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Numerical model for simulating the hydraulic parameters of the aeration system ensuring equal oxygenation of the compost heap

Robert Sidełko Dariusz Boruszko
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2024 | 50 | 1 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2024.149435
Słowa kluczowe composting; waste; mathematical modelling; aeration;
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Abstrakt

The aim of the work was to develop a mathematical model using equations of fluid mechanics that describe the dynamics of air flow in a part of the compost aerating system integrated with a stationary reactor. The results of the simulation show that adjusting the flow resistance along the entire length of the compost aerating duct, depending on the distance from the connection of the duct with the fan's pressure conduit pipe through gradually increasing the air outflow area by increasing the number of repeatable gaps, yields a uniform pressure distribution above the grate. The process parameters used for computation were relevant to composting a subscreen fraction separated from mixed municipal waste using 80 mm mesh screen (Fr<80 mm) under real conditions. Microsoft EXCEL 2010 software and STATISTICA version 13.3 by StatSoft were used for numerical and statistical analysis of the test results. The research results are presented in four tables and five figures and discussed in the text of the article. During tests performed in real conditions, various variants were tested for reactor filling level and air outflow active surfaces in subsequent grate parts (Fc (i)). It was found that the target waste layer thickness i.e. 3.0 m and Fc (i) changes, in accordance with the values of the developed model, result in a stable pressure distribution pd, amounting to 1506 Pa and 1495 Pa at the grate front and end part.
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Bibliografia

  1. Bernat, K., Kulikowska D., Wojnowska-Baryła, I. & Kamińska A. (2022). Can the biological stage of a mechanical biological treatment plant that is designed for mixed municipal solid waste be successfully utilized for effective composting of selectively collected biowaste, Waste Management, 149, pp. 291-301. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.025
  2. Cui, C., Zhang, X. & Cai W. (2020). An energy-saving oriented air balancing method for demand controlled ventilation systems with branch and black-box model, Appl. Energy, 264, 11473. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114734
  3. Frederickson, J., Boardman, C.P., Gladding, T.L., Simpson, A.E., Howell G. & Sgouridis, F. (2013). Biofilter performance and operation as related to commercial composting. US Environment Agency 2013.
  4. Gałwa-Widera, M. & Kwarciak-Kozłowska, A. (2016). Methods for elimination of odor in the composting process, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 18, pp. 850-860.
  5. Guohui, G. (2017). Dynamic thermal simulation of horizontal ground heat exchangers for renewable heating and ventilation of buildings, Renewable Energy, 103, pp. 361-371. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2016.11.052
  6. https://www.horstmann.pl
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  9. Jędrczak, A. & Den Boer, E. (2015). Final report of the 3rd stage of an expert opinion aimed at conducting waste tests in 20 installations for mechanical-biological waste treatment. https://sdr.gdos.gov.pl/Documents/GO/Ekspertyzy.
  10. Kisielewska, M., Dębowski, M. & Zieliński, M. (2020). Comparison of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of microalgae species belonged to various taxonomic groups. Archives of Environmental Protection, vol. 46, pp. 33-40. DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.132523
  11. Klimek, A., Rolbiecki, S. & Rolbiecki R. (2018). Effects of mulching with forest litter and compost made of sewage sludge on the presence of oribatida as bioindicators of soil revitalization in larch and pine in-ground forest nurseries, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 20, pp. 681-696.
  12. Lanzerstorfer, Ch., Neder, F. & Schmied, R. (2016). Constant design air flow industrial ventilation systems with regenerative dust filters: Economic comparison of fan speed-controlled air damper controlled and uncontrolled operation, Energy and Buildings, 128, pp. 503–510. DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.032
  13. Lubczyńska, U. (2017). Applied hydraulic in environmental engineering. Publishing House, Kielce University of Technology, 2017.
  14. Nguyen, T.P., Koyama, M. & Nakasaki, K. (2022). Effects of oxygen supply rate on organic matter decomposition and microbial communities during composting in a controlled lab-scale composting system, Waste Management, Vol. 153, pp. 275-282. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.004
  15. Nogueira Da Silva Vilela, R., Amorim Orrico, C.A., Previdelli Orrico Junior, M.A., Aspilcueta Borquis, R.R., Dias de Oliveira, M.T.J., De Avila M. R., Torres dos Santos, F. & Viana Leite, B.K. (2022). Effects of aeration and season on the composting of slaughter house waste, Environmental Technol. & Innov, 27, 102505. DOI:10.1016/j.eti.2022.102505
  16. Pączka, G., Garczyńska, M., Mazur-Pączka, A., Podolak, A., Szura, R., Skoczko, I. & Kostecka, J. (2018). Vermicomposting of sugar beet pulps using Eisenia Fetida (sav.) earthworms, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 20, pp. 588-601.
  17. Ross, H. (1995). Hydraulik der wasserheizung Oldenbourg, Verlag GmbH, Monachium 1995. Rudnik E. (2019). Chapter 5 - Composting methods and legislation, Compostable Polymer Materials 2.nd Edition, pp. 127-161. DOI:10.1016/b978-0-08-099438-3.00005-7
  18. Sadeghi, S., Nikaeen, M., Mohammadi, F., Nafez, A.H., Gholipour, S., Shamsizadeh, Z. & Hadi, M. (2022). Microbial characteristics of municipal solid waste compost: Occupational and public health risks from surface applied compost, Waste Management, 144, pp.98-105. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.012
  19. Sidełko, R., Janowska, B., Szymański, K., Mostowik, N. & Głowacka, A. (2019). Advanced methods to calculation of pressure drop during aeration in composting process, Science of the Total Environment, 674, pp. 19-25. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.155
  20. Sidełko, R., Seweryn, K. & Walendzik, B. (2011). Optimization of Composting Process in Real Conditions, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 13, pp. 681-691.
  21. Sidełko, R. & Chmielinska-Bernacka, A. (2013). Application of Compact Reactor for Methane Fermentation of Municipal Waste, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 15, pp. 683-693.
  22. Singley, M.E., Higgins, A.J. & Frumkin-Rosengaus, M. (1982). Sludge composting and utilization- A design and operating manual, New Jersy Arg. Expt. Sta., Rutgers Utility, 1982.
  23. Sundberg, C. & Jönsson, H. (2008). Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration, Waste Management, Vol. 28, pp. 518-526. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.011
  24. Szymański, K., Janowska, B., Sidełko, R. & Siebielska, I. (2007). Monitoring of waste landfills, VIII National Polish Scientific Conference on Complex and Detailed Problems of Environmental Engineering, Issue 23, pp. 75-133.
  25. Vaverkova, M.D., Elbl, J., Voberkova, S., Koda, E., Adamcova, D., Gusiatin, Z.M., Abd, Al Rahman, Radziemska, M. & Mazur, Z. (2020). Composting versus mechanical–biological treatment: Does it really make a difference in the final product parameters and maturity, Waste Management, 106, pp. 173-183. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.030
  26. Yi, W., Ran, G. Li, A., Zhiguo, G., Ni, Q., Yang, Y., Liu, B. & Du, Y. (2022). Air balancing method of multibranch ventilation systems under the condition of nonfully developed Flow, Boulding and Environment, 223. DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109468
  27. Wang, X., Bai, Z., Yao, Y., Gao, B., Chadwick, D., Chen, Q., Hu, Ch. & Ma, L. (2018). Composting with negative pressure aeration for the mitigation of ammonia emissions and global warming potential, J. of Cleaner Production, 195 (10), pp. 448-557. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.146
  28. Zhou, Y., Xiao, R., Klammsteiner, T., Kong, X., Yan, B., Mihai, F.C., Liu, T., Zhang, Z. & Awasthi, K.M. (2022). Recent trends and advances in composting and vermicomposting technologies: A review, Bioresources Technology, 360, 127591. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127591
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Robert Sidełko
1
Dariusz Boruszko
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
  2. Bialystok University of Technology, Poland

Grupy geochemiczne osadów aluwialnych dolnego odcinka doliny Obry: przykład zastosowania analizy skupień

Marcin Słowik Tadeusz Sobczyński Zygmunt Młynarczyk
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2009 | vol.35 | No 1 | 87-94
Słowa kluczowe cluster analysis Ward's method alluvial deposits chemical elements Obra River
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Abstrakt

W dolnym odcinku rzeki Obry przeprowadzono badania nad zmianami koncentracji pierwiastków chemicznych w osadach aluwialnych. Analizy zawartości żelaza, manganu, miedzi, cynku, wapnia, magnezu i potasu przeprowadzono we fragmencie profilu pionowego cechującego się zróżnicowaną budową litologiczną. Na podstawie analiz statystycznych (analiza skupień) podjęto próbę wydzielenia grup geochemicznych osadów aluwialnego wypełnienia dna doliny Obry. Wydzielono sześć grup geochemicznych osadów reprezentujących środowisko redukcyjne w obrębie osadów torfowych, środowisko pozakorytowc (warstwy piasków drobnoziarnistych w torfach oraz mułki piaszczyste w stropie profilu) oraz środowisko korytowe (piaski drobnoziarniste w spągu profilu). Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że rozróżnienie wyżej wymienionych środowisk sedymentacyjnych jest możliwe również na podstawie zmian składu chemicznego osadów aluwialnych.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marcin Słowik
Tadeusz Sobczyński
Zygmunt Młynarczyk

Non-prismatic channels for reducing shear stress

Samir Haddad
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 52 | 87-94 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140377
Słowa kluczowe detachment non-prismatic channel shear stress soil erosion transport capacity
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Abstrakt

To reduce the sediment transport capacity, shear stress needs to be reduced as well. The article describes work that has been done to find a way to make these reductions possible. The theoretical study and the approach proposed allowed us to obtain a general equation that determines conditions and calculates the most important parameters which support the reduction of shear stress. This describes the mechanism that erodes soils by free surface water flow.
In a similar vein, we have shown that adding a short non-prismatic channel to the entrance of a prismatic channel, which has the same geometric shape, is a very powerful way to reduce shear stress. With the idea of reducing shear stress, we have shown that the water-surface profile type plays a key role and must therefore be included in future reflections on reducing the importance of shear stress.
Additionally, the notion of efficiency was introduced that allows to evaluate the expected gain after the reduction of shear stress and adding a short non-prismatic channel.
The laws of similarity applied to free surface flows allowed us to obtain an equation with several equivalence scales and compare different geometric shapes in terms of their efficiency in the reduction of shear stress.
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Bibliografia

BECZEK M., RYŻAK M., SOCHAN A., MAZUR R., POLAKOWSKI C., HESS D., BIEGANOWSKI A. 2020. Methodological aspects of using high-speed cameras to quantify soil splash phenomenon. Geoderma. Vol. 378, 14592. DOI 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114592.
CHAUDHRY M.H. 2008. Open-channel flow. 2nd ed. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, New York, USA. ISBN 978-0-387-30174-7 pp. 523.
CHOW V.T. 1959. Open channel hydraulics. McGraw Hill. ISBN 07-010776-9 pp. 702.
DEY S. 2014. Fluvial hydrodynamics. Ser. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Berlin, Germany. Springer-Verl. ISBN 978- 3642190612 pp. 719.
ETTEMA R. 2000. Hydraulic modeling. Concepts and practices. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice. No. 97. ISBN 978- 0784404157 pp. 390.
HADDAD S., BOUHADEF M. 2019. Contribution à l’étude du phénomène de transport des sédiments par érosion des sols [Contribution to the study of the phenomenon of sediment transport by soil erosion] [online]. PhD Thesis. Algiers, Algeria.
USTHB pp. 136. [Access 10.02.2021]. Available at: http://repository.usthb.dz//xmlui/handle/123456789/8210
HADDAD S., BOUHADEF M. 2018. Contribution to runoff erosion of earthen channels. Polish Journal of Soil Science. Vol. 51. No. 2 p. 313–325. DOI 10.17951/pjss.2018.51.2.313.
HENDERSON F.M. 1966. Open channel flow. New York, USA. MacMillan Company. ISBN 978-0023535109 pp. 522.
KRAATZ D.B. 1977. Irrigation channel lining. FAO. Italy. ISBN 9251001650 pp. 199.
LANE E.W. 1953. Progress report on studies on the design of stable channels. Bureau of Reclamation. Proceedings. No. 79. New York, USA. ASIN B0007I585M pp. 31.
LANE E.W. 1955. Design of stable alluvial channels. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 120. Iss. 1 p. 1234– 1260.
MASSÉ P. 1938. Ressaut et ligne d’eau dans les cours d’eau à pente variable [Hydraulic jump and flow profile in channels of variable slope]. Revue Générale de l’Hydraulique. Vol. 4. No. 19 p. 7–11.
POINCARÉ H. 1881. Mémoires sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle [Memoir on the curves defined by a differential equation] [online]. Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appli-quées. Ser. 3. Vol. 7 p. 375–422. [Access 10.02.2021]. Available at: http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1881_3_7_A20_0.pdf
PUGH C.A. 1985. Hydraulic model studies of fuse plug embankments [online]. Denver, CO. Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering and Research Center. Report No. REC-ERC-85-7 pp. 33. [Access 20.02.2021]. Available at: https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techrefer-ences/rec/REC-ERC-85-7.pdf
SMERDON E.T, BEASLEY R.P. 1959. The tractive force theory applied to stability of open channels in cohesive soils [online]. Columbia, MO. University of Missouri, Missouri. USA. Agricultural Experiment Station. Research Bulletin. No. 715 pp. 36. [Access 20.02.2021]. Available at: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/ handle/10355/58141
TROUT T.J., NEIBLING W.H. 1993. Erosion and sedimentation processes on irrigated fields. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineer-ing. Vol. 119. No. 6. DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1993)119:6(947).
YALIN M.S. 1971. Theory of hydraulic models. London. Macmillan Civil Engineering Hydraulics. The Macmillan Press LTD, USA. ISBN 978-0408004824 pp. 266.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Samir Haddad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Houari Boumediène University of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering. LEGHYD Laboratory, BP 32 Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
  2. Akli Mohand Oulhadj University of Bouira, Rue Frères Boussendalah, 10000 Bouira, Algeria

Architecture optimization techniques for Convolutional Neural Networks: further experiments and insights

Artur Sobolewski Kamil Szyc
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 87–94 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149518
Słowa kluczowe Model Compression Convolutional Neural Network computer vision
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Abstrakt

In this paper, we have researched implementing convolutional neural network (CNN) models for devices with limited resources, such as smartphones and embedded computers. To optimize the number of parameters of these models, we studied various popular methods that would allow them to operate more efficiently. Specifically, our research focused on the ResNet-101 and VGG-19 architectures, which we modified using techniques specific to model optimization. We aimed to determine which approach would work best for particular requirements for a maximum accepted accuracy drop. Our contribution lies in the comprehensive ablation study, which presents the impact of different approaches on the final results, specifically in terms of reducing model parameters, FLOPS, and the potential decline in accuracy. We explored the feasibility of implementing architecture compression methods that can influence the model’s structure. Additionally, we delved into post-training methods, such as pruning and quantization, at various model sparsity levels. This study builds upon our prior research [1] to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter at hand.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Artur Sobolewski
1
Kamil Szyc
1
  1. Wrocław University of Scienceand Technology, Wrocław, Poland

Annual variation of soil temperature at Polar Station in Hornsund, Spitsbergen

Mirosław Miętus
Polish Polar Research | 1988 | vol. 9 | No 1 | 87-94
Słowa kluczowe Arctic Spitsbergen soil temperature
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Abstrakt

Monthly and dekadal mean soil temperatures were evaluated with a use of measurements at depths of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cm, collected during the expeditions 1978—1986 and additionally at depths of 80 and 100 cm during the expeditions 1980—1986. Fourier analysis revealed a phase shift of 1 to 2 dekads between neighboring measurement depths.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mirosław Miętus

Revitalization processes of old industrialized region in the context of functional urban areas

Justyna Gorgoń
Studia Regionalia | 2016 | vol. 47 | 87–94
Słowa kluczowe Functional Urban Areas revitalization land-use conflicts
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Abstrakt

Functional urban areas (FUA) have became an important component of polycentric settlement structure of all European countries. FUAs have been defined as labour market basins, composed on large city and its surrounding areas (commuting zones). The very spatial and economic concept formed the foundation of old industrial regions. Old industrialized regions with all the spatial challenges and economic problems could be also perceived as a specific type of functional urban area. In Poland, National Spatial Development Concept 2030 (NSDC 2030 2013) describes restructuring and revitalization of degraded areas and cities in terms of spatial policy measures addressed to the supporting of cohesion in problematic areas. That is why integrated revitalization programs of functional urban areas may become key instrument of regional spatial policy and urban strategies. In response to the problems of degraded land and related land-use conflicts, it can significantly help in establishing valuable solutions, as well as ensuring connections between environmental, social and economic needs in the development of functional urban areas.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Justyna Gorgoń

Bakterie wskaźnikowe stanu sanitarnego i potencjalnie chorobotwórcze w wodzie zbiornika zaporowego Dzierżno Duże (województwo śląskie)

Aleksandra Smyłla Katarzyna Glowacka Maciej Kostecki
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2002 | vol. 28 | No 2 | 87-94
Słowa kluczowe microbiology pathogenous antropopresion dam-reservoirs
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Abstrakt

W wodzie zbiornika Dzierżno Duże występują znaczne ilości bakterii potencjalnie chorobotwórczych, wnoszonych z wodą rzeki Kłodnicy, pochodzące z nie oczyszczonych ścieków sanitarnych. Ich liczebność zmniejsza się wraz z odległością od ujścia rzeki Kłodnicy do zbiornika. Pozaklasowa jakość wody (miano coli typu kałowego rzędu 0,002-0,008) przy ujściu Kłodnicy i w odległości 700 m od ujścia zarówno na powierzchni jak i przy dnie. W odległości około 1500 m woda osiągała III i II klasę czystości. Przy ujściu Kłodnicy do zbiornika obserwowano dużą liczebność paciorkowców kałowych, laseczek przetrwalnikowych z rodzaju Clostridium oraz pałeczek gram-ujemnych Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NPL 2400). Wskaźnik FC/FS wynosił ok. 4, co wskazuje na zanieczyszczenie wody odchodami ludzkimi. Nie stwierdzono zróżnicowania liczebności gronkowców chorobotwórczych w zależności od miejsca poboru prób. W badaniach przeprowadzonych metodami tradycyjnymi i najnowszymi, z użyciem przeciwciał [TECRA), nie stwierdzono w wodzie zbiornika występowania pałeczek z rodzaju Salmonella. Przeprowadzone badania, w zakresie gronkowców oraz Pseudomonas aeruginosa - wydają się potwierdzać znaczącą rolę zooplanktonu, jako elementu biocenozy odżywiającego się bakteriami, w procesach samooczyszczania.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Aleksandra Smyłla
Katarzyna Glowacka
Maciej Kostecki

Comparative analysis and modelling of newly developed and unconventional processesof plastic forming of toothed gear elements

J. Michalczyk S. Wiewiórowska Z. Muskalski
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 1 | 87-94 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.126222
Słowa kluczowe forging gears FEM analysis hot extrusions
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Abstrakt

The article reports the results of a comparative analysis made for three novel unconventional gear wheel forging processes based on the authors’ patented [5,6,21] plastic forming methods developed chiefly for the purposes of extruding hollow products as well as valves and pins. These processes are distinguished by the fact that part of the tooling elements which are normally fixed during conventional forging are purposefully set in motion. This is intended to change the conditions of friction at the metal-tool contact surface and to induce additional thermal effects due to the transformation of the plastic deformation energy into thermal energy and, as a consequence, to improve the plastic flow of metal and to reduce the force parameters of the process.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Michalczyk
S. Wiewiórowska
Z. Muskalski

Application of Duhamel's theorem in the thermal field analysis of a DC cable with two layers of insulation

J. Gołębiowski M. Zaręba
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2009 | vol. 57 | No 1 | 87-94 | DOI: 10.2478/v10175-010-0109-0
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Gołębiowski
M. Zaręba

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