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Abstract

The morphology of G20Mn5 specimens made of non-modified and rare earth metals (REM) modified cast steel was investigated. Molten metal was treated with a cerium-rich mischmetal contain 49.8% Ce, 21.8% La, 17.1% Nd, 5.5% Pr and 5.35% other rare earth metals making up the balance. The melting, quenching (920°C/water) and tempering (720°C/air) were performed under industrial conditions. Analysis included G20Mn5 cast steel fracture specimens subjected to Charpy V-notch impact testing at 20°C, -30°C and -40°C. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the influence of REM on the microstructure and mechanical properties of G20Mn5 cast steel and the REM effect on the morphology, impact strength and character of the fracture surfaces. In addition, a description of the mechanism by which fracture occurred in the two materials was proposed. The author demonstrated the beneficial effects of adding REM to molten steel, manifested by a 20 - 40% increase in impact toughness, depending on test temperature, as compared to the non-modified cast steel. Important findings included more than 100% increase in impact strength in comparison with the required impact toughness of 27J at -40C for heat treated steels (EN 10213).

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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The possibilities of producing ductile cast iron with the addition of 1 ÷ 3% of tungsten are presented. Tungsten from waste chips from mechanical processing was introduced into the liquid cast iron in the form of specially prepared cartridges. Correct dissolution of tungsten in the metal bath was found, and there were no casting defects in the alloy. The form of carbide precipitates in the microstructure of cast iron was determined and the influence of increasing tungsten content on the reduction of the number of graphite precipitates in the structure was determined. Impact tests show that this property degrades with increasing tungsten content as opposed to hardness which increases. It was found that the addition of tungsten from machining waste is a potential source of enrichment of cast iron with this element.
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Bibliography

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[2] Duarte, L.I., Lourenço, N., Santos, H., Santos, J. & Sá, C. Tungsten carbide powder inserts in ductile iron. Materials Science Forum. 455-456, 267-270.
[3] Kopyciński, D. (2009). Analysis of the structure of castings made from chromium white cast iron resistant to abrasive wear. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(4), 109-112.
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[7] Wołczyński, W., Guzik, E., Kania, B. & Wajda, W. (2010). Structures field in the solidifying cast iron roll. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(spec.1), 41-46.
[8] Studnicki, A. (2008). Effect of boron carbide on primary crystallization of chromium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 8(1), 173-176.
[9] Myszka, D. (2021). Cast Iron–Based Alloys. In: Rana, R. (eds) High-Performance Ferrous Alloys. Springer, Cham., 153-210.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Myszka
1
Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
A. Penkul
1

  1. Department of Metal Forming and Foundry, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Monitoring the solidification process is of great importance for understanding the quality of the melt, for controlling it, and for predicting the true properties of the alloy. Solidification is accompanied by the development of heat, the magnitude of which depends on the different phases occurring during solidification. Thermal analysis is now an important part of and tool for quality control, especially when using secondary aluminium alloys in the automotive industry. The effect of remelting on the change of crystallization of individual structural components of experimental AlSi9Cu3 alloy was determined by evaluation of cooling curves and their first derivatives. Structural analysis was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. The effect of remelting was manifested especially in nucleation of phases rich in iron and copper. An increasing number of remelts had a negative effect after the fourth remelting, when harmful iron phases appeared in the structure in much larger dimensions.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchova
Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kuriš
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Abstract

The results of microstructure examinations and hardness measurements carried out on two selected grades of high-manganese cast steel with an austenitic matrix, i.e. GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2, are presented. The examinations of the cast steel microstructure have revealed that the matrix of the GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel contains the precipitates of complex carbides enriched in Cr and Mn with two different morphologies. The presence of these precipitates leads to an increase in hardness by approx. 30 HB compared to the GX120Mn13 cast steel. Samples cut out from the tested materials were loaded (10 strokes) with an energy of 53 J, and then a ball-on-disc tribological test was performed. The test was carried out in reciprocating motion under technically dry friction conditions. While analyzing the obtained results of the microstructure, hardness, and abrasion tests, it was found that the presence of the hard carbide precipitates in the plastic matrix of the tested GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel promoted an increase in hardness, but also led to chipping of these particles from the alloy matrix, thus contributing to micro-cutting during friction.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
M. Madej
2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the results of metallographic and tribological tests on GX120MnCr13 cast steel that was previously subjected to heat treatment (including solution treatment from 1100°C and isothermal holding at 250, 400, and 600°C for 100 hours). The temperatures of the isothermal holding process were selected in order to reflect the possible working conditions of the cast elements that can be made of this cast steel. Wear tests were carried out under dry friction conditions using the ball-on-disc method using a ZrO2 ball as a counter-sample. The tests were carried out with a load of 5 N. The influence of the long-term isothermal holding process on the microstructure of the tested cast steel was analysed by light and scanning microscopy; however, abrasion marks were also examined using a confocal microscope. Based on the tests conducted, it was found that in the microstructures of the sample after solution treatment and samples that were held in isothermal condition at 250 and 400°C, the grain boundary areas were enriched in Mn and Cr compared to the areas inside the grains. Pearlite appeared in the sample that was heated (or held in isothermal holding) at 600°C; its share reached 41.6%. The presence of pearlite in the austenitic matrix increased the hardness to 351.4 HV 10. The hardness of the remaining tested samples was within a range of 221.8–229.1 HV 10. Increasing the hardness of the tested cast steel directly resulted in a reduction in the degree of wear as well as the volume, area, and width of the abrasion marks. A microscopic analysis of the wear marks showed that the dominant process of the abrasive wear of the tested friction pair was the detachment and displacement of the tested material through the indentation as a result of the cyclical impact of the counter-sample.
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Bibliography

[1] Głownia, J. (2002). Alloy steel castings – application. Kraków: FotoBit. (in Polish).
[2] Maratray, F. (1995). High carbon manganese austenitic steels. Paris: International Manganese Institute.
[3] Krawczyk, J., Matusiewicz, P., Frocisz, Ł., Augustyn-Nadzieja, J., Parzycha, S. (2018). The wear mechanism of mill beaters for coal grinding made-up from high manganese cast. In the 73 WFC, 23-27 September 2018. Kraków, Poland.
[4] Zambrano, O.A., Tressia, G. & Souza, R.M. (2020). Failure analysis of a crossing rail made of Hadfield steel after severe plastic deformation induced by wheel-rail interaction. Engineering Failure Analysis. 115, 1-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104621.
[5] Wróbel, T., Bartocha, D., Jezierski, J.; Kalandyk, B., Sobula, S., Tęcza, G., Kostrzewa, K., Feliks, E. (2023). High-manganese alloy cast steel in applications for cast elements of railway infrastructure. In the Proceedings of XXIX International Scientific Conference of Polish, Czech and Slovak Foundrymen Współpraca / Spolupráca, 26-28 April 2023. Niepołomice, Poland.
[6] Machado, P.C., Pereira, J.I. & Sinatora, A. (2021). Subsurface microstructural dynamic recrystallization in multiscale abrasive wear. Wear. 486-487, 204111, 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.204111.
[7] Tressia, G., Penagos, J.J. & Sinatora, A. (2017). Effect of abrasive particle size on slurry abrasion resistance of austenitic and martensitic steels. Wear. 376-377, 63-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2017.01.073.
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[11] Martin, M., Raposo, M., Druker, A., Sobrero, C. & Malarria, J. (2016). Influence of pearlite formation on the ductility response of commercial Hadfield steel. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis. 5(6), 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0316-7.
[12] Tęcza, G. & Sobula, S. (2014). Effect of heat treatment on change microstructure of cast high-manganese Hadfield steel with elevated chromium content. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14, 67-70.
[13] Krawczyk, J., Bembenek, M. & Pawlik, J. (2021). The role of chemical composition of high-manganese cast steels on wear of excavating chain in railway shoulder bed ballast cleaning machine. Materials. 16, 1-16. DOI: 10.3390/ma14247794.
[14] Fedorko, G., Molnár, V., Pribulová, A., Futaš, P., Baricová, D. (2011). The influence of Ni and Cr-content on mechanical properties of Hadfield ́s steel. In the 20th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials – Metal, May 2011 (pp. 18-20). Brno, Czech Republic.
[15] Najafabadi, V., Amini, K. & Alamdarlo, M. (2014). Investigating the effect of titanium addition on the wear resistance of Hadfield steel. Metallurgical Research and Technology. 111(6), 375-382. DOI: 10.1051/metal/2014044.
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[18] Shan, Q., Ge, R., Li Z., Zhou, Z., Jiang ,Y., Lee, Y.-S. & Wu, H. (2021). Wear properties of high-manganese steel strengthened with nano-sized V2C precipitates. Wear. 482-483, 203922, 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.203922.
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[21] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Kasińska, J. & Madej, M. (2021) Evaluation of microstructure and tribological properties of GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2 cast steels. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(3), 67-76. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138681.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Renata E. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Sulima
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Furmańczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Kasińska
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. University of the National Education Commission Krakow, Institute of Technology, ul. Podchorążych 2, 32-084 Krakow, Poland
  3. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Poland

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