Applied sciences

Opto-Electronics Review

Content

Opto-Electronics Review | 2025 | 33 | 4

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Abstract

Optical frequency combs (OFCs) have transformed metrology, optical communications, and high-precision spectroscopic applications. OFC technology has advanced quickly over the last 20 years, placing it at the forefront of optical engineering and laser research. High-quality and stable OFCs are produced using sophisticated modulation techniques that effectively mould the comb spectral properties. Four important modulation strategies for OFC generation are compared in this study: Mach-Zehnder modulation (MZM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), and polarisation modulation (PolM). Two important factors of OFC namely, comb flatness and the number of lines generated are used to assess these modulators performance. The results of experiments and simulations show the benefits and drawbacks of each method and offer guidance on their optimal use in various optical systems. The results of this study provide a detailed understanding of the optimisation of OFC generation, which will aid in the creation of next-generation optical communication and sensor systems. Also, the various applications of OFC are discussed in the last section of this study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jeyapiriya K
1
ORCID: ORCID
Baskaran M
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai, India
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Abstract

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) based on Rayleigh backscattering is actively used for perimeter monitoring of critical infrastructure. However, traditional signal processing methods often face challenges in detecting weak or short-term events in noisy conditions. In this paper, we propose an improved signal accumulation method based on group averaging with alternating sign integration. The proposed method provides the efficient noise suppression and improves the detection of local mechanical disturbances along the fibre. Comparative simulation study between the classical and the proposed approach demonstrates a significant improvement in signal visibility in the presence of additive noise. Potential implementations of multi-layered and mesh-integrated DAS configurations are also discussed to further enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The obtained results can serve as a basis for the development of modern security systems for critical facilities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oleg V. Angelsky
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Myroslav Strynadko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Claudia Yu. Zenkova
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Taizhou Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, China
  2. Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
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Abstract

An electronic control system developed by our team for spatial mapping in Raman spectroscopy integrated with a glove box is described in this article. Key features include a Positioning and Optical Preview System with a 3-axis NanoMax stage for precise sample mapping, a Control Module based on the STM32F207 microcontroller for managing stage movements and synchronisation, and a custom software solution enabling measurement synchronisation via TTL signals. To validate our Raman mapping methodology, we analysed mechanically ground α-MoO₃ powder deposited on glass. The acquired spectra clearly exhibited all the characteristic vibrational modes of the orthorhombic phase, confirming the reliability of our mapping technique.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Piskorski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Rogala
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iaroslav Lutsyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Witold Kozłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maxime Le Ster
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł J. Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Radecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Krukowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

Aiming to enhance halide double perovskites technological applications, this research examines optoelectronic, structural, and mechanical properties of Rb2MgSnY6 (Y =  I, Br, Cl) compounds via the first-principles method, evaluating their suitability for prospective applications. The optimised structural parameters and cell volumes expand proportionally with the size of the halogen atoms, and the computed tolerance factors, along with positive phonon frequencies in band structures, confirm both structural and dynamical stability. Electronic band structure analysis reveals that all examined compounds exhibit semiconducting characteristics, with a bandgap of 1.39, 1.95, and 2.45 eV, respectively, for Rb2MgSnI6, Rb2MgSnBr6, and Rb2MgSnCl6. Mechanical analysis confirmed stability criteria and also demonstrated anisotropic and ductile behaviour. A range of optical parameters is analysed, such as dielectric function, absorption rate, optical response, and index of refraction for Rb2MgSnY6 (Y = I, Br, Cl) across the energy range of 0–40 eV. The results of the optical analysis reveal that these materials exhibit high optical conductivity, low reflectivity, and strong absorption ability. Overall, the structural, thermodynamic, and mechanical robustness emphasises the superb prospects of these compounds for deployment in solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and various additional optoelectronic appliances.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tariq Usman
1
ORCID: ORCID
Javed Iqbal
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marouane Archi
3
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Murtaza
4
Sajid Khan
5
Yang Mu
1

  1. Department of Physics, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, Shandong, PR China
  2. Institute of Physics, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  3. Research Laboratory Physics and Sciences for Engineers (LRPSI), Poly-disciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
  4. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
  5. Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu 28100, Pakistan
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Abstract

The paper presents theoretical possibilities for producing planar gradient microlenses in soda-lime glass using the Ag+Na+ ion exchange method. The modelling of ion exchange processes (pre-diffusion, heating) was used to calculate two-dimensional refractive profiles. A mathematical model of ion exchange was used, considering the dependence of the diffusion coefficients of exchanged ions on their normalised concentrations. Simulations of changes in refraction in glass are based on experimental results. An algorithm based on Snell’s law is used to calculate ray trajectories, determining the refractive properties of microlenses. The proposed algorithm allows determining ray trajectories with arbitrarily small steps in the gradient region of the glass. The refractive properties of the modelled gradient microlenses were analysed for meridional beams. The numerical modelling shows the influence of controlled grinding of the glass surface on the focusing properties of the microlenses. This allows for very good correction of the spherical aberration in manufactured microlenses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Rogoziński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Bolesława Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

A realisation of a Q-switched Tm3+-doped fibre laser operating at 1.96 μm wavelength is reported. The Tm3+-doped fibre was fabricated using a novel multi-ring modified chemical vapour deposition-chelate doping technique (MCVD-CDT) technology. The developed laser emits pulses at a repetition rate of 3 kHz with an energy of 84 μJ and a duration of 272 ns, which corresponds to a peak power of 304 W. The experimental results confirm that the fabricated Tm3+-doped multi-ring, large mode area fibre is a promising candidate for developing high-energy Q-switched lasers operating near 2 µm wavelength.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Sójka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Pajewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Sujecki
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Samir Lamrini 
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Prorok
4
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Miluski
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kochanowicz
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Łodziński 
5
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech A. Pisarski
6
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Dorosz 
7
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
  3. LIMA Photonics GmbH, Weender Landstrasse 3-7, 37075 Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
  4. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, ul. Wiejska 45D, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
  5. Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, AGH University of Kraków, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  6. Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, ul. Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
  7. Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Kraków, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Computer-generated holography is a technology valuable for efficient projection and three-dimensional displays, with a growing number of calculation algorithms and relatively simple optical setups for image reconstruction. Among available technologies, liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulators can provide uncomplicated phase modulation of incident wavefronts. However, these devices face challenges to overcome, such as the presence of multiple image duplicates in hologram reconstructions. Here, we propose a method for reducing visibility of those duplicates in which the volume and complexity of the setup remain the same. It is based on randomisation of positions of light-modulating pixels and distorting the otherwise regular pixel array of the modulator, without modifying the device. We present a theoretical analysis and results obtained in both simulations and experiment. Signal-to-noise ratio in the areas surrounding the desired image is shown to decrease, suppressing the presence of image duplicates. Various levels of randomisation are considered and can be selected with specific applications in mind.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Starobrat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Bolek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Kakarenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Petelczyc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Kolodziejczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

We present the results of simplified polarimetric methods for detecting disturbances on a fibre-optic link in a quantum key distribution system. The proposed methods use a polarisation coupler and a single polariser as a polarisation-sensitive detection system. The effectiveness of the disturbance detection was considered in a plug-and-play quantum key distribution system with phase encoding. This paper compares the performance of two simplified methods for determining changes in the state of polarisation in response to three types of disturbances, including touching, bending, and inserting a clip-on coupler. Also, the results of an experiment involving the entire procedure of introducing eavesdropping into a telecommunications fibre-optic cable are presented. The results of the measurements indicate the subsequent steps when attacking a fibre-optic cable. This article shows that a simplified polarisation-sensitive sensor can be implemented into a quantum key distribution system to detect disturbances and eavesdropping attempts, as well as enhance the security of the system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Estera Pawlikowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Życzkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Pakuła
2
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Marć
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. św. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper proposes a security detection method based on a dual-path refined attention mechanism to address the complex and variable illegal intrusion behaviours and low detection efficiency in optical transmission sensor networks. By constructing a multi-scale convolutional attention module, efficient fusion of local and global features can be achieved, combining ResNet50 structure optimisation with XGBoost classifier to improve the model ability to discriminate intrusion features and detection speed. The experimental results demonstrate that this method outperforms existing methods in terms of detection rate, real-time performance, and anti-interference capability, particularly in maintaining low network overhead under high attack densities. This study provides a reliable intrusion detection solution for optical transmission sensor networks, which is of great value in enhancing security protection capabilities in complex network environments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mi Lin
1
Huanyu Zhang
1
Xiaomin Liu
1
Yu Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jie Hong
1

  1. Power Dispatching Control Center, Hainan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Haikou 570203, China
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Abstract

This work presents the design, characterisation, and measurement results of the silicon strip sensor readout circuit for X-ray applications. The key design goals were a noise level below 50 electrons rms, low power consumption (below 10 mW per channel) and a compact layout. The prototype integrated circuit was designed and fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS technology, incorporating eight charge-processing channels, biasing circuits, reset and baseline restoration logic, and a calibration system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Zubrzycka-Singh
ORCID: ORCID

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Abstract

Scientists involved in building quantum computers are currently facing many physical difficulties. Creating qubits, manipulating them and reading their state requires a lot of experience. This paper describes an optical laser system as a test platform for quantum-optical control that enables effective manipulation of an emulated quantum bit. Importantly, it is a reproduction of the system controlling the optical path in real ion traps. This solution makes it possible to study the phenomena occurring in such systems and to learn about the wide range of problems that a designer and an operator of quantum systems may encounter, even before they start building them. The optical system presented in the article uses, among others, a 532 nm laser, acousto-optic modulators (AOMs), ultrafast light detectors, and a programmable FPGA chip. The entire optical system was then attached to the QUBIT emulator and thoroughly tested. The article describes the design and operation of the proposed optical system and shows an example of how to control it using a Python script.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Długopolski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Życzkowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Pakuła
3
ORCID: ORCID
Szymon Fiderkiewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Sobotka
4
ORCID: ORCID
Wawrzyniec Suleja
5
Marcin Sadowski
5

  1. Faculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
  4. Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. św. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
  5. SONOVERO R&D, ul. Słoneczna 7, 72-100 Goleniów, Poland
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Abstract

Free-space optical (FSO) communication offers a high-bandwidth solution for modern networks, yet its reliability is critically undermined by atmospheric turbulence. This work thoroughly examines Reed-Solomon (RS) coding as an essential mitigation strategy. We evaluate the performance of the industry-standard RS(255, 223) code under moderate Gamma-Gamma turbulence. Through detailed simulations, we first quantify the coding gain, showing that the RS code breaks through the uncoded system error floor and provides a gain of over 3 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻³. Secondly, we isolate the performance penalty imposed by turbulence, which amounts to approximately 2.5 dB compared to a clear-sky channel. Finally, we investigate the critical impact of link distance by simulating the system over 300 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m. This reveals a significant performance penalty for longer links due to the cumulative effect of turbulence. This study definitively establishes that forward error correction (FEC) is a crucial element for dependable free-space optics (FSO), while also quantifying the practical performance constraints imposed by turbulence and distance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Melouka Helal
1 2
Chahinaz Kandouci
2
Merahi Bouziani
2

  1. Belhadj Bouchaib University, Ain-Temouchent, 46000, Algeria
  2. Telecommunications and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000, Algeria
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Abstract

This paper presents methods for detecting and eliminating artifacts in signals recorded by the FOS6 rotational seismograph based on the Sagnac effect. A combination of classical threshold-based techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms was employed, aimed not only at detecting artifacts but also at improving the overall quality of the recorded data. Particular emphasis was placed on the deliberate use of AI – not as a direct filtering tool, but as a means of identifying regions of the signal that can be effectively smoothed or removed while preserving waveform integrity. The threshold-based algorithm mainly functioned as a source of training data for the AI models, enabling effective learning and testing of the approaches developed. Training data were obtained from the earlier FOS5 device, and verification was performed using recordings from both FOS5 and FOS6, enabling evaluation of the proposed methods under real-world conditions. To suppress artifacts, a simple linear interpolation method was proposed that preserves signal continuity and morphology while minimising distortion. The results show that this combined approach significantly increases the usability of the measurement system, enabling a more reliable analysis of seismic events and reducing the number of false alarms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Sakowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Kamiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Jankowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek R. Jaroszewicz
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 221, 93-005 Lódź, Poland
  2. Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Elproma Elektronika Sp. z o.o., ul. Duńska 2A, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland

Instructions for authors

Guide for Authors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/opelre/journal/for_authors/

OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW is an open access journal. This involves the payment of an article publishing charge (APC) by the authors, their institution or funding body. We make the article freely available immediately upon publication on PAS Jornals platform (https://journals.pan.pl/opelre)

APC: 2000 PLN (500 EUR) - up to 8 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 200 PLN (50 EUR) per page (see the above link with instructions for Authors for details)

Opto-Electronics Review was established in 1992 for the publication of scientific papers concerning optoelectronics and photonics materials, system and signal processing. This journal covers the whole field of theory, experimental verification, techniques and instrumentation and brings together, within one journal, contributions from a wide range of disciplines. Papers covering novel topics extending the frontiers in optoelectronics and photonics are very encouraged. The main goal of this magazine is promotion of papers presented by European scientific teams, especially those submitted by important team from Central and Eastern Europe. However, contributions from other parts of the world are by no means excluded.

Articles are published in OPELRE in the following categories:

-invited reviews presenting the current state of the knowledge,

-specialized topics at the forefront of optoelectronics and photonics and their applications,

-refereed research contributions reporting on original scientific or technological achievements,

-conference papers printed in normal issues as invited or contributed papers.

Authors of review papers are encouraged to write articles of relevance to a wide readership including both those established in this field of research and non-specialists working in related areas. Papers considered as “letters” are not published in OPELRE.

Opto-Electronics Review is published quarterly as a journal of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP) and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) in cooperation with the Military University of Technology and under the auspices of the Polish Optoelectronics Committee of SEP.

Abstracting and Indexing: Arianta BazTech EBSCO relevant databases EBSCO Discovery Service SCOPUS relevant databases ProQuest relevant databases Clarivate Analytics relevant databases WangFang additionally: ProQuesta (Ex Libris, Ulrich, Summon) Google Scholar

Additional info

barwy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i wizerunek godła Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

DOFINANSOWANO ZE ŚRODKÓW BUDŻETU PAŃSTWA
Rozwój czasopism naukowych
Nr projektu: RCN/SN/0652/2021/1
Dofinansowanie: 85 700 zł
Całkowita wartość: 85 700 zł
Data podpisania umowy: 6 grudnia 2022 r.
Celem projektu jest wsparcie działalności wydawniczej Opto-Electronics Review w zakresie poprawy widoczności czasopisma na arenie krajowej i międzynarodowej oraz podwyższenia jakości edytorskiej prezentowanych treści.

CO-FINANCED FROM THE STATE BUDGET
Development of scientific journals
Project number: RCN/SN/0652/2021/1
Funding: PLN 85 700
Total value: PLN 85 700
Date of signing the contract: December 6, 2022.
The project aims to support the publishing activities of Opto-Electronics Review to improve the journal's visibility in the national and international arena and increase the editorial quality of the presented content.




Publication Ethics Policy

Policies and ethics:

The editors of the journal place particular emphasis on compliance with the following principles:

The use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in writing for Opto-Electronics Review

Where authors use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, these technologies should only be used to improve readability and language of the work and not to replace key authoring tasks such as producing scientific insights or drawing scientific conclusions. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control and all work should be reviewed and edited carefully, because AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete, or biased. The authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.

Authors should disclose in their manuscript the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies and a statement will appear in the published work. Declaring the use of these technologies supports transparency and trust between authors, readers, reviewers, editors, and contributors and facilitates compliance with the terms of use of the relevant tool or technology.

The use of generative AI and AI-assisted tools in figures, images and artwork

Opto-Electronics Review does not permit the use of generative AI or AI-assisted tools to create or alter images in submitted manuscripts. This may include enhancing, obscuring, moving, removing, or introducing a specific feature within an image or figure. Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable if they do not obscure or eliminate any information present in the original.

The only exception is if the use of generative AI or AI-assisted tools is part of the research design or research methods (such as in AI-assisted imaging approaches to generate or interpret the underlying research data, for example in the field of biomedical imaging). If this is done, such use must be described in a reproducible manner in the methods section. This should include an explanation of how the generative AI or AI-assisted tools were used in the image creation or alteration process, and the name of the model or tool, version and extension numbers, and manufacturer.

Ethical policy of Opto-Electronics Review

The ethical policy of Opto-Electronics Review follows the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity and is also guided by the core practices and policies outlined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Authors must be honest in presenting their results and conclusions of their research. Research misconduct is harmful for knowledge.

Research results

Fabrication, falsification, or selective reporting of data with the intent to mislead or deceive is unethical, as is the theft of data or research results from others. The results of research should be recorded and maintained to allow for analysis and review. Following publication, the data should be retained for a reasonable period and made available upon request. Exceptions may be appropriate in certain circumstances to preserve privacy, to assure patent protection, or for similar reasons.

Authorship

All those who have made a significant contribution should be given chance to be cited as authors. Other individuals who have contributed to the work should be acknowledged. Articles should include a full list of the current institutional affiliations of all authors, both academic and corporate.

Competing interests

All authors, referees and editors must declare any conflicting or competing interests relating to a given article. Competing interests through their potential influence on behavior or content or perception may undermine the objectivity, integrity, or perceived value of publication.

Peer Review

We are committed to prompt evaluation and publication of fully accepted papers in Opto-Electronics Review’s publications. To maintain a high-quality publication, all submissions undergo a rigorous review process.

Characteristics of the peer review process are as follows:

• Simultaneous submissions of the same manuscript to different journals will not be tolerated.

• Manuscripts with contents outside the scope will not be considered for review.

• Opto-Electronics Review is a single-blind review journal.

• Papers will be refereed by at least 2 experts as suggested by the editorial board.

• In addition, Editors will have the option of seeking additional reviews when needed. Authors will be informed when Editors decide further review is required.

• All publication decisions are made by the journal’s Editor-in-Chief based on the referees’ reports. Authors of papers that are not accepted are notified promptly.

• All submitted manuscripts are treated as confidential documents. We expect reviewers to treat manuscripts as confidential material.

• Editors and reviewers involved in the review process should disclose conflicts of interest resulting from direct competitive, collaborative, or other relationships with any of the authors, and remove oneself from cases in which such conflicts preclude an objective evaluation. Privileged information or ideas that are obtained through peer review must not be used for competitive gain.

• A reviewer should be alert to potential ethical issues in the paper and should bring these to the attention of the editor, including any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which the reviewer has personal knowledge. Any statement, observation, derivation, or argument that had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation.

• Personal criticism is inappropriate.

Plagiarism

Reproducing text from other papers without properly crediting the source (plagiarism) or producing many papers with almost the same content by the same authors (self-plagiarism) is not acceptable. Submitting the same results to more than one journal concurrently is unethical. Exceptions are the review articles. Authors may not present results obtained by others as if they were their own. Authors should acknowledge the work of others used in their research and cite publications that have influenced the direction and course of their study.

Plagiarism is not tolerated. All manuscripts submitted to Opto-Electronics Review will be checked for plagiarism (copying text or results from other sources) and self-plagiarism (duplicating substantial parts of authors’ own published work without giving the appropriate references) using the CrossCheck database (iThenticate plagiarism checker).

Duplicate submission

Simultaneous submissions of the same manuscript to different journals will not be tolerated. The submitted article will be removed without consideration.

Corrections and retractions

All authors have an obligation to inform and cooperate with journal editors to provide prompt retractions or correction of errors in published works.

• The journal will issue retractions if:

• There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g., data fabrication or honest error - miscalculation or experimental error);

• The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (i.e., cases of redundant publication);

• It constitutes plagiarism;

• It reports unethical research.

• The journal will issue errata, if:

• A small portion of an otherwise reliable publication proves to be misleading (especially because of honest error);

• The author list is incorrect.

Other forms of misconduct include failure to meet clear ethical and legal requirements such as misrepresentation of interests, breach of confidentiality, lack of informed consent and abuse of research subjects or materials. Misconduct also includes improper dealing with infringements, such as attempts to cover up misconduct and reprisals on whistleblowers.

The primary responsibility for handling research misconduct is in the hands of those who employ the researchers. If a possible misconduct is brought to our attention, we will seek advice from the referees and the Editorial Board. If there is the evidence, we will resolve the matter by appropriate corrections in the printed and online journal; by refusing to consider an author's future work and by contacting affected authors and editors of other journals.

Human and Animal Rights

If the work involves the use of human subjects, the author should ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans; Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical journals. Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be observed.

All animal experiments should comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and should be carried out in accordance with the EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines have been followed.

Plagiarism Policy

All submitted manuscripts are checked against plagiarism using iThenticate software. Using the CRediT taxonomy in the Authors' Statement section is recommended.(https://credit.niso.org/)

CRediT Classification:
Conceptualization: Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
Data Curation: Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later reuse.
Formal Analysis: Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
Funding Acquisition: Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
Investigation:; Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
Methodology: Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
Project Administration: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
Resources: Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
Software: Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
Supervision: Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
Validation: Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
Visualization: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
Writing – Original Draft Preparation: Creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
Writing – Review & Editing: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.

An example of an Authors’ Contribution statement using CRediT with degree of contribution:

X.Y.: writing – review and editing (equal). A.B.: conceptualization (lead); writing – original draft (lead); formal analysis (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). C.D.: software (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). M.N.: methodology (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). S.T.: conceptualization (supporting); writing – original draft (supporting); writing – review and editing (equal).

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