior, and more. It is shown that user behavior in UIES is represented by sequences of actions and can be analyzed using the sequential analysis method. Such analysis will allow information security (IS) systems of UIES to efficiently process categorical data associated with sequential patterns of user actions. It is shown that analyzing sequential patterns of cyberthreatening user behavior will allow UIES IS systems to identify more complex threats that may be hidden in chains of actions, not just individual events. This will allow for more effective identification of potential threats and prevention of security incidents in the UIES.
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Authors and Affiliations

Valerii Lakhno
1
Nurgazy Kurbaiyazov
2
Miroslav Lakhno
1
Olena Kryvoruchko
3
Alona Desiatko
3
Svitlana Tsiutsiura
3
Mykola Tsiutsiura
3
  1. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Kazakh National University named after Al- Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  3. State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
22 Resonant Frequencies of TE0mn modes in multilayered resonators containing uniaxial anisotropic dielectrics with complex shapes
Krzysztof Derzakowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 683-690 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149597
Keywords: dielectric resonator Maxwell’s equations radialmodes matching method uniaxial anisotropic permittivity
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Abstract

The method of evaluating the resonant frequencies of multilayered resonator containing uniaxial anisotropic dielectrics is presented. The detailed solution of Maxwell's equations for such a structure by means of the radial modes matching method for TE0mn modes is given. The results of calculations using developed and launched computer program are given. Results of calculations are compared with those obtained by other method using CST simulator. These results are in close agreement, which proves the correctness of the method. The developed solution, and the software program can be used to measure the tensor permittivity of dielectrics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Derzakowski
1
  1. Institute of Radiolectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
23 Support vector machine to criminal recidivism prediction
Olha Kovalchuk , Ruslan Shevchuk , Ludmila Babala , Mykhailo Kasianchuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 691-967 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149598
Keywords: machine learning algorithm support vector machine risk assessment classification criminal recidivism prediction
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Abstract

Internal security of the state is one of the prerequisites for sustainable development. To ensure the public safety and personal security of citizens, it is necessary to develop effective measures to reduce crime and prevent crime in the future. The starting point for the development and practical implementation of an effective strategy to combat crime or prevent certain crimes is criminological forecasting. Individual forecasting is aimed at determining the possibility of committing a crime (crimes) in the future by a certain person or group of persons.
For risk assessment, the following are traditionally used machine learning models. Such models also provide qualitative assessments in the scientific prediction of the likelihood and possibilities of committing a repeat criminal offense. Knowledge gained from the application of machine learning algorithm, can provide justice authorities with anticipatory information that is essential for developing a general concept of combating crime. The development of applied models for crime analysis and forecasting can become a reliable tool to support decision-making in predicting likely criminal behavior in the future and ensuring the internal security of the state. In this paper, the results of the application are presented by the machine-learning algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) for assessment of the risk of recidivism of criminal offenses by persons who have already been convicted of such a crime in the past. The data set consisted of the 12,000 criminal defendants’ criminal profile information in Ukraine. The constructed classifier has a high precision (98.67%), recall (97.53%) and is qualitative (AUC is equal 0.981). The created SVM model can be applied to new data set to predict the risk of reoffending by convicted individuals in the future.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olha Kovalchuk
1
Ruslan Shevchuk
2
Ludmila Babala
1
Mykhailo Kasianchuk
1
  1. West Ukrainian National University
  2. University of Bielsko-Biala and West Ukrainian National University
24 Application of focusing systems to the protection of information during data transmission in the zone of direct radio visibility
Yelizaveta Vitulyova , Kaisarali Kadyrzhan , Aruzhan Kadyrzhan , Ibragim Suleimenov
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 699-705 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149599
Keywords: information security unmanned aerial vehicle electronic warfare line of sight focusing system
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Abstract

It is shown that focusing systems built on the basis of a system of radio receivers spaced apart in space and simulating the operation of a lens can be used to ensure the protection of information during data transmission in the direct radio visibility zone. The synthesis of the lens equivalent in this case is carried out by using a system of phase shifters that change the phase of the oscillations arriving at each of the receivers, so that the receiving system is tuned to a radio wave source located at a specific point in space. In this case, information protection is provided according to the “friend or foe” principle, and any commands coming from other areas of space, except for the point where the authorized operator is located, are ignored. The advantage of this approach is the ability to partially or completely abandon the use of cryptographic methods. It is shown that the proposed approach is of considerable interest for ensuring the stable operation of groups of unmanned aerial vehicles from the point of view of the possibility of intercepting control using electronic warfare methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yelizaveta Vitulyova
1
Kaisarali Kadyrzhan
1
Aruzhan Kadyrzhan
2
Ibragim Suleimenov
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications named after Gumarbek Daukeev
  2. National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan
25 On the design and linearization of transmitters for the LTE 450 base station
Dawid Rosołowski , Daniel Gryglewski , Wojciech Wojtasiak , Michał Kajczuk , Jędrzej Klocek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 707-713 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149600
Keywords: LTE450 transmitter Doherty amplifier transmitter linearization digital predistortion DPD power efficiency in 4G @5G systems
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Abstract

The paper presents the two transmitter analog paths of 10 W and 400 W peak output power developed for micro- and macro-cell LTE450 base stations, respectively. Each path contains a chain of amplifiers with a final stage designed in the Doherty architecture to improve total transmitter power efficiency. The paths were optimized for linearity and efficiency considering, i.e., an output power vs. input power course shape and tuning of the amplifier's operating points while using low computational complexity MP algorithms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Rosołowski
1
Daniel Gryglewski
1
Wojciech Wojtasiak
1
Michał Kajczuk
2
Jędrzej Klocek
2
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
  2. IT Partners Telco Sp. z o.o, Poland
26 A new efficient predictor blending lossless image coder
Grzegorz Ulacha , Ryszard Stasinski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 715-726 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149601
Keywords: image coding lossless coding predictor blending
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Abstract

In the paper a highly efficient algorithm for lossless image coding is described. The algorithm is a predictor blending one, a sample estimate is computed as a weighted sum of estimates given by subpredictors, here 27 ones, hence the name Blend-27. Data compaction performance of Blend-27 is compared to that of numerous other lossless image coding algorithms, including the best currently existing ones. The compared methods are ”classical” ones, as well as those based on Artificial Neural Networks. Performance of Blend-27 as a near-lossless coder is also evaluated. Its computational complexity is lower than that of majority of its direct competitors. The new algorithm appears to be currently the most efficient technique for lossless coding of natural images.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Ulacha
1
Ryszard Stasinski
2
  1. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
  2. Institute of Multimedia Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
27 Complete synthesis of identity templates for quantum and reversible logic MCT circuits using SAT-solvers and proposal of suboptimality witness notion
Adam Jagielski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 727-732 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149602
Keywords: quantum computing circuit synthesis cryptography satisfiability problem reversible logic
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Abstract

In this study, we introduce a procedural generation technique for Identity Templates applicable to quantum and reversible logic circuits. These templates are recognized for their significant role in enhancing the efficiency of quantum and reversible logic optimization. Our approach enables the exhaustive synthesis of all potential templates up to a specified size. Leveraging the power of SAT-solver technology, we have verified the comprehensiveness of our template collections by confirming the full exploration of the search space. Additionally, we propose an innovative concept of Suboptimality Witnesses, which we anticipate will be instrumental in streamlining the search process in formal methods, akin to SAT-solvers, for the synthesis of reversible logic circuits.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Jagielski
1
  1. Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
28 Video compression and optimization technologies - review
Syed Uddin , Mikolaj Leszczuk , Michal Grega
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 733-742 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149603
Keywords: video coding compression codec MPEG
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Abstract

The use of video streaming is constantly increasing. High-resolution video requires resources on both the sender and the receiver side. Many compression techniques can be utilized to compress the video and simultaneously maintain quality. The main goal of this paper is to provide an overview of video streaming and QoE. This paper describes the basic concepts and discusses existing methodologies to measure QoE. Subjective, objective, and video compression technologies are discussed. This review paper gathers the codec implementation developed by MPEG, Google, and Apple. This paper outlines the challenges and future research directions that should be considered in the measurement and assessment of the quality of experience for video services.
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Authors and Affiliations

Syed Uddin
1
Mikolaj Leszczuk
1
Michal Grega
1
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Poland
29 Analysis of solar power public street lighting optimization with Pvsyst software in a residential complex area
Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak , Heryanto , Akhmad Wahyu Dani , Ketty Siti Salamah , Lukman Medriavin Silalahi , Marsuki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 743-749 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149604
Keywords: public street lighting PVsyst software PV array the sulfuric ratio energy supplied to users
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Abstract

The duration of street light illumination on solarpowered public street lighting is often short-lived (decreased Tlol) due to exposure to near shading (loss irradiance) of 8.89% in residential complexes. Therefore, optimization of PV panels and battery components through PVsyst software simulation analysis is required. The simulation results after optimization showed that the PV array obtained 205 wp and a battery capacity of 62 ah (2 days of autonomy), resulting in a decrease in Tlol of 765 hours. While the Performance Ratio (PR) is 67.6%, there is an increase of 7.7%, and the sulfuric ratio is 93.6%, there is an increase in the energy supplied to users by 12.74% or 33.36 kWh.
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Authors and Affiliations

Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak
1
Heryanto
2
Akhmad Wahyu Dani
1
Ketty Siti Salamah
1
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
1
Marsuki
1
  1. Mercu Buana University, Indonesia
  2. Muhammadiyah University Jakarta, Indonesia
30 Implementation of Doppler-Based Location Sensor on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Rafał Szczepanik
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 751-760 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149605
Keywords: radio emitters localization Signal Dopler Frequency method radio navigation UAV
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Abstract

The article presents the first implementation of the Signal Doppler Frequency (SDF) location method on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) named Autonomous System of Location radio EmmiteRs (ASLER), employing a DJI Matrice UAV as its mobile platform for the radio sensor. The system is used for position estimation, i.e., determining the location coordinates of localized radio emitters. Such functionality is the basis of radio reconnaissance, electronic warfare, or combat systems, and many radio navigation systems. The ASLER localization procedure is based on the Doppler localization method, also known as the SDF. Its distinctive feature is the use of a single moving platform for localization. In addition, the SDF allows simultaneous localization of multiple emission sources, which is an innovative distinction compared to other solutions of this class. ASLER is the first autonomous implementation of the SDF method on a flying platform. This paper illustrates the hardware and software implementation of location sensor, and results of the first empirical studies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Szczepanik
1
  1. Institute of Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
31 Space 4.0 – a common, democratic European space
Ryszard S. Romaniuk , Piotr Orleański
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 761-766 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149606
Keywords: space policies Space 4.0 project European Space Agency space democratization space and satellite engineering
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Abstract

Regardless of differences in political views on the scope and depth of the European integration, there are so many areas of possible and very beneficial integration that it is difficult to include them all in the area of controversy. One such area of necessary and extremely profitable European integration is, among others, space. Unless we go back a few decades and consider space, even today, to be the pride only of those nations that have overcome the space barrier. This would be an absurdity difficult to imagine in today's Europe. Space 4.0 is, in its shortest definition and in relation to European context, a great, long-term effort by our entire community to democratize space over Europe. It was high time for ESA to make this decision in 2016. Space 4.0 is a large sector project with general social ambitions, contributing to the Industry 4.0 project and the idea of European Society 4.0. Europe was maturing for this decision on many levels: political, social, but mainly economic and competitive. We will soon celebrate the 10th anniversary of this decision, so we would like to remind again where we direct our European space dreams, and maybe it is time for a slightly earlier summary of activities during this period of almost a decade, especially from our Polish, perhaps slightly subjective perspective. The Polish version of this article is published concurrently in Elektronika journal by SEP - Assoc.Pol.El.Eng.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
Piotr Orleański
2
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
  2. Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
32 Information technology in teaching and learning process at higher education institutions in students’ opinions
Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk , Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 767-772 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149607
Keywords: IT in teaching and learning higher education students AI in education
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Abstract

The article analyzes the opinions of students of The. Maria Grzegorzewska University on the use of information technologies in the teaching and learning process. In the diagnostic survey 139 students took part. The results indicate that students appreciate technologies for facilitating access to teaching materials, effectiveness of communication and opportunities for self-education, especially in the context of the pandemic, but they are not perceived as a remedy for all educational problems. The key challenges are providing appropriate infrastructure, teachers' competences, and students' self-regulation skills. Statistical analyzes have shown differences in the level of IT competences of students at various stages of studies, with a noticeable increase in these competences as they progress in education. The study emphasizes that technology should be a support in education, not a purpose in itself.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk
1
Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba
1
  1. The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland
33 Information technologies in higher education teaching in the opinions of academic teachers
Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk , Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 773-779 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149608
Keywords: IT in teaching and learning higher education academic teachers
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Abstract

The article analyzes the opinions of academic teachers on the use of information technologies (ICT) in higher education teaching. Key conclusions from the study indicate the need to ensure a stable Internet connection and access to functional computer equipment and projectors in each classroom. Teachers emphasize the importance of financing the software and its systematic updating. The university's technical support is also important, including quick response to problems and the availability of the technical department. The respondents point out the need to increase the number of training courses on new tools and AI, which will allow for better adaptation to the needs of students. They also point to the need to equip classrooms with equipment for hybrid classes and support students by providing them with laptops and specialized software.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk
1
Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba
1
  1. The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland

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