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Abstract

The correct management of underground works, petroleum and gas reservoirs and geothermal applications relies on the hydromechanical behaviour of rock masses. We describe a laboratory approach to measuring permeability for different types of rock specimens. A laboratory system was designed and set up using rock mechanics equipment (a servo-controlled hydraulic press, a Hoek cell, a pump for injecting water and a scale for measuring the volume of water flow). To verify the validity of the permeability measurements, tests were carried out on a reference porous rock (Corvio sandstone), with results showing good agreement with those published in the literature. Tests were subsequently carried out on artificially fissured granite specimens with different joint patterns, submitted to various confinement stresses up to 20 MPa. Results showed good agreement with traditional Klinkenberg test results. Other tests done with artificially fissured specimens are described for demonstrative purposes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Xian Estévez-Ventosa
Nubia Aurora González-Molano
Vanesa Blázquez-Pascual
José Alvarellos
Leandro R. Alejano
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Abstract

The article describes how different friction coefficients under certain cutting conditions and parameters affect the formation of the stress-strain and thermal states of the product when titanium alloy machining. A new research methodology is used for the study. Firstly, in the initial data for simulation, each time a different declared coefficient of friction is proposed, and every such task of the cutting process modelling is solved for various cutting parameters. The second stage analyzes how these coefficients influence the stress-strain and thermodynamic state of the workpiece and tool during cutting, as well as the tool wear dynamics. In the third stage of the study, ways for ensuring these analytically-grounded tribological cutting conditions are proposed. The analysis of different wear criteria in the simulation models of titanium alloys cutting is carried out. Experimental studies confirm simulation results.
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Bibliography

[1] M. Motyka, W. Ziaja, and J. Sieniawski. Titanium Alloys – Novel Aspects of Their Manufacturing and Processing. IntechOpen, London, 2019.
[2] A.Í.S. Antonialli, A.E. Diniz, and R. Pederiva. Vibration analysis of cutting force in titanium alloy milling. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 50(1):65–74, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.09.006.
[3] Q. Yang, Z. Liu, Z. Shi, and B. Wang. Analytical modeling of adiabatic shear band spacing for serrated chip in high-speed machining. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 71:1901–1908, 2014. doi: 10.1007/s00170-014-5633-x.
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[6] F. Novikov and E. Benin. Determination of conditions ensuring cost price reduction of machinery. Economics of Development, 3(63):69–74, 2012.
[7] J.P. Davim (ed.). Machining of Titanium Alloys. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014.
[8] F. Klocke, W. König, and K. Gerschwiler. Advanced machining of titanium- and nickel-based alloys. In: E. Kuljanic (ed.) Advanced Manufacturing Systems and Technology. CISM Courses and Lectures, vol. 372, chapter 1, pages 7–42. Springer, Vienna, 1996. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-2678-3_2.
[9] V.P. Astakhov. Tribology of Metal Cutting. Elsevier, London, 2006.
[10] J.P. Davim (ed.). Tribology in Manufacturing Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-31683-8.
[11] S.G. Larsson. The cutting process – A tribological nightmare. Technical Report, Seco Corp., Bern, Switzerland, December 2014. http://cbnexpert.blogspot.com/2014).
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[13] A. Moufki, D. Dudzinski, and G. Le Coz. Prediction of cutting forces from an analytical model of oblique cutting, application to peripheral milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 81:615–626, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-7018-1.
[14] M.J. Bermingham, S. Palanisamy, and M.S. Dargusch. Understanding the tool wear mechanism during thermally assisted machining Ti-6Al-4V. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 62:76–87, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2012.07.001.
[15] O.C. Zienkiewicz, R.L. Taylor, and D.D. Fox. The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics. 7th edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2014.
[16] F. Klocke. Manufacturing Processes 1. Cutting. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-11979-8.
[17] D.A. Stephenson and J.S. Agapiou. Metal Cutting Theory and Practice. 3rd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2016.
[18] H. Shi. Metal Cutting Theory. New Perspectives and New Approaches. Springer, 2018.
[19] V. Stupnytskyy and I. Hrytsay. Simulation study of cutting-induced residual stress. In: Advances in Design, Simulation and Manufacturing II. DSMIE 2019. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering: 341-350, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-22365-6_34.
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[21] P.Ståhle, A. Spagnoli, and M. Terzano. On the fracture processes of cutting. Procedia Structural Integrity, 3:468–476, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.prostr.2017.04.063.
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[23] S.L.M.R. Filho, R.B.D. Pereira, C.H. Lauro, and L.C. Brandao. Investigation and modelling of the cutting forces in turning process of the Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloys. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 101:2191–2203, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00170-018-3110-7.
[24] A. Pramanik and G. Littlefair. Wire EDM mechanism of MMCs with the variation of reinforced particle size. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31(13):1700–1708, 2016. doi: 10.1080/10426914.2015.1117621.
[25] V. Stupnytskyy and I. Hrytsay. Comprehensive analysis of the product’s operational properties formation considering machining technology. Archive of Mechanical Engineering, 67(2):149–167, 2020. doi: 10.24425/ame.2020.131688.
[26] T. Obikawa and E. Usui. Computational Mmachining of titanium alloy—finite element modeling and a few results. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 118(2):208–215, 1996. doi: 10.1115/1.2831013.
[27} M. Rahman, Z.-G. Wang, and Y.-S. Wong. A review on high-speed machining of titanium alloys. JSME International Journal Series C Mechanical Systems, Machine Elements and Manufacturing, 49(1):11-20, 2006. doi: 10.1299/jsmec.49.11.
[28] G. Chen, C. Ren, X. Yang, X. Jin, and T. Guo. Finite element simulation of high-speed machining of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) based on ductile failure model. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 56:1027–1038, 2011. doi: 10.1007/s00170-011-3233-6.
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[34] P.D. Hartung, B.M. Kramer, and B.F. von Turkovich. Tool wear in titanium machining. CIRP Annals, 31(1):75–80, 1982. doi: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63272-7.
[35] A.G. Kisel’, D.S. Makashin, K.V. Averkov, and A.A. Razhkovskii. Effectiveness and physical characteristics of machining fluid. Russian Engineering Research, 38:508–512, 2018. doi: 10.3103/S1068798X18070092.
[36] D.V. Evdokimov and M.A. Oleynik. Research of the friction coefficient of titanium and instrumental alloys. Dry and boundary friction. News of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22(1):43-46, 2020. doi: 10.37313/1990-5378-2020-22-1-43-46 (in Russian).
[37] Y. Su, L. Li, G. Wang, and X. Zhong. Cutting mechanism and performance of high-speed machining of a titanium alloy using a super-hard textured tool. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 34(A):706-712, 2018. 10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.07.004.
[38] R.B. Da Silva, J.M. Vieira, R.N. Cardoso, H.C. Carvalho, E.S. Costa, A.R. Machado and R.F. De Ávila. Tool wear analysis in milling of medium carbon steel with coated cemented carbide inserts using different machining lubrication/cooling systems. Wear, 271(9-10):2459–2465, 2011. 10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.046.
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[40] V. Stupnytskyy and I. Hrytsay. Computer-aided conception for planning and researching of the functional-oriented manufacturing process. In: Tonkonogyi V. et al. (eds): Advanced Manufacturing Processes. InterPartner 2019. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, pages 309–320. Springer, Cham, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-40724-7_32.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vadym Stupnytskyy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xianning She
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
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Abstract

Heat exhaustion of mining environments can cause a significant threat to human health. The existing cooling strategies for the mine face aim to cool the whole face. However, the necessary cooling space for the face is small, with a considerable amount of energy for cooling being wasted. Necessary cooling space is a space occupied by the workers in the face. This study proposed to build a non-homogeneous thermal environment for cost-effective energy savings in the face. An inlet air cooler was laid out in the intake airway to cool the whole face to some extent, and the tracking air cooler was designed to track the worker who constantly moved to improve the thermal environment. The cooling load and air distribution for this cooling strategy were investigated. In addition, the airflow in the face was solved numerically to estimate the cooling effect. The results revealed that an average energy saving of approximately 35% could be achieved. The thermal environment of the necessary cooling space within at least 10 m was significantly improved. This cooling strategy should be taken into account in mine cooling.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Xian Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yaru Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yunfei Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Linyi University, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
  2. Hohai University, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Nanjing 210098, P.R. China
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Abstract

A new extraction process suitable for treating refractory CuCo2S4 under atmospheric pressure acidic leaching conditions was investigated. The effect of variables such as oxidant species, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, oxidizing agent and mineral quality ratio, H2SO4 concentration, temperature and sodium chloride concentration on the extraction efficiency of Co, Cu and Fe from CuCo2S4 were investigated. Under optimal conditions including P80-P90 of the sample was d < 0.0074 mm, stirring speed of 400 rpm, leaching time of 8 h with sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and mineral quality ratio of 0.5, 2 mol/L H2SO4, liquid-to-solid ratio of 7, leaching temperature of 90°C and 4 mol/L sodium chloride. The leaching efficiency of Co, Cu, and Fe were nearly 97.08%, 100%, and 92.45%, respectively. Furthermore, the contents of cobalt and copper in leaching residue were all less than 0.4 wt.%, which satisfies the requirements of industrial production.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bo Dong
Jian-Hui Wu
Jun Wu
ORCID: ORCID
Xian-Peng Zhang
Jing-Jun Zhai
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Abstract

An active inerter-based suspension with acceleration feedback control is proposed in this paper, the time delay generated in the controllers and actuators is considered, which constitutes the time-delayed active inerter-based (TDA-IB) suspension. The dynamic equation of the TDA-IB suspension is established and is a neutral type of delay differential equation (NDDE) in which the time delay exists in the highest-order derivative. The stability analysis is conducted by calculating the number of unstable characteristic roots based on the definite integral stability method, the stable and unstable regions are determined. The effect of time delay and feedback gain on the dynamic performance of the TDA-IB suspension under harmonic, random, and shock excitations is studied in detail and compared with the parallel-connected inerter-based (PC-IB) and traditional suspensions. The results show that the TDA-IB suspension is asymptotically stable for smaller feedback gain and time delay, through increasing the feedback gain, the stable regions shrink, and a smaller time delay could cause the system to become unstable. Furthermore, the time delay could regulate the resonance peak around the unsprung mass natural frequency and generate multiple high-frequency resonance peaks. If the time delay is chosen appropriately and falls into the stable range, the TDA-IB suspension could improve the dynamic performance for the suspension stroke and dynamic tire load while having a deterioration for the vehicle body acceleration compared with the PC-IB and traditional suspensions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yong Wang
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Xian-Yu Jin
1
Yun-Shun Zhang
1
Hu Ding
4
Li-Qun Chen
4

  1. Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  2. Vehicle Measurement, Control and Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  3. Provincial Engineering Research Center for New Energy Vehicle Intelligent Control and Simulation Test Technology of Sichuan, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  4. School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Abstract

Donghua steel continuous casting-rolling (DSCCR) line is a new endless rolling line in which tunnel heating furnace is added before and after roughing mills to change the temperature field of slab and intermediate slab, but this change will affect the microstructure and properties of hot rolled plate. Therefore, the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, texture analysis, hole expanding and earing test of 2.0 mm thick hot rolled plate produced by DSCCR line at different final rolling temperature of 860°C, 840°C and 820°C are studied. The results show that with the decrease of final rolling temperature, there is an obvious layered microstructure distribution along the thickness direction, and the surface coarse grain area gradually expands inward, at the same time the morphology of cementite also changed from large multi domain lamellar pearlite and long rod cementite to small single domain lamellar pearlite and short rod cementite. The engineering stress-strain curves have discontinuous yield with the yield elongation of 4-5% and the elongations are more than 35%. EBSD analysis shows that small angle grain boundaries and deformed grains increase significantly with the decrease of final rolling temperature, and are mainly distributed in fine grain area. Hole expanding and earing tests show that with the decrease of final rolling temperature, the earing performance decreased but the limiting hole expanding ratio is similar.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chaoyang Li
1
Peng Tian
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhipeng Zhao
2
Xiaohui Liang
2
Shuhuan Wang
2
Yonglin Kang
2
Xian Luo
2

  1. North China University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Energy, Tangshan, 063210, China
  2. University of Science and Technology Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100083, China
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Abstract

Titanium alloys are difficult-to-machine materials due to their complex mechanical and thermophysical properties. An essential factor in ensuring the quality of the machined surface is the analysis and recommendation of vibration processes accompanying cutting. The analytical description of these processes for machining titanium alloys is very complicated due to the complex adiabatic shear phenomena and the specific thermodynamic state of the chip-forming zone. Simulation modeling chip formation rheology in Computer-Aided Forming systems is a practical method for studying these phenomena. However, dynamic research of the cutting process using such techniques is limited because the initial state of the workpiece and tool is a priori assumed to be "rigid", and the damping properties of the fixture and machine elements are not taken into account at all. Therefore, combining the results of analytical modeling of the cutting process dynamics with the results of simulation modeling was the basis for the proposed research methodology. Such symbiosis of different techniques will consider both mechanical and thermodynamic aspects of machining (specific dynamics of cutting forces) and actual conditions of stiffness and damping properties of the “Machine-Fixture-Tool-Workpiece” system.
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Bibliography

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[9] V. Stupnytskyy and I. Hrytsay. Comprehensive analysis of the product’s operational properties formation considering machining technology. Archive of Mechanical Engineering, 67(2):149–167, 2020. doi: 10.24425/ame.2020.131688.
[10] V. Stupnytskyy, I. Hrytsay, and Xianning She. Finite element analysis of thermal and stress-strain state during titanium alloys machining. In: Advanced Manufacturing Processes II. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 629–639, Springer, 2021. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-68014-5_61.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vadym Stupnytskyy
1
ORCID: ORCID
She Xianning
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yurii Novitskyi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yaroslav Novitskyi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine

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