Most of the existing toxic gas mitigation techniques have difficulty in practical implementation. More effective mitigation methods are required for handling hazardous gas releases in Chemical Process Industries (CPIs). One of the most hazardous chemicals is chlorine, an integral part of almost all chemical industries, especially chlor-alkali. This study examined a possible accidental spill of liquid chlorine from a chlorine storage area. Computational Fluid Dynamics, Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST), and Probit analysis were combined to develop the overall effect and vulnerability models. The dispersion of chlorine vapors at wind speeds of 2, 3, and 4 m/s was analyzed, and the corresponding threat zones were plotted. Many public establishments of extreme vulnerability were located inside the threat zones. Offsite emergency planning guidelines are necessary for such conditions. Based on the results of the consequence analysis, a practical and cost-efficient IoT (Internet of Things) based mitigation system using physical barriers is proposed. The proposed mitigation system accounts for entrapment, continuous removal, and safe handling of the chlorine vapor from the release area. The proposed mitigation system can be implemented in all CPIs dealing with the production and storage of toxic gases. The outcome of this study can contribute to the development of Emergency Response Planning (ERP) guidelines for chlorine release.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology has emerged as a powerful tool for unraveling Earth’s dynamic nature, offering continuous and precise monitoring of geodetic positions with global coverage. This study quantifies the noise magnitude and velocity uncertainty estimates using GNSS-derived coordinate time series data from 31 IGS global stations. It assessed the relationship between the noise level and the uncertainties related to the derived velocities and systematically evaluated the influence of different coordinate solution time spans, satellite orbit/clock products, and GNSS constellation on the noise level and velocity uncertainties. The result gives insights into GNSS velocity estimation, noise characteristics, and the influence of ambiguity resolution. The results suggested that resolving ambiguities and using specific GNSS constellation satellite orbits and clocks solutions enhances the precision of velocity estimates and reduces noise magnitude. The noise levels are observed to be consistently above –0.7 in 5-year solution sets and below –0.8 in 8-year solution sets. There is an average of 30 and 42% reduction in velocity uncertainties due to 3 year increment in solution span using JPL and ESA orbits, respectively. GPS-only solution set appeared to be favorable for high-precision GNSS-based geodynamic applications with increased favourability when the ambiguities are resolved. The identified noise model, GGM+WN, demonstrated the most appropriate noise model in most cases which is not out of place to have been used in quantifying the noise magnitude and velocity uncertainties in this study.