Life Sciences and Agriculture

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Content

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 2

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Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and, although small, it has the highest evolution rate among DNA viruses. Commercial PCV2 commercial vaccines are inactivated PCV2 isolates or a subunit vaccine based on the Cap protein of PCV2. Currently, PCV2 VLPs of individual subtype vaccines are available. Although the main prevalent genotype worldwide is PCV2b, the emerging subtype PCV2d subtype is also increasingly associated with PCV disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of VLP based on the PCV2b and 2d subtypes against the mixed challenge of two hypotype PCV2 in mice. Thirty-six female SPV Kunming mice were immunized twice with PCV2b and 2d VLPs, then challenged with PCV2b and PCV2d, to assess the immunogenicity and effectiveness of the VLPs. Vaccination of the mice with PCV2b and 2d VLPs elicited a robust antibody response specific for the PCV2. The virus load detected in the 2b and 2d spleen vaccine group was the lowest compared to other groups. Furthermore, there was no pathological damage in the HE stained sections of the 2b and 2d spleen vaccine, and no virus was detected in the immunohistochemical sections. Our data suggest that the mixed PCV2b and 2d VLP vaccine could protect mice from challenge with the mixed infection of PCV2b and PCV2d.
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Authors and Affiliations

X.M. Yuan
1
Q.C. Yuan
1
S.M. Feng
1
Z.B. Deng
1

  1. Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda road, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract

Umbilical hernia is one of the most common problems in young calves. This problem occurs in dairy sector as well as in the local farmers. Present study was conducted to compare outcomes of four different techniques of herniorrhaphy. Twenty four young calves (n=24) were divided in 4 groups (A, B, C, and D) which underwent four different surgical techniques. Group A underwent vicryl plus suture material and pants-over-west technique, Group B underwent mesh application with Dexon suture material by using simple interrupted suture pattern, Group C underwent closed method with Nylon No. 3 suture material by using vertical mattress suture pattern and Group D underwent clamp application method with Silk No. 2 suture material by using simple interrupted suture pattern. The result showed that mesh application method was comparatively better with respect to feed intake, body weight gain and healing time. There was no reoccurrence with non-significant hematological changes (p≤0.05). It is concluded that mesh application method is safer than other three techniques and there are no systemic effects of this surgical intervention on calves’ health.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Fatima
1
M. Arif Khan
1
S. Aslam
1
K. Ashraf
2
A. Khalid Mahmood
1
M. Asif
1
S. Shah
1
N. Hussain
1

  1. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out fall road 54000, Lahore-Pakistan
  2. Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out fall road 54000, Lahore-Pakistan
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Abstract

The aim was to analyze the quality of commercial shampoo without prophylactic effect for dogs. The analysis was based on the evaluations and requirements established for human-line products since there is no guide for veterinary products in Mexico; such evaluations have not been carried out or published in Mexico. Physicochemical, sensory, performance, and consumer information tests of the shampoo were carried out. The sample consisted of twenty products marketed in Mexico City. During the evaluation of the label, a serious non-compliance with applicable regulations was found. The pH of the products ranged between 5.6 and 8.4; Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the three groups with low (6.1), medium (7.2), and high (8.1) pH. Viscosity values were from 1131 to 3102. For the foam index, no statistically significant differences were found. 100% of the products analyzed complied with the rest of the quality tests carried out. The results of the quality analysis in this study will allow veterinarians specializing in small species to better select and recommend the products for their use and inform dog owners, about the safety, and value of the products.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.I. Peña-Corona
1
I. Juárez-Rodríguez
2
D. Vargas-Estrada
1
E. Amador-González
3
L. Arvizu-Tovar
2
O. Soberanis-Ramos
2

  1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University city, without number, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510 Mexico
  2. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University city, without number, Coyocan, Mexico City, 04510 Mexico
  3. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University city, without number, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510 Mexico
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Abstract

Gallbladder mucocele (GM) is a common extrahepatic biliary disease recognized in dogs and is defined as the expansion and extension of the gallbladder by an accumulation of semi-solid bile or bile acid. Histopathological diagnosis of necrotizing cholecystitis and transmural coagulative necrosis of the gallbladder wall shows poor prognosis. Conversely, histopathological diagnosis with partial necrotic findings is often achieved. We hypothesized that histopathological partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall is the primary lesion of necrotic cholecystitis or transmural ischemic necrosis. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between histopathological necrosis/ partial necrosis findings and their clinical conditions. We retrospectively analyzed 55 dogs diagnosed with GM that had undergone cholecystectomy at the Yamaguchi University Animal Medical Center. The group with histopathological necrosis/partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall showed elevated levels of preoperative white blood cells, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, and C-reactive protein compared to the non-necrotic group. Partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall may affect the progression of the disease and hematological abnormalities. Additionally, all death cases until 2 weeks were included in the histopathological necrosis/partial necrosis group. In this study, we found that poor prognosis factors were associated with partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall. Furthermore, these cases of partial necrosis showed elevated levels of blood test parameters. These results suggest that necrosis of the gallbladder wall is associated with poor prognosis and poor pathophysiological conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Itoh
1
K. Igari
2
K. Tani
3
H. Sunahara
3
Y. Nemoto
3
M. Nakaichi
4
T. Iseri
4
H. Horikirizono
4
K. Itamoto
1

  1. Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
  2. Pet Clinic Hallelujah, 2544-1 Nakabaru, Kasuya, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2304, Japan
  3. Department of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
  4. Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, 753-8511, Japan
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Abstract

The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii on both herd and animal level based on ELISA and PCR tests. Antibodies to C. burnetii were detected in 22 out of the 24 bulk tank milk samples (91.6%) tested by ELISA and the IS1111 element of C. burnetii was detected in 10 out of the 24 samples (41.6%) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ELISA testing showed individual seropositivity in 67 out of the 165 cows (40.6%) examined in 24 dairy cattle farms in different parts of the Czech Republic. Our study revealed that the prevalence of C. burnetii has increased substantially in the Czech Republic over the past 30 years, and that the causative agent is a potential risk factor for some reproductive problems in dairy farms and a possible risk factor for human infection.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dobos
1
I. Fodor
1
T. Tekin
2
D. Đuričić
3
M. Samardzija
4

  1. CEVA-Phylaxia Co. Ltd., Szállás u. 5, Budapest, H-1107, Hungary
  2. Ceva Animal Health Slovakia, Sro. Račianska 153, 831 53 Bratislava, Slovakia
  3. Mount-Trad d.o.o., Industrijska 13, 43280, Garešnica, Croatia
  4. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract

Great economic losses to the dairy industry are associated with bovine mastitis, which results in poor milk quality and high treatment costs. Anti-inflammatory proteins play an important role in the suppression of the immune response against invading pathogenic microorganisms and are therefore being studied for possible use in the early diagnosis of mastitis. In our study, we used milk samples from 15 cows of Holstein Friesian breed with different health status (5 healthy, 5 subclinical, and 5 clinical animals), and tested them using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to evaluate the presence of IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1, βDEF-2, DEF-3, and Cathelicidin LL37 proteins. The calculation of positively and negatively stained cells for each biomarker was performed using the semiquantitative counting method. We found the presence of all factors with the exception of Cathelicidin LL37, which was almost absent in milk samples of all animal groups. The significant decrease of IL-10, β-def2, and β-def3 expression levels within the 3 days of sampling, found in the milk of animals with sub- and clinical mastitis, indicates the loss of antiinflammatory protection of the affected cow’s udder. In contrast, the stable increase of IL-2 and TGF-β1 positive cells observed in the milk of mastitis-affected cows, and the similar expression of these factors in the milk of healthy animals, indicate the possible lack of involvement of these cytokines at an early stage of udder inflammation.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Šerstņova
1
M. Pilmane
1
Z. Vitenberga-Verza
1
I. Melderis
1
Ł. Gontar
2
M. Kochański
2
A. Drutowska
2
G. Maróti
3 4
B. Prieto-Simón
5 6

  1. The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, RSU, 9 Kronvalda bulvaris, Riga, Latvia
  2. Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, Innowacyjna 9/11, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
  3. Seqomics Biotechnology Ltd., Morahalom, Vallalkozak utja 7, Hungary
  4. Biological Research Center, Plant Biology Institute, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary
  5. Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. de l’Escorxador, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
  6. ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the time-dependent effectiveness of photo-stimulation against bovine sperm cells using a multi-wavelength LED (Light Emitting Diode). Spermatological parameters were evaluated for viability, acrosome structure and motility. In addition, the effect of photo-stimulation on frozen-thawed sperm cells subjected to in vitro capacitation was evaluated in terms of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. The study consisted of two separate experiments and a total of 32 sperm samples obtained from separate bulls were used. All sperm samples were obtained from Holstein bulls using an artificial vagina. Semen was diluted to a final concentration of 92 x 106 spermatozoa per ml in 0.25 ml straws. The sperm cells were frozen using the conventional method. Straws were kept in a 37°C water bath for 20 seconds and diluted 1:4 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to eliminate the potentially deleterious effect of glycerol, the main permeable cryoprotectant in the freezing medium for bull sperm. This dilution also helped in the evaluation of sperm quality parameters. In the first experiment, whereas the 15-10-15 showed no differences with the control, other treatments such as 10-10-10, 5-5-5, and 3-1-3 exhibited significantly higher percentages of viable spermatozoa at 24h. The results obtained for acrosome integrity were pretty much similar to those observed in the sperm viability assessment. In effect, while the treatment consisting of 15-10-15 had no positive effects, shorter treatments exerted a much more positive effect. The percentages of acrosome-intact spermatozoa in 2-1-2 and 1-1-1 were significantly higher than those obtained in the control. The significant differences in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed at 0, 2, 4 and 24h post-photo-stimulation in all treatments, except 15-10-15. The highest increase in the percentage of spermatozoa exhibiting high mitochondrial membrane potential was found in 10-10-10, 5-5-5 and 3-1-3 treatments. With regard to total and progressive motility, whereas 10-10-10 was the best regime, 5-5-5 and 3-1-3 treatments also had a positive effect. However, 15-10-15 appeared to have a stimulating effect upon progressive motility at 2h and 4h but later declined and showed no significant differences with regard to the control at 24h. In the second experiment, not immediately after thawing but after having been kept at room temperature for up to 24h, it was observed that there was no statistical difference in terms of viability, acrosome integrity and total/progressive motility between photostimulation and the control group. This indicates that photo- stimulation is less able to exert a beneficial effect when post-thawed sperm are not immediately stimulated. As a result it was determined that photo-stimulation at a pattern of 10-10-10, 5-5-5, 3-1-3 and, to a lesser extent 2-1-2, increases the resilience of frozen-thawed bull sperm when applied upon thawing.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.D. Ömür
1 2 3

  1. Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Yakutiye/ Erzurum, Turkey
  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Yakutiye/Erzurum, Turkey
  3. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Yakutiye/Erzurum, Turkey
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Abstract

It seems that essential oils can be a good ingredient in effective preparations against Dermanyssus gallinae. Dermanyssus affects animal health leading to financial losses and bird welfare issues. Collected mites were treated with various essential oils in four (20, 50, 80 and 100%) concentrations at a dose of 0.28 mg/cm2. The direct toxicity of the essential oils, mineral oil and spinosad to D. gallinae was tested in the laboratory. Eucalyptus oil was the most toxic essential oil in all concentrations to D. gallinae (87.6 - 97.6% mortality at all four concentrations), while geranium, pine and rosemary oils showed mortality rates of 14.2 - 68.2%. High mortality after 48 hours of contact was also recorded for the oil of cloves at 80% dilution (85.1% mortality), lavender 100% (94.2% mortality). Similarly, the thyme essential oil produced 83.5 - 93.2% mortality in three concentrations: 50, 80 and 100%. The mineral oil was the least effective oil against mites. Spinosad showed high effectiveness against D. gallinae.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Roczeń-Karczmarz
1
M. Demkowska-Kutrzepa
1
J. Zdybel
2
K. Szczepaniak
1
M. Studzińska
1
K. Tomczuk
1

  1. Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
  2. Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Abstract

This study aimed to identify bacterial pathogens in milk samples from dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis as well as to assess the concentrations of oxidant-antioxidant parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total GSH levels] in both blood and milk samples. From a total of 200 dairy cows in 8 farms, 800 quarter milk samples obtained from each udder were tested in the laboratory for the presence of udder pathogens. Cultivated bacteria causing intramammary infection from milk samples were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF). In addition, from tested animals 60 cows were selected includıng 20 healthy cows that were CMT negative, 20 cows with subclinical mastitis (SM), and 20 cows with clinical mastitis (CM) for detection of MDA, GSH, and total GSH levels in blood and milk samples. Three hundred and eighty (47.5%; 380/800), 300 (37.5%; 300/800), and 120 (15%; 120/800) of milk samples, respectively were CMT positive or SM and CM, and those positives were cows from different farms. We observed that 87.4% (332/380), 25.3% (76/300), and 34.2% (41/120) of cows with CMT positive, CMT negative, and CM had bacterial growth. The most predominantly identified bacteria were Staphylococcus chromogenes (18.7%) obtained mainly from SM and Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) as the most frequent cause of CM. According to our results, dairy cows with CM had the highest MDA levels, the lowest GSH, and total GSH levels in both blood and milk samples however, high MDA levels and low GSH levels in milk samples with SM were observed. Based on our results, lipid oxidant MDA and antioxidant GSH could be excellent biomarkers of cow’s milk for developing inflammation of the mammary gland. In addition, there was no link between nutrition and MDA and GSH levels.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Ozbey
1
Z. Cambay
1
S. Yilmaz
2
O. Aytekin
1
F. Zigo
3
M. Ozçelik
1
B. Otlu
4

  1. Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Firat University, Rectorate Campus, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Rectorate Campus, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
  3. Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, Košice, 04001, Slovakia
  4. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Main Campus, 44280, Battalgazi, Malatya, Turkey
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Abstract

A current problem in candidiasis treatment is increasing resistance to azoles, which are often prescribed to patients. The study underlines the high resistance of yeasts to fluconazole, which achieved high MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) values both alone and in combination with essential oils (EOs). Antifungal activity of Hyssopus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs was determined against 13 clinical isolates of Candida albicans and reference strain Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The synergistic effect was investigated for the combination of itraconazole and fluconazole with Hyssopus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris EOs. Based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index, the synergistic effect was achieved in all of the samples exposed to itraconazole with Hyssopus officinalis (FICI 0.3±0.06). On the other side, the additive effect was proven in use of itraconazole with Thymus vulgaris (FICI 0.75±0.35) and fluconazole with both EOs tested (FICI 0.81±0.19; 0.88±0.57) This study shows the importance of monitoring the synergistic effect of antifungals combined with EOs, because it is a possible solution for reducing the resistance and improving the disease prognosis.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Proškovcová
1
E. Čonková
1
P. Váczi
1
D. Marcinčáková
1
M. Harčárová
2

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
  2. Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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Abstract

Thymus, an important central immune organ in pigs, is the site of T lymphocyte development and maturation and an important target organ for infection and replication of various pathogens. Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection results in severe thymic atrophy in piglets. This study aimed to explore the effects of HP-PRRSV on the thymic structure of piglets to elucidate the pathogenesis of thymic atrophy induced by HP-PRRSV. In this study, histopathological techniques and immunofluorescence double staining techniques were used to analyze thymic tissues infected by HP-PRRSV to explore the structural changes of thymus caused by the viral infection and its target cell types. An antibody of cluster of differentiation (CD) 3 (CD3), CD20, CD80, or calgranulin + calprotectin was applied to identify T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, respectively. The results indicated that a variety of cell components in the thymic tissue were diffusely damaged after viral infection. In the infected thymic tissue, CD80- or calgranulin + calprotectin- -labeled cells supported the HP-PRRSV infection, whereas CD3-labeled T cells and CD20- -labeled B cells did not support the viral infection. The results showed that HP-PRRSV caused the reduction of visible cell components in the thymic tissue, and the virus attacked CD80- and calgranulin + calprotectin-positive cells (such as DCs and macrophages) in the thymic tissue, which played an important role in the pathogenesis of thymus atrophy. These results lay the foundation for elucidating the immunosuppression of piglets after infection with HP-PRRSV.
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Authors and Affiliations

Q. Liu
1
Y.-Y. Yu
1
H.-Y. Wang
1

  1. Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
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Abstract

Donkeys are a public health concern in the Northeast region of Brazil, with thousands of stray animals. Orchiectomy is an important population control measure; however, the long postoperative period with daily treatment of open wounds in the scrotum makes it difficult to perform a large number of castrations in sheltering centers. We evaluate a novel surgical procedure for orchiectomy in donkeys using parascrotal access. Twelve donkeys were used, divided into two groups: I - submitted to orchiectomy through parascrotal surgical access (novel procedure), and II - submitted to orchiectomy through scrotal access (conventional). Postoperative evaluations consisted of a macroscopic evaluation of the surgical wound (bleeding and intensity of edema), hematological parameters, and peritoneal fluid, which occurred in both groups at the moments (M): M0 - before the surgical procedure. The others moments occurred after surgery: M12 (twelve hours); M24 (twenty-four hours); M48 (forty-eight hours); M72 (seventy-two hours); M8D (eight days); and M16D (sixteen days). The surgical techniques did not generate an important systemic inflammatory response to the point detected by the leukogram, fibrinogen dosage, and peritoneal fluid. The parascrotal technique required long surgery but promoted less bleeding, less edema, and faster healing. The techniques used did not promote sufficient systemic inflammation to alter the number of leukocytes and the fibrinogen concentration; however, evaluation of the peritoneal fluid proved to be important for evaluating inflammatory processes involving the scrotum and inguinal canal. We describe a novel surgical procedure for orchiectomy in Donkeys using a parascrotal access that promoted less risk of bleeding, shorter period of edema, and healing time, but required longer surgery time.
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Authors and Affiliations

R.A. Barrêto JR
1
L.A. Rodrigues
2
J.P. Albuquerque
1
F.J.A. de Sousa
1
P.R. Firmino
1
R.S. Sousa
3
V.J. Pedrosa
1
T.R. do Amaral
1
A.H.H. Minervino
4

  1. Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid Region, UFERSA. Av. Francisco Mota, s/nº - Bairro Pres. Costa e Silva, CEP 59625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
  2. Adílio Santos de Azevedo Veterinary Hospital, Federal Institute of Paraíba, Sousa, PB, Brazil
  3. Institute of Humid Tropic Studies – Federal University of the South and Southeast of Pará, UNIFESSPA, Xinguara-PA, Brazil
  4. Laboratory of Animal Health, LARSANA, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA. Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
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Abstract

Rebaudioside A (RebA) is a steviol glycoside used for production of sweeteners. It was shown that the glycosides affect memory and learning processes. The aim of the study was to investigate neurons immunoreactive for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and M1 muscarinic receptors (mAChRs-M1) of the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 fields and striatal caudateputamen (CP) and globus pallidus (GP) in rats receiving RebA. RebA was administrated to adult rats for 45 days in dilutions of 1 mg and 2 mg RebA/ml water. Indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical reaction was conducted on frontal sections containing the hippocampus and striatum with use of antibodies against AChE and mAChRs-M1. Immunoreactive for the studied proteins neurons were morphologically and morphometrically assessed in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 fields and in CP and GP. Microscopic observations did not reveal significant changes in morphology of immunoreactive neurons, which suggests no neurotoxic effect of the studied glycoside on these cells. Morphometric analyses revealed an increase in the density of AChE and mAChRs-M1 immunoreactive neurons. A decrease in reaction intensity of AChE-positive neurons was also demonstrated in the hippocampal CA1 field and in GP. In contrast, an increase in reaction intensity of mAChRs-M1-positive neurons was found in CA1, CA3 fields and in CP and GP. The results of our preliminary studies indicate that RebA administrated to rats has an impact on cholinergic neurons in the studied area. The results suggest a possible increase in the activity of the cholinergic system, responsible for memory and learning processes, after administration of RebA.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Rycerz
1
J. Jaworska-Adamu
1
A. Krawczyk
1
M.B. Arciszewski
1

  1. Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the equine interphalangeal joint is caused by a combination of factors, including hoof shape, excessive loading and ground surface. This complex problem poses a diagnostic challenge due to the non-specificity of perineural analgesia and the limitations associated with the most popular imaging methods such as radiography and ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine the prevalence of desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the equine distal interphalangeal joint in Poland between 2016 and 2019, and to establish the frequency and type of the associated pathologies. Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint was diagnosed in 14% of 152 horses examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 64% of the cases, other changes were observed in the equine digit, and in 36% of the cases, desmopathy was the only diagnosed problem. Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments is not a frequently reported pathology in the distal part of the equine limb. The diagnostic difficulties described in this article suggest that considerable caution should be exercised when formulating the final diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Mieszkowska
1
J. Abako
1
M. Mieszkowski
2
Y. Zhalniarovich
1

  1. Department of Surgery and Radiology with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
  2. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, al. Warszawska 30, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

In this study plasma concentrations of IL-1α and IL-8 in 29 female dogs with malignant mammary gland tumours (19 without metastasis and 10 with metastasis) and in 10 healthy control animals were determined. Concentrations of IL-1α and IL-8 were analysed using a specific canine ELISA assay. Mean plasma concentrations of IL-1α and IL-8 were significantly higher (p<0.05) in female dogs with both non-metastatic and metastatic malignant tumours compared to the healthy animals. The concentrations of both tested cytokines were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the dogs with metastasis. In female dogs with mammary carcinomas, the plasma concentration of IL-1α was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the animals with grade 3 tumours compared to the dogs with grade 1 tumours. The concentration of IL-8 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the dogs with grade 3 tumours compared to that found in the animals with grade 1 and grade 2 tumours. A moderate correlation (r=0.433) was found between IL-1α and IL-8 concentrations in the female dogs. These findings suggest that increased malignancy and invasiveness of canine mammary tumours is associated with an increased production of IL-1α and IL-8 in the tumour microenvironment, which, in turn, leads to an increase in their circulating levels. This may indicate that circulating levels of the cytokines investigated could be considered as diagnostic and prognostic markers in canine malignant mammary tumours. However, further studies in this fields are needed.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Szczubiał
1
W. Łopuszyński
2
R. Dąbrowski
1
M. Bochniarz
1
P. Brodzki
1

  1. Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
  2. Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

The present study investigated the chemical coding of neurons and nerve fibres in local laryngeal ganglia in pigs (n=5) using double-labelling immunohistochemistry. Virtually all the neurons were cholinergic in nature (ChAT- or VAChT-positive). Only very solitary, small nerve cells (presumably representing interneurons) stained intensely for adrenergic marker, DβH. Many neurons also contained immunoreactivity for NOS (91%), VIP (62.7%), NPY (24.7%), galanin (10%), SP (1.3%) and CGRP (5.3%). No neurons expressing somatostatin or Leu-enkephalin were observed. Nearly all the neuronal somata were densely supplied with varicose cholinergic nerve terminals, which presumably represented preganglionic axons, and some of them were also closely apposed with CGRP- and/or SP-positive varicose nerve endings, which were putative collaterals of extrinsic primary sensory fibres. In conclusion, this study has revealed that intrinsic neurons in the porcine larynx, like in many other mammalian species studied, should be classified as parasympathetic cholinergic neurons expressing biologically active substances, predominantly NOS and VIP. Furthermore, they are likely to receive inputs from not only preganglionic neurons but also primary sensory nerve cells. Finally, it appears that the information on the occurrence of the local laryngeal ganglia should be regularly included in textbooks dealing with the cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system in mammals.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Sienkiewicz
1
M. Klimczuk
1
M. Gulbinowicz-Gowkielewicz
2
E. Lepiarczyk
3
J. Kaleczyc
1

  1. Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
  2. Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Voivodal Specialistic Hospital, Żołnierska 18, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
  3. Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

Basic lung and heart ultrasound examination combined with chest X-ray (TUSX) is currently considered to be very useful for differentiation of asthma, chronic bronchitis and laryngeal paralysis from other diseases with dyspnea/coughing. Among 252 client-owned animals with persistent dyspnea/cough/noisy breathing, in 197 of them: pulmonary edema, pneumonia, lung cancer, free pleural fluid, pneumothorax, lung contusion or heart disease were diagnosed. The remaining 55 animals (42 dogs and 13 cats) were diagnosed with asthma (in 13 cats), chronic bronchitis (in 37 dogs) and laryngeal paralysis (in 5 dogs) using TUSX. These animals were qualified for inhaled fluticasone treatment using 3 types of spacers – two commercial and a home- -made mask. 36 animals (65.5%) completed the trail. In 26 of them (72.2%) the owners observed complete, long lasting relief of the symptoms, and the owners of 7 animals (19.5%) declared a considerable clinical improvement, regardless of the type of spacer used. The owners of 3 animals (8.3%) did not see any improvement. The proposed diagnostic and therapeutic management improved long-term clinical status of the vast majority (91.7%) of animals. Therefore, it seems justified to include the TUSX diagnostic protocol in daily veterinary practice and to encourage owners to prepare home-made face masks for inhaled fluticasone treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Łobaczewski
1
M. Czopowicz
2
A. Moroz
2
M. Mickiewicz
2
A. Kosiec-Tworus
3
T. Frymus
4
O. Szaluś-Jordanow
4

  1. Veterinary Clinic Auxilium, Arkadiusz Olkowski, Królewska 64 05-822 Milanówek, Poland
  2. Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Veterinary Clinic, Legwet, Wysockiego 31, 05-120 Legionowo, Poland
  4. Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella has been associated with the presence of integrons and many other resistance mechanisms contributing to the spread of antimicrobial-resistant genes within and between livestock and human populations. In this study, the presence of Salmonella serovars from broiler and cattle samples and their antimicrobial resistance, integrons, tet resistance, ESBL and resistance genes carriage were investigated. Total of 209 litter (broiler farms) and fecal samples (cattle farms) were examined by bacteriological procedures, susceptibilities against 18 antimicrobials and genes carriages were detected by singleplex and multiplex PCR. A total of 46/209 (22 %) Salmonella strains were isolated. Six different Salmonella serotypes from 46 Salmonella isolates were identified and the most common serotype was S. Infantis 38 (82.6%) from broiler litter; followed by S. Kitenge 3 (6.5 %) from fecal sample. The highest occurrence of resistance observed for penicilline (46/46, %100), lincomycin (43/46, 93.5%) and 42 isolates (43/46, 93.5%) exhibited MDR. The overall occurrence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons carrying Salmonella in tested samples were 63.04% (29/46), 43.5% (20/46) and 84.8% (39/46) respectively. Out of the 27 isolates produced an ESBL, mostly CTX and TEM. On 46 Salmonella isolates, in 16 (34.8%) Tcr’ genes were determined. Genotypic and phenotipic detection of ESBL genes found within integrons from Salmonella isolates from different sources (broiler and cattle) can provide powerful information about health and economic risk associated with transferable multidrug resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

O. Sahan Yapicier
1
D. Ozturk
2

  1. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Bacteriological Diagnostic Laboratory, 06020, Ankara, Turkey
  2. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
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Abstract

The aim of this research was to determine the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects and lethal dose (LD50) of maropitant in ovo, using fertile chicken eggs. The study was designed in two stages, CHEST-I and CHEST-II. For CHEST-I, 210 fertile eggs were divided into seven equal groups; control, saline solution and 5 different doses of maropitant (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 mg/kg) injected groups. For CHEST-II, 150 fertile eggs were divided into five equal groups; control, saline solution and 3 different doses of maropitant (8, 6, 4 mg/kg)-injected groups. Eggs were opened on day 21 of incubation. Maropitant did not cause teratogenicity at any dose, while higher embryonic death rates were observed at doses above 4 mg/kg. The LD50 dose of maropitant was determined as 7.24 mg/kg. In conclusion, maropitant should only be used after full consideration of risks and benefits in pregnancy.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Uslu
1
R. Canbar
2
G. Akcakavak
3
E. Yazar
1

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42310, Eregli, Konya, Turkey
  3. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66900, Yozgat, Turkey

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