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Procedures leading to acquirement of mineral raw materials from anthropogenic deposits

Ryszard Uberman
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2021 | vol. 37 | No 3 | 101-110 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2021.138661
Keywords mineral waste anthropogenic mineral deposits mineral resources mineral recycled raw materials legal regulations and procedures
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Abstract

An importance of secondary mineral raw materials sources for economy was demonstrated as well as sources of its acquirement were outlined. Various aspects of waste use in economy were discussed, underlining importance of waste removal for improvement of environment. A related legal framework in Poland and European Union was outlined. Results of already carried works in research and stocktaking of mineral waste accumulations in Poland were reminded. Legal procedures aiming at exploitation of mineral waste deposits formally defined and similar facilities falling outside definition of mineral waste deposits were discussed. It was evidenced that a gap in the legal framework exists, regarding particularity of waste acquirement from anthropogenic mineral deposits. Consequently, a need to require a preparation of equivalent of a resource report, feasibility study and a plan defining exploitation and conversion modes for material lifted from waste accumulations was demonstrated.
For the sake of a clear terminology applied it was recommended to incorporate terms of “anthropogenic mineral resources” and “anthropogenic mineral deposit” as an appropriate adjustment to the existing regulation. A need to intensify stocktaking efforts on mineral waste accumulations in Poland was emphasized. It was also suggested that its results should be recognized in the Balance of Mineral Resources and State Resource Policy.
In summary a recommended legal framework to regulate acquirement of mineral waste, recognizing particularities of such processes, was presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Uberman
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

The evolution of the utilization of mineral fillers in the paper industry

Ewa Lewicka
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2018 | Nr 106 | 101-110 | DOI: 10.24425/124397
Keywords GCC PCC kaolin paper industry
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Abstract

Mineral fillers are mainly utilized in the production of printing and writing papers (P&W) to improve their optical features and their vulnerability to printing. With the high cost of pulp, the aim of their introduction has been to increase mineral loading in paper and reduce the overall cost of production. For many years the only method of paper formation was acid technology, while the only raw material of choice for filling and coating paper and cardboard was kaolin (in the beginning of the 1970s it was 80% of fillers and 94% of coating grades used in Western Europe, while in the USA – 92% and 96%, respectively). The onset on new methods of acid-free (alkaline) paper forming caused a drastic reduction in the kaolin demand for cost-competitive calcium carbonate: GCC – Ground Calcium Carbonate) and PCC – Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. This also resulted from the progressive self-destruction of machine-made acid papers. In 2013, the share of calcium carbonate in the total production of fillers was 83%, while kaolin accounted for 10%, and talc – 7%. The article presents the parameters of principal mineral fillers for the paper industry and the main reasons why they are suitable for particular kinds of paper. Kaolin, due to the platy nature of its main mineral constituent – kaolinite, is preferred in multiple coating papers. The choice of GCC is beneficial because of its low price and properties (especially whiteness). PCC , due to the possibility of shape and particle size modification serves as filler in uncoated woodfree papers, the key features of which are expected to be lightness and opacity. Size distribution is the main difference between PCC and GCC . The article also presents tendencies observed over the last several years in the paper market in Poland, i.e. in a significant growth in coated paper and board for packaging, as well as the decreasing demand for newspaper, which is a consequence of progressive digitalization.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Lewicka

Hazards to Arable Soils and Forest Sites Caused by Imissions of Ferromagnetic Minerals

Zygmunt Strzyszcz
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2004 | vol. 30 | No 4 | 101-110
Keywords ferrornagnetics industrial inunission dust fall magnetic susceptibility of soil heavy metals
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Authors and Affiliations

Zygmunt Strzyszcz

Very Sensitive Optical System with the Concentration and Decomposition Unit for Explosive Trace Detection

Beata Zakrzewska
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2015 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 101-110 | DOI: 10.1515/mms-2015-0005
Keywords explosives trace detection NO2 optoelectronic sensor concentration and thermal decomposition
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Abstract

The vapour pressure of most explosives is very low. Therefore, the explosive trace detection is very difficult. To overcome the problem, concentration units can be applied. At the Institute of Optoelectronics MUT, an explosive vapour concentration and decomposition unit to operate with an optoelectronic sensor of nitrogen dioxide has been developed. This unit provides an adsorption of explosive vapours from the analysed air and then their thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition is mainly a chemical reaction, which consists in breaking up compounds into two or more simple compounds or elements. During the heating process most explosive particles, based on nitro aromatics and alkyl nitrate, release NO2 molecules and other products of pyrolysis. In this paper, the most common methods for the NO2 detection were presented. Also, an application of the concentration and decomposition unit in the NO2 optoelectronic sensor has been discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Zakrzewska

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