Nauki Techniczne

Opto-Electronics Review

Zawartość

Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 4

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Abstrakt

The paper presents a design and performance analysis of a photosensor device enabling the measurement of the visible light illuminance. The sensor is designed for use in the light metering matrix of a mobile measurement platform allowing the correct operation of in-pavement airport lamps. This kind of control can be required by regulations and must meet the standards defined by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). An important assumption of the solution was to obtain the highest possible speed of a measurement acquisition so that the control process would take place in a relatively short time. The proposed module concept is dedicated to the task of testing the quality of airport lamps, due to the characteristics of the photosensitive elements matching the light beams emitted by luminaries. The device is based on a VTP1220FBH photodiode and an ATmega328P microcontroller, which, in addition to the analogue-to-digital conversion and correction, sends the results back to the master unit via the I 2C bus.
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Bibliografia

  1. Certification Specifications (CS) and Guideline Material (GM) for Aerodrome Design Edition 3, Annex to Decision No. 2016/027/Rof the EASA Executive Director, European Aviation Safety Agency. https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/21730/en (2016).
  2. Suder, J., Maciejewski, P., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Platforma pomiarowa do badania jakości działania lamp lotniskowych (Measuring platform fo quality testing of airport lamps). Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka PAR 23, 5–13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.14313/PAR_232/5 (in Polish)
  3. Podbucki, K., Suder, J., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Elektro-niczna matryca pomiarowa do badania lamp lotniskowych (Electronic measuring matrix for testing airport lamps). Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 97, 47–51 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.02.12 (in Polish)
  4. Suder, J., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Spectrum sensors for detecting type of airport lamps in a light photometry system. Opto-Electron. Rev. 29, 133–140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24425/opelre.2021.139383
  5. Suder, J., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Low complexity lane detection methods for light photometry system. Electronics 10, 1665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141665
  6. BH1750 Digital 16bit Serial Output Type Ambient Light Sensor IC Technical Note. https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/348/bh1750fvi-e-186247.pdf (2011).
  7. Krac, E. & Górecki, K. Wpływ kąta padania światła na wartości natężenia oświetlenia zmierzone za pomocą czujników fotometry-cznych (Influence of the angle of incidence of light on the values of illuminance measureg with photodetectors). Przegląd Elektro-techniczny 97, 214–217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.12.44 (in Polish)
  8. Sitompul, D. D., Surya, F. E., Suhandi, F. P. & Zakaria, H. Runway Edge Light Photometry System by Using Drone-Mounted Instrument. in International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD) 1–5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESD.2019.8909498
  9. Sitompul, D. S. D., Surya, F. E., Suhandi, F. P. & Zakaria H. Horizontal Scanning Method by Drone Mounted Photodiode Array for Runway Edge Light Photometry. in International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) 41–45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISITIA.2019.8937211
  10. Gao, J., Luo, J., Xu, A. & Yu, J. Light Intensity Intelligent Control System Research snd Design Based on Automobile Sun Visor of BH1750. in 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC) 3957–3960 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2017.7979192
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  13. Ptak, P., Górecki, K. & Gensikowski, M. Porównanie właściwości dynamicznych wybranych czujników fotometrycznych (Compa-rison of dynamic properties of the selected photometric sensors). Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 96, 112–116 (2020). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2020.12.21 (in Polish)
  14. Ambient Light Sensors VTP1220FBH Product Description. Exelitas https://www.tme.eu/Document/99fa8b97bc9fac9fd65b9c88e771e8d1/2.pdf (2022).
  15. Raes, W., Bastiaens, S., Plets, D. & Stevens, N. Assessment of the Influence of Photodiode Size on RSS-Based Visible Light Positioning Precision. IEEE SENSORS 1–3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956543
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  17. Mańczak, W. Development of a microprocessor matrix to measure the lightning intensity of airport lamps. (Poznan University of Technology, 2022).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kacper Podbucki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Suder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Mańczak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, 5 M. Skłodowska-Curie Sq., 60-965 Poznań, Poland
  2. Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, 5 M. Skłodowska-Curie Sq., 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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Abstrakt

In this work the influence of the cavity parameters on optical losses of a simple intensity-based in-line refractive index sensor utilizing a micromachined side-hole fibre was studied by means of numerical simulations. To perform these simulations, the Authors used the finite-difference time-domain method. The proposed sensor setup consists of light source, micromachined optical fibre as a sensor head, and a detector which makes it low-cost and easy to build. The changes of the external refractive index can be, therefore, recovered by direct measurements of the transmitted intensity from which insertion loss values can be calculated. By changing geometry of the cavity micromachined into the side-hole optical fibre, it was possible to determine its influence on the final sensor sensitivity and measurements range. Based on the provided analysis of simulations results, a simple fibre optic sensor can be fabricated mainly for sensing external liquids refractive index for application in biochemistry or healthcare.
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Bibliografia

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  3. Rao, Y.-J. & Ran, Z.-L. Optic fibre sensors fabricated by laser-micromachining. Fiber Technol. 19 808–821 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2013.07.016
  4. Wang, Y., Liao, C. R. & Wang, D. N. Femtosecond laser-assisted selective infiltration of microstructured optical fibres. Express 18, 18056–18060 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.018056
  5. Pallarés-Aldeiturriaga, D., Roldán-Varona, P., Rodríguez-Cobo, L. & López-Higuera, J. M. Optical fibre sensors by direct laser processing: A review. Sensors 20, 6971 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236971
  6. Kumar, A., Pankaj, V. & Poonam, J. Refractive index sensor for sensing high refractive index bioliquids at the THz frequency. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38, F81–F89 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.438367
  7. Pérez, M. A., González, O. & Arias, J. R., Optical Fibre Sensors for Chemical and Biological Measurements. in Current Developments in Optical Fibre Technology (eds. Harun, S. W. & Arof, H.) (IntechOpen, 2013). https://doi.org/10.5772/52741
  8. Liu, P. Y. et al. Cell refractive index for cell biology and disease diagnosis: Past, present and future. Lab Chip 16, 634–644 (2016). https://doi.org/1039/C5LC01445J
  9. Leal-Junior, A. G. et al. Polymer optical fibre sensors in healthcare applications: A comprehensive review. Sensors 19, 3156 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143156
  10. Yan, X., Li, H. & Su, X. Review of optical sensors for pesticides. Trends Analyt. Chem. 103, 1–20 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.004
  11. Joe, H. E., Yun, H., Jo, S.-H., Jun, M. G. & Min, B.-K. A review on optical fibre sensors for environmental monitoring. Int. J. Pr. Eng. Man-Gt. 5, 173–191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0017-6
  12. Costa, G. K. B. et al. In-fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer for strain and magnetic field sensing. Express 24, 14690–14696 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.014690
  13. Zhou, N. et al. MEMS-based reflective intensity-modulated fibre-optic sensor for pressure measurements. Sensors 15, 2233 (2020). https://doi.org/3390/s20082233
  14. Pevec, S. & Donlagic, D. Multiparameter fibre-optic sensor for simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity, pressure, refractive index, and temperature. IEEE Photon. J. 9, 1–14 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2651978
  15. Stasiewicz, K. A., Jakubowska, I. & Dudek, M. Detection of organosulfur and organophosphorus compounds using a hexafluoro-butyl acrylate-coated tapered optical fibres. Polymers 14, 612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030612
  16. Pura, P. et al. Polymer microtips at different types of optical fibres as functional elements for sensing applications. Light. Technol. 3, 2398–2404 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.2385961
  17. Marć, P., Żuchowska, M. & Jaroszewicz, L. Reflective properties of a polymer micro-transducer for an optical fibre refractive index sensor. Sensors 20, 6964 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236964
  18. Marć, P., Żuchowska, M., Jakubowska, I. & Jaroszewicz, L. R. Polymer microtip on a multimode optical fibre as a threshold volatile organic compounds sensor. Sensors 22, 1246 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031246
  19. Tian, Z., Yam, S. S. H. & Loock, H. P. Refractive index sensor based on an abrupt taper Michelson interferometer in a single-mode fibre. Lett. 33, 1105–1107 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.001105
  20. Ran, Z., Rao, Z., Zhang, J., Liu, Z. & Xu, B. A Miniature fibre-optic refractive-index sensor based on laser-machined fabry–perot interferometer tip. Light. Technol. 27, 5426–5429 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2009.2031656
  21. Wei, T., Han, Y., Li, Y., Tsai, H. L. &. Xiao, H. Temperature-insensitive miniaturized fibre inline Fabry-Perot interferometer for highly sensitive refractive index measurement. Express 16, 5764–5769 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.005764
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  27. Lin, H., Liu, F., Guo, H., Zhou A. & Dai, Y. Ultra-highly sensitive gas pressure sensor based on dual side-hole fibre interferometers with Vernier effect. Express 26, 28763–28772 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.028763
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Michał Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kinga.K. Köllő
1

  1. Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstrakt

The presented research shows that commercially available graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide meets the requirements for its use as a conductive and transparent anode in optoelectronic devices. The cluster growth of rhenium oxide enables an increase in the work function of graphene by 1.3 eV up to 5.2 eV, which guarantees an appropriate adjustment to the energy levels of organic semiconductors used in organic light-emitting diode devices.
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Bibliografia

  1. Zou, S. J. et al. Recent advances in organic light-emitting diodes: Toward smart lighting and displays. Chem. Front. 4, 788–820 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qm00716d
  2. Hou, S. et al. Recent advances in silver nanowires electrodes for flexible organic/perovskite light-emitting diodes. Chem. 10, 864186 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.864186
  3. Naghdi, S., Sanchez-Arriaga, G. & Rhee, K. Y. . Tuning the work function of graphene toward application as anode and cathode. Alloys Compd. 805, 1117–1134 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.187
  4. Adetayo, A. E., Ahmed, T. N., Zakhidov, A. & Beall, G. W. Improvements of organic light-emitting diodes using graphene as an emerging and efficient transparent conducting electrode material. Opt. Mat. 9, 2002102 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202002102
  5. Krukowski, P. et al. Work function tunability of graphene with thermally evaporated rhenium heptoxide for transparent electrode applications. Eng. Mat. 22, 1900955 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201900955
  6. Meyer, J. et al. Metal oxide induced charge transfer doping and band alignment of graphene electrodes for efficient organic light emitting diodes. Rep. 4, 5380 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05380
  7. Meyer, J. et al. Transition metal oxides for organic electronics: Energetics, device physics and applications. Mat. 24, 5408–5427 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201630
  8. Kowalczyk, D. A. et al. Local electronic structure of stable mono-layers of α-MoO3−x grown on graphite substrate. 2D Mat. 8, 025005 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/abcf10
  9. Kowalczyk, P. J. et al. Flexible photovoltaic cells based on two-dimensional materials and their hybrids. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 98, 117–120 (2022). (in Polish) https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2022.02.26
  10. Kowalczyk, D. A. et al. Two-dimensional crystals as a buffer layer for high work function applications: the case of monolayer MoO3. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 14, 44506–44515 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c09946
  11. Lei, Y. et al. Graphene and beyond: recent advances in two-dimensional materials synthesis, properties, and devices. ACS Nanosci. Au (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00017
  12. Pabianek, K. et al. Interactions of Ti and its oxides with selected surfaces: Si(100), HOPG(0001) and graphene/4H-SiC(0001). Coat. Technol. 397, 126033 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126033
  13. Momeni Pakdehi, D. et al. Minimum resistance anisotropy of epitaxial graphene on SiC. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10, 6039–6045 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18641
  14. Miao, Y. et al. Small-size graphene oxide (GO) as a hole injection layer for high-performance green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Mater. Chem. C 9, 12408–12419 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02898g
  15. Chen, Y., Gong, X. L. & Gai, J. G. Progress and challenges in transfer of large-area graphene films. Sci. 3, 1500343 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500343
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  17. Huet, B. & Raskin, J. P. Role of the Cu substrate in the growth of ultra-flat crack-free highly-crystalline single-layer graphene. Nanoscale 10, 21898–21909 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06817h
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Paweł Krukowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Piskorski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruslana Udovytska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dorota A. Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iaroslav Lutsyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Rogala
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Witold Kozłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Łuszczyńska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Jung
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Ulański
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Matuszek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Nadolska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Przybysz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Ryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Klaudia Toczek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Dunal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patryk Krempiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Czerwińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maxime Le Ster
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Skulimowski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł J. Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Solid State Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/153 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland
  2. Department of Molecular Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego St., 90– 924 Łódź, Poland
  3. Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/152 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland
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Abstrakt

The article presents a study of a hybrid structure based on the combination of a tapered optical fibre and gold nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid crystal material. Sensitivity to changes of the refractive index of the environment in which the structure is located, as well as the possibility of changing the refractive index of liquid crystals by external factors, such as temperature and electric field, were investigated. Electro- and thermally-induced changes of the refractive index of a liquid crystal through the rotation of a molecule director, which cause changes in the light propagated in a tapered optical fibre, were described. The most important issue in the article is to determine the influence of doping a liquid crystal with gold nanoparticles the concentration of which varies between 0.1 and 0.3 wt.%. The paper presents transmission measurements in a wide optical range depending on voltage, temperature, and frequency changes. Additionally, time courses of the obtained signal were measured. The study shows that the appropriate selection of nanoparticle concentration has a huge impact on the optical wave propagation. The experimental results show that the optical changes obtained for the investigated hybrid structure prefer it for use as an electro-optical switcher, filter, or sensor.
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Bibliografia

  1. Taha, B. A. et al. Comprehensive review tapered optical fiber configurations for sensing application: trend and challenges. Biosensors 11, 253 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11080253
  2. Joe, H.-E., Yun, H., Jo, S.-H., Jun, M. B. G. & Min, B.-K. A review on optical fiber sensors for environmental monitoring. Int. Pr. Eng. Man.-Gr. 5, 173–191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0017-6
  3. Korposh, S., James, S. W., Lee, S.-W. & Tatan, R. P. Tapered optical fibre sensors: current trends and future perspectives. Sensors 19, 2294 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102294
  4. Adhikari R., Chauhan, D., Mola, G. T. & Dwivedi, R. P. A review of the current state-of-the-art in Fano resonance-based plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides for sensing applications. Opto-Electron. Rev. 29, 148–166 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24425/opelre.2021.139601
  5. Elosua, C. et al. Micro and nanostructured materials for the development of optical fibre. Sensors 17, 2312 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102312
  6. Tong, L. Micro/nanofibre optical sensors: challenges and prospects. Sensors 18, 903 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030903
  7. Moś, J., Stasiewicz, K., Matras-Postołek, K. & Jaroszewicz, L. R. Thermo-optical switching effect based on a tapered optical fiber and higher alkanes doped with ZnS:Mn. Materials 13, 5044 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13215044
  8. Wang, P., Zhao, H., Wang, X., Farrell, G. & Brambilla, G. A Review of multimode interference in tapered optical fibers and related appli-cations. Sensors 18, 858 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030858
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  14. Tian, Z., Yam, S. S.-H. & Loock, H. P. Refractive index sensor based on an abrut taper Michelson interferometer in single mode Fiber. Lett. 33, 1105–1107 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.001105
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Joanna E. Moś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol A. Stasiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek R. Jaroszewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of New Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstrakt

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras as part of high-voltage electrical inspections until recently have mostly been used for pure observations. These observations only imply the presence of corona discharges and not the severity thereof. A radiometric algorithm together with a calibration algorithm to perform an optical energy measurement were presented earlier. This is a guide on how to apply the algorithm to determine the total optical measurement from corona discharges, plus additional processing. This guide and additions are used to compare the electrical and optical domains with actual examples. The main objective is to illustrate how to determine the electrical and optical relation for the IEC 60720 high-voltage electrical test configurations using a standard open procedure.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hermanus C. Myburgh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jerry Walker
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa
  3. Walmet Consultancy (Pty) Ltd, Powerville, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa
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Abstrakt

This paper presents the results of a thermal computational analysis of a two-dimensional laser array emitting from a surface. The array consisted of eight equispaced ridge-waveguide edge-emitting nitride diode lasers. Surface emission of light was obtained using mirrors inclined at 45°. The authors investigate how the geometrical dimensions of the array emitters and their pitch in the array affect the increase and distribution of temperature in the device. They also examine the influence on the temperature increase and distribution of the thickness of the insulating SiO2, the thickness of the gold layer forming the top contact of the laser, and the thickness of the GaN substrate, as well as the influence of the ridge-waveguide width.
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Bibliografia

  1. Warren, M. E. et al. High-speed and scalable high-power VCSEL arrays and their applications. SPIE 9381, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080235
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  3. Kuramoto, M. et al. High-power GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors. Sci. 9, 416 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030416
  4. Kuramoto, M. et al.Watt-class blue vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays. Phys. Express 12, 091004 (2019). https://doi.org/10.7567/1882-0786/ab3aa6
  5. Liu, J. et al. GaN-based blue laser diodes with 2.2 W of light output power under continuous-wave operation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 29, 2203–2206 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2017.2770169
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  13. Kuc, M. & Sarzała, R. P. Modelowanie zjawisk fizycznych w krawędziowych laserach azotkowych oraz ich matrycach. (Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2016). [in Polish]
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dominika Dąbrówka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert P. Sarzała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Wasiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Kafar
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Perlin
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kiran Saba
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, 217/221 Wólczańska St., 93-005 Łódź, Poland
  2. Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 29/37 Sokołowska St., 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstrakt

An adaptive and precise peak wavelength detection algorithm for fibre Bragg grating using generative adversarial network is proposed. The algorithm consists of generative model and discriminative model. The generative model generates a synthetic signal and is sampled for training using a deep neural network. The discriminative model predicts the real fibre Bragg grating signal by the calculation of the loss functions. The maxima of loss function of the discriminative signal and the minima of loss function of the generative signal are matched and the desired peak wavelength of fibre Bragg grating is determined. The proposed algorithm is verified theoretically and experimentally for a single fibre Bragg grating peak. The accuracy has been obtained as ±0.2 pm. The proposed algorithm is adaptive in the sense that any random fibre Bragg grating peak can be identified within a short wavelength range.
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Bibliografia

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  12. Kumar, S. et al. Efficient detection of multiple FBG wavelength peaks using matched filtering technique. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 1–14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03460-3
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sunil Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Somnath Sengupta
1

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

Abstrakt

Various intelligent transportation systems are proposed in different forms of wireless communication technologies. Recently, the importance of visible light communication and free-space optics has been demonstrated in accomplishing vehicle-to-vehicle and infrastructure-to-vehicle communication systems, due to power efficiency, free licenses, and safety for human health. In this paper, a new hybrid relay system supported by free-space optics/visible light communication with two scenarios is proposed. The first one is that the data are transferred from the source to the relay through a free-space optics communication link and are then directed to the destination through a visible light communication link. The second scenario is that the data are transmitted from the source to the destination passing through two different relays to ensure larger coverage. A 10−6 bit error rate is achieved at a distance of 900 m for the first scenario with a remarkable signal-to-noise ratio of ~25.5 dB, while the largest distance that can be covered by the second scenario is 1200 m with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~30 dB.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Suzan M. EL-Garhy
1 2
Ashraf A. M. Khalaf
2
ORCID: ORCID
Moustafa H. Aly
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed Abaza
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Higher Technological Institute, Tenth of Ramadan, Egypt
  2. Electronics and Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt
  3. Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt

Instrukcja dla autorów

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OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW is an open access journal. This involves the payment of an article publishing charge (APC) by the authors, their institution or funding body. We make the article freely available immediately upon publication on PAS Jornals platform (https://journals.pan.pl/opelre)

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Articles submitted by June 30th, 2024: existing fee: 1750 PLN (or 400 EUR)

Articles submitted from July 1st, 2024: new fee: 2000 PLN (or 500 EUR) - a flat fee per paper up to 8 pages of the journal format (each additional page will be charged an additional 200 PLN or 50 EUR).

Dodatkowe informacje

Opto-Electronics Review was established in 1992 for the publication of scientific papers concerning optoelectronics and photonics materials, system and signal processing. This journal covers the whole field of theory, experimental verification, techniques and instrumentation and brings together, within one journal, contributions from a wide range of disciplines. Papers covering novel topics extending the frontiers in optoelectronics and photonics are very encouraged. The main goal of this magazine is promotion of papers presented by European scientific teams, especially those submitted by important team from Central and Eastern Europe. However, contributions from other parts of the world are by no means excluded.

Articles are published in OPELRE in the following categories:

-invited reviews presenting the current state of the knowledge,

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Authors of review papers are encouraged to write articles of relevance to a wide readership including both those established in this field of research and non-specialists working in related areas. Papers considered as “letters” are not published in OPELRE.

Opto-Electronics Review is published quarterly as a journal of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP) and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) in cooperation with the Military University of Technology and under the auspices of the Polish Optoelectronics Committee of SEP.

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