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Distortion Analysis of Thin-Walled Investment Castings

R. Mandal S. Roy S. Sarkar T. Mandal A.K. Pramanick G. Majumdar
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 59-66 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146663
Keywords Dokra casting Thin-walled investment casting Distortion dimensional accuracy SEM
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Abstract

Dokra casting is famous for its Artistic value to the world but it is also sophisticated engineering. The technique is almost 4500 years old. It is practiced by the tribal artisans of India. It is a clay moulded wax-based thin-walled investment casting technique where liquid metal was poured into the red hot mould. Dimensional accuracy is always preferable for consumers of any product. Distortion is one of the barriers to achieving the accurate dimension for this type of casting especially for the bending parts. The cause and nature of the distortion for this type of casting must be analyzed to design a product with nominal tolerance and dimensional accuracy.
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Bibliography

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[29] Roy, S., Pramanick, A.K. & Datta, P.K. (2023). Negative shrinkage of thin-walled investment brass castings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(1), 17-24. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144275.
[30] Roy, S., Pramanick, A.K. & Datta, P.K. (2020). Precise filling time calculation of thin-walled investment casting in hot mold. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering. 42(10), 552, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02634-6.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Mandal
1
S. Roy
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sarkar
1
T. Mandal
3
A.K. Pramanick
2
G. Majumdar
1
  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, India
  2. Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, India
  3. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, IIEST Shibpur, India

Morphology and Distribution of α-Al and Mn-rich Phases in Al-Si-Mn Alloys under an Electromagnetic Stirring

P. Mikolajczak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 74-87 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146665
Keywords Casting microstructure aluminum alloys Electromagnetic stirring Solidification Manganese phases
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Abstract

Convection caused by gravity and forced flow are present during casting. The effect of forced convection generated by a rotating magnetic field on the microstructure and precipitating phases in eutectic and hypoeutectic AlSiMn alloys was studied in solidification by a low cooling rate and low temperature gradient. The chemical composition of alloys was selected to allow joint growth or independent growth of occurring α-Al, α-Al15Si2Mn4 phases and Al-Si eutectics. Electromagnetic stirring caused instead of equiaxed dendrites mainly rosettes, changed the AlSi eutectic spacing, decreased the specific surface Sv and increased secondary dendrite arm spacing λ2 of α-Al, and modified the solidification time. Forced flow caused complex modification of pre-eutectic and inter-eutectic Mn-phases (Al15Si2Mn4) depending on the alloy composition. By high Mn content, in eutectic and hypoeutectic alloys, stirring caused reduction in the number density and a decrease in the overall dimension of pre-eutectic Mn-phases. Also across cylindrical sample, specific location of occurring phases by stirring was observed. No separation effect of Mn-phases by melt flow was observed. The study provided an understanding of the forced convection effect on individual precipitates and gave insight of what modifications can occur in the microstructure of castings made of technical alloys with complex composition.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Mikolajczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poland

Microstructure Evolution, Phase Composition, Tensile and Hardness Properties Investigation of CrCuFeNi2Tix-Based High-Entropy Alloys

Long Chen
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 881-886 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145451
Keywords high entropy alloys phase composition microstructure tensile tests hardness test
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Abstract

CrCuFeNi2Tix high-entropy alloys (HEAs) (x = 0.1 ~ 0.7) are prepared and studied in this paper to investigate the effect of titanium on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system. Microstructural studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the addition of titanium could induce the formation of a body-centered cubic lattice (BCC) and intermetallic compounds (Ni3Ti) of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system. The practical formation of the phases meet the theory of the atomic size difference δ, mixing enthalpy ΔHmix, mixing entropy ΔSmix, valence electron concentration (VEC), and electronegativity difference Δχ. Additionally, the tensile and hardness properties of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system are investigated in this study. Generally, CrCuFeNi2Tix HEAs show low stiffness and good flexibility in mechanical properties. When the x value is relatively small, the HEAs show good ductility in the tensile test, which is the result of a face-centered cubic lattice (FCC) in the phase composition at this stage; when the x value becomes larger, due to the formation of the intermetallic compounds Ni3Ti, the HEAs show high hardness
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Authors and Affiliations

Long Chen
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Northwestern Polytechnical University, The School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an, China
  2. Shenzhen University, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen, China

Investigation on Structural, Electronic, Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Al0.25B0.75As Alloy Under Pressure, Based on Density Functional Theory (DFT)

A. Fazeli Kisomi S.J. Mousavi B. Nedaee-Shakarab
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 875-880 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145450
Keywords Al0.25B0.75As Thermoelectric Properties electronic properties under pressure and Wien2k
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Abstract

In this paper, structural, electronic, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of Al 0.25B 0.75As alloy, under pressures 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa, have been calculated. The value of band gap at present work under 0 GPa, with GGA(PBE) exchange-correlation potential, is very close to other works with TB-mBJ method. This is a result of equal selection of muffin-tin radius spheres that are bigger than usual size for Al and B atoms. The values of band gap decrease by increasing pressure. In thermal properties, phonon contribution of heat capacity at constant volume and Debye temperature have been calculated in the range of 0K to 1000K temperatures and under 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa pressures. Thermoelectric properties, under the same pressures and in the range of 100K to 1000K temperatures have been investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Fazeli Kisomi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.J. Mousavi
2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Nedaee-Shakarab
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Physics, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
  2. Department of Physics, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

Modelling the Natural Gas Transportation Process using the Factorial Experiment Method

Mihail Aurel Țîțu A.B. Pop M. Nabiałek
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 961-966 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145460
Keywords Design of experiment natural gas experimental research active experiment quality and quality management
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Abstract

The research presented in detail in this scientific paper refers to the modelling of process parameters for natural gas transmission in a centralized system. The method of the factorial experiment was used to model some parameters considered to be vital, namely the gas temperature, the air temperature as well as a certain correction factor on the flow delivered to the population. The study was conducted by accessing information provided by a regulation-measurement station that delivers gas to an important locality in a locality in central Romania. Experimental data collected over 24 hours on a summer day but also on a winter day were used. After a previous study with classical experimental research methods, the factorial experiment was used, which allows the delivery of much more detailed information and the graphical representations are much more precise and detailed, in other words, relevant and useful conclusions can be obtained on objective studied in the research approached.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mihail Aurel Țîțu
ORCID: ORCID
A.B. Pop
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Northern University Centre of Baia Mare, Faculty of Engineering – Department of Engineering and Technology Management, 62A, Victor Babes Street, 430083, Baia Mare, Maramures, Romania
  2. Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, Armii Krajowej 19 Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

Verification of the Random Nature of the Experimental Data in the End-Milling Process of Aluminum Alloys

A.B. Pop Mihail Aurel Țîțu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 967-971 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145461
Keywords Al7136 end-milling process surface roughness Young’s test experiment
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Abstract

From a theoretical point of view, the research carried out in this manuscript was carried out starting from the study of the links between surface roughness and cutting speed, cutting depth and feed per tooth in the end milling process. From an experimental point of view, it started from the organization and development of the physical cutting process, the cutting regimes to be analyzed were established, after which the surface roughness was determined and measured. In this way, the connections between the factors and parameters pursued in the research resulted. The main purpose of this research is to check the random nature of the measured data related to the quality of the end milled surface of the Al7136 aluminum alloy. The main types of statistical processing performed on the sample values from the experimental measurements, the algorithms and the corresponding work modes are according to the method of research that is based on the use of the Young test. The conclusions highlighted the importance of adopting this research method and opened new directions of study.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.B. Pop
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mihail Aurel Țîțu
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Northern University Centre of Baia Mare, Faculty of Engineering – Department of Engineering and Technology Management, 62A, Victor Babes Street, 430083, Baia Mare, Maramures, Romania

XRD and STA Characterization of Phosphate Layers Deposited on the Carbon Steel Surface

D.-P. Burduhos-Nergis C. Bejinariu A.M. Cazac A.V. Sandu P. Vizureanu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 955-960 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145459
Keywords Zinc phosphate Manganese phosphate carbon steel XRD STA
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Abstract

Carbon steel is one of the most widely used alloys in many industries, however, its use is limited by its low corrosion resistance. Depositing a layer of phosphate on its surface improves the corrosion resistance as well as other properties, such as wear resistance, adhesion etc. Accordingly, preliminary studies demonstrated that carbon steel coated with phosphate layers can be used in the manufacture of carabiners for various fields: civil engineering, oil industry etc. Whereas, to demonstrate their capacity to operate in severe conditions related to fire rescue and extinguishing operations, it is necessary to evaluate the thermal behaviour of these materials. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to study the behaviour at high temperatures of three different types of phosphate layers deposited on carbon steel surface, by STA analysis. Also, the paper aims to study the formation of different phosphate layers by determining the types of compounds formed after the completion of the phosphating process, by XRD analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.-P. Burduhos-Nergis
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Bejinariu
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.M. Cazac
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Influence of Sintering Temperature on the Pore Structure of an Alkali-Activated Kaolin Based Geopolymer

M.I.I. Ramli M.A.A.M. Salleh I.H. Aziz N.S.M. Zaimi S.F.M. Amli M.M.A.B. Abdullah
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 987-989 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145464
Keywords geopolymer sintering pore density water absorption
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Abstract

Kaolin-based geopolymers are alternatives for producing high-strength ceramics for construction materials. Creating high-performing kaolin ceramics utilizing the regular technique requires a high handling temperature (higher than 1200°C). Thus, the structure and properties such as pore size and distribution are affected at higher sintering temperatures. Along these lines, information with respect to the sintering system and related pore structure is essential for advancing the properties of the previously mentioned materials. This study investigated the microstructure and the density of a kaolin-based geopolymer at various sintering temperatures. The unsintered sample has the highest density of 1610 kg/cm3, while the samples sintered at 1100°C haves the lowest density of 1203 kg/cm3. The result also shows that increasing the sintering temperature to 1100°C resulted in increasing the water absorption of the kaolin-based geopolymer ceramic.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.I.I. Ramli
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.A.A.M. Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
I.H. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.S.M. Zaimi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.F.M. Amli
1
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Malaysia

The Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Lightweight Aggregate (GLA) at Various Molar Ratio and Its Application in Concrete

R.A. Razak M.A. Hassan M.M.A.B. Abdullah Z. Yahya M.A.M. Ariffin A.F.B. Mansor D.L.C. Hao
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 991-996 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145465
Keywords cold bonding ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) artificial lightweight aggregate lightweight concrete
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Abstract

The effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) on the characteristics and internal structure of synthetic aggregate made from ground granulated blast furnace slag are investigated in this study (GGBS). Due to its high pozzolanic activity, GGBS was shown to be superior to other SCM materials, enhancing both the strength and durability of synthetic aggregate. Because sintering uses a lot of energy and generates a lot of pollutants, using a cold-bonded approach to make low density lightweight aggregates is particularly significant from an economic and environmental standpoint. Thus, the utilisation of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute material in the production of green artificial lightweight aggregate (GLA) using the cold bonding method was discussed in this work. Admixtures of ADVA Cast 203 and Hydrogen Peroxide were utilised to improve the quality of GLA at various molar ratios. The freshly extracted GLA was then evaluated for specific gravity, water absorption, aggregate impact, and aggregate crushing in order to determine the optimal proportion blend. As a result, the overall findings offer great application potential in the development of concrete (GCLA). It has been determined that aggregates with a toughness of 14.6% and a hardness of 15.9% are robust. The compressive strength test found that the GCLA has a high strength lightweight concrete of 37.19 MPa and a density of 1845.74 kg/m3. The porous features developed inside the internal structure of GLA have led to GCLA’s less weight compared to conventional concrete.
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Authors and Affiliations

R.A. Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.A. Hassan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Yahya
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.A.M. Ariffin
3
ORCID: ORCID
A.F.B. Mansor
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.L.C. Hao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Combined 3-Components Phosphate and Organic Coatings on Zinc Surfaces

D. Fachikova T. Liubenova G. Ilieva
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 973-980 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145462
Keywords Zinc surfaces Phosphatizing zinc Nickel and Calcium Phosphates organic coatings protective coatings
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Abstract

In recent years, the production of galvanized sheet steels with organic coatings applied to its surfaces has considerably expanded. Phosphating of the zinc surfaces raises its roughness and surface tension, providing high adhesion of subsequent organic coatings and respectively, significant increasing of their protective properties. The paper presents the results obtained in the investigation of combined anti-corrosion coatings, including formation of phosphate films on galvanized steel surfaces followed by the application of three types of paint and varnish coatings. The indicators characterizing the phosphating preparation (density, pH, conductivity, acid capacity) as well as the thickness of the coatings were measured. The chemical composition of the phosphate films, their morphology and topography were determined by means of EDX and SEM, respectively. The adhesion, elasticity and impact toughness of the organic coatings, with and without phosphating treatment of the zinc surfaces were measured. The corrosion resistance of the combined coatings in a model sodium chloride solution was also determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Fachikova
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Liubenova
1
G. Ilieva
1
  1. University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemical Technology, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria

A Short Review on the Influence of Antimony Addition to the Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Lead-Free Solder Alloy

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 981-986 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145463
Keywords Lead-free solder antimony microstructure melting temperature
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Abstract

For long time, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been used extensively as the main interconnection materials in the soldering. It is no doubt that Sn-Pb offers many advantages including good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties as well as low melting temperature. However, Pb is very toxic and Pb usage poses risk to human health and environments. Owing to this, the usage of Pb in the electronic industry was banned and restricted by the legislation. These factors accelerate the efforts in finding suitable replacement for solder alloy and thus lead-free solder was introduced. The major problems associated with lead-free solder is the formation of large and brittle intermetallic compound which have given a rise to the reliability issues. Micro alloying with Sb seems to be advantageous in improving the properties of existing lead-free solder alloy. Thus, this paper reviews the influence of Sb addition to the lead-free solder alloy in terms of microstructure formations and thermal properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi
1
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
1
  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Investigation of Hardfacing Deposits Obtained by Using Submerged Arc Welding Fluxes Containing High-Carbon Ferrochromium and Ferroboron

M. Kaptanoglu M. Eroglu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 895-905 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145453
Keywords Submerged arc welding Hardfacing deposit Carbide Boro-carbide Welding flux
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Abstract

Hardfacing deposition processes were carried out using unalloyed S1-EL12 welding wire and submerged arc welding fluxes produced by agglomerated method containing 4-16 wt.% ferrochromium and 2 wt.% ferroboron to achieve wear-resistant of hardfacing deposits on common steel substrates via submerged arc welding. Typical parameters such as slag detachment behaviour, measurements of weld seam widths and heights, microstructural examinations, and hardness and wear tests of hardfacing deposits were characterized. End of the characterization processes, with the increase of chromium, carbon, and boron transition from welding fluxes to hardfacing deposits, the welding seam widths, and heights were determined to increase from 14.12 mm to 15.65 mm and 6.14 mm to 6.50 mm, respectively. Besides; carbide and boro-carbide ratios in the microstructures increased, the hardness values increased from 43 HRC to 61 HRC and the wear losses decreased from 5.79 to 4.43. (10 –7 mm 3 (N m) –1).
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kaptanoglu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Eroglu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Firat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Elazig, 23000, Turkey

Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welding Joints of In-Situ Al3Zr/AA6082 Particle-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites

Hui Li Caizhi Sun Feng Wang Yuanpeng Qiao Chuying Li Pinyi Xu Andrii Zatulovskiy Volodymyr Shcheretskyi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 907-919 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145454
Keywords aluminum matrix composite in-situ FSW microstructure mechanical properties
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Abstract

In this paper, the Al-K2ZrF6 reaction system was used to prepare in-situ Al3Zr/AA6082 particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites by electromagnetic stirring melt reaction method, and the friction stir welding technology was used to weld the plate. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied when the rotating speed was 14000 rpm and the welding speed was 30, 50 and 70 mm/min respectively. The results show that the weld forming quality and tensile properties of the FSW joints with welding parameters of 14000 rpm and 50 mm/min are the best, the tensile strength is 142(±0.5) MPa and the elongation is 8.2%. SEM analysis shows that the particle size of the reinforcing phase in the base metal is refined to about 5-10 μm, while that in the NZ is about 1-5 μm. The grain size in the HAZ is about 20-30 μm and in the NZ is about 5-10 μm. EBSD analysis shows that the proportion of low-angle grain boundary in the NZ is 59.7% and of recrystallized grain structure is 23.65%, while the proportion of small-angle grain boundary in the HAZ is 24.35% and of recrystallized grain structure is 37.18%. It provides theoretical and experimental basis for the forming and application of friction stir welding of the composite.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hui Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Caizhi Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuanpeng Qiao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chuying Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pinyi Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrii Zatulovskiy
2
Volodymyr Shcheretskyi
2
  1. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang 212000, China
  2. Phisico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciens of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Acidic Corrosion Behaviour of Niobium-Added Welding Overlays Fabricated by Self-Shielded Metal-Cored Wires

Dashuang Liu Yucheng Wu Weimin Long Ping Wei Rui Wang Wei Zhou
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 887-894 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145452
Keywords acidic corrosion behavior niobium addition self-shielded metal-cored wire
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Abstract

Both corrosion and abrasion remove materials from some engineering components such as impact coal crusher hammers, pulverizer rings, chute liner, and rolls or molds. Intensive research has been done on improving the wear resistance of high chromium alloys, however, studies into corrosion resistance of high chromium alloys are insufficient. In order to determine the amount of ferroniobium addition in the wire to achieve the best corrosion resistance, and find out the mechanism of ferroniobium enhancing the corrosion resistance of the welding overlays, the high-Cr iron-based welding overlays with different niobium addition were fabricated by using self-made self-shielded metal-cored wires and their acidic corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution + 0.01 mol/L HCl solution were investigated by electrochemical corrosion test. The microstructure and corrosion morphology were characterized by OM, SEM, XRD and EDS. The polarization curves and values of I corr, E corr and Rc indicate the corrosion resistance is at the highest with 3.6 wt.% niobium addition, and at the lowest when the niobium addition is 10.8 wt.%. The corrosion of welding overlay occurs in the matrix of microstructure. With the increase of niobium addition from 3.6 wt.% to 10.8 wt.%, the proportion of network eutectic structure in the welding overlay is increased. Up to 10.8 wt.%, the microstructure is transformed from hypereutectic structure into eutectic one, leading to a higher acceleration of corrosion rate. When niobium addition reaches 14.4 wt.%, the welding overlay is transformed into a hypoeutectic structure. The addition of niobium element consumes carbon element in the alloy, which makes the increase of chromium content in the final solidified matrix, leading to an improvement in corrosion resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dashuang Liu
1 2 3
Yucheng Wu
1
Weimin Long
2 4
Ping Wei
3
Rui Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Wei Zhou
1 5
  1. Hefei University of Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Hefei 230009, China
  2. Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
  3. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  4. China Innovation Academy of Intelligent Equipment (Ningbo) Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315700, China
  5. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore

Influence the Composition of the Core Mixture to the Occurrence of Veinings on Castings of Cores Produced by Cold-Box-Amine Technology

P. Delimanová I. Vasková M. Bartošová M. Hrubovčáková
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 947-953 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145458
Keywords core mixture quality of casting veinings cold-box silica sand
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Abstract

The main problem in the cores production by cold-box method is the occurence of surface defects due to the tension generated by thermal expansion of the silica sand. One of the possibilities of eliminination is exchange of silica sand from another location. Another interesting factor is the type of used binder and its amount. However, even these measures donʹt guarantee sufficient quality. Foundries most often solve this problem by adding expensive additives to the core mixture. Foundries may have a dilemma in choosing the right additive. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of silica sand from two different locations, the effect of dosing the amount of binder and the addition of several types of commonly available additives on the quality of casting cavities. For this purpose, a total of 11 differently composed core sand mixtures were prepared, but only one of these mixtures was successful.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Delimanová
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Vasková
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Bartošová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Hrubovčáková
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, 9 Letná Str., 042 00 Košice, Slovakia

Research on Reducing Residual Stress in Milling of Aluminum Alloy

Yao Huang Xianguo Yan Ruize Yuan Zhi Chen Liang Tang Ao Shen Xuemei Niu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 921-932 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145455
Keywords Taguchi-grey relational approach Aluminum alloy milling process cryogenic treatment machining residual stress
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Abstract

The machining residual stress produced in the cutting process of aluminum alloy parts can easily lead to a scrap of the processed parts. In order to reduce the residual stress of aluminum alloy in the milling process, based on the Taguchi-Grey relational approach, the effects of different milling parameters on the residual stress and surface roughness of 2A12 aluminum alloy were studied. To reduce the residual stress and surface roughness of 2A12 aluminum alloy, optimized milling parameters were obtained. To further reduce the milling residual stress of 2A12 aluminum alloy, the samples processed by the optimized milling parameters were treated by cryogenic treatment and artificial aging. The residual stress of the sample was measured by the blind hole drilling method, and the evolution mechanism of the microstructure to reduce the machining residual stress was revealed. The results show that the combination of deep cooling treatment and oil bath aging can effectively reduce the residual stress on the machined surface of the aluminum alloy and facilitate a more uniform distribution of the residual stress inside the specimen. The effect of the coarse second phase on the residual stress in the microstructure is not significant, and the fine and diffusely distributed precipitation phase is beneficial to the reduction of the residual stress in the aluminum alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yao Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xianguo Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruize Yuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhi Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liang Tang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ao Shen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xuemei Niu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, China

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel/Aluminum Multilayer Composites by One-Step Explosive Welding

Xiaoyan Hu Yingbin Liu Li Yang Xiaochen Huang
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 939-946 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145457
Keywords multilayer composites one-step explosive welding bonding interface micro-hardness mechanical properties
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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yingbin Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaochen Huang
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
  2. Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
  3. Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China

Precise Orientation Control of Single Crystalline NiMnGa-Based Alloys by in-situ EBSD Analysis

A. Szewczyk M. Faryna A. Wójcik Wojciech Maziarz R. Chulist
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1171-1175 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145490
Keywords Orientation monocrystal EBSD austenite; martensite
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Abstract

The article presents a precise method for the orientation process of NiMnGa-based single crystals. For this method, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD camera and a heating stage allowing temperatures exceeding 873 K was used. The orientation process was carried out in both the high-temperature austenite phase and in the room-temperature martensite phase. The facilities allowed for determining the orientation of a single grain of austenite at elevated temperatures as well as the orientation of particular martensitic variants at room temperature. A practically perfect cubic orientation was obtained in the austenitic case with a deviation of about 1° while the samples oriented in the martensitic phase deviated from the desired orientation by 4.5-5.2°. Additionally, the training process of single crystals was carried out in order to show the influence of the orientation process on twinning stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Szewczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Faryna
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Maziarz
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059, Kraków, Poland

TEM, HREM, L-TEM Studies of Fe-Based Soft Magnetic Melt-Spun Ribbons Subjected to Ultra-Rapid Annealing Process

Wojciech Maziarz A. Kolano-Burian M. Kowalczyk P. Błyskun R. Chulist P. Czaja M. Szlezynger A. Wójcik
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1165-1170 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145489
Keywords soft magnetic materials ultra-rapid annealing microstructure magnetic domain structure TEM L-TEM
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Abstract

In the present work, we performed the ultra-rapid annealing (URA) process for amorphous Fe78Ni8B14 melt-spun ribbons in order to obtain fine excellent microstructure assuring the best soft magnetic properties. Several microscopic methods mainly based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Lorentz TEM (L-TEM) were applied for detailed studies of the microstructure and magnetic domains structure. The investigation revealed that the optimized parameters of the URA process (500°C/0.5-5 s) lead to outstanding soft magnetic properties. A mixture containing close to 50% amorphous phase and 50% α-Fe nanocrystals of size up to 30 nm has been already obtained after annealing for 3 s. These annealing conditions appear to be the most suitable in terms of microstructure providing the best magnetic properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Maziarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kolano-Burian
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kowalczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
P. Błyskun
3
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Czaja
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Szlezynger
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Lukasiewicz Research Network – institute of non-Ferrous Metals, 5 Generała Józefa Sowińskiego str., 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska stR., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland

Role of Nitrogen During Dry-Air Oxidation of TiAlNbCrSi Alloy Produced with Mould Casting (MC) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

J. Morgiel T. Dudziak L. Maj A. Kirchner M. Pomorska B. Klöden T. Weissgärber D. Toboła
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1183-1189 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145492
Keywords TiAlNbCrSi dry-air oxidation TiN TEM
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Abstract

The lack of room-temperature ductility of high-strength TiAl-based alloys called for complicated high temperature processing limiting their application areas. Introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) methods allowed to circumvent this disadvantage, but entailed microstructure refinement affecting, among the others, their oxidation resistance. The dry-air high temperature oxidation processing of TiAl-based alloys is relatively well covered for coarse grained materials, but to what extent the TiAl alloys are affected by the changes caused by the AM remains to be found out. Additionally, the role of nitrogen during these processes was to large extent omitted in previous works. Within the present experiment, the mould cast (MC) and the electron beam melted (EBM) Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si (at. %) RNT650 alloys were dry-air oxidized at 650°C for 1000 h. The TEM/EDS investigations allowed to confirm that the scale formed during such treatment consists of the layers occupied predominantly by TiO2+Al2O3/TiO2/Al2O3 sequence. Additionally, it was shown that N diffuses to the sub-scale and reacts with the substrate forming two distinct discontinuous sub-layers of α2-Ti3Al(N) and TiN. The scale over EBM was noticeably less porous and nitrogen penetration of the substrate was more extensive, while the MC showed higher susceptibility to local sub-scale oxidation.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Morgiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Dudziak
2
ORCID: ORCID
L. Maj
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kirchner
3
M. Pomorska
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Klöden
3
T. Weissgärber
3
D. Toboła
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059-Kraków, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Kraków Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopianska Str, 30-418 Kraków, Poland
  3. Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung IFAM, Institutsteil Dresden Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany

ZnO Nanowires Grown on Al2O3-ZnAl2O4 Nanostructure Using Solid-Vapor Mechanism

W. Zajkowska-Pietrzak J. Turczyński B. Kurowska H. Teisseyre K. Fronc J. Dąbrowski S. Kret
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1177-1182 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145491
Keywords Solid-vapor growth ZnO nanowires ZnAl2O4 spinel
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Abstract

We present Al2O3-ZnAl2O4-ZnO nanostructure, which could be a prominent candidate for optoelectronics, mechanical and sensing applications. While ZnO and ZnAl2O4 composites are mostly synthesized by sol-gel technique, we propose a solid-vapor growth mechanism. To produce Al2O3-ZnAl2O4-ZnO nanostructure, we conduct ZnO:C powder heating resulting in ZnO nanowires (NWs) growth on sapphire substrate and ZnAl2O4 spinel layer at the interface. The nanostructure was examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique enabled us to prepare a lamella for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. TEM examination revealed high crystallographic quality of both spinel and NW structure. Epitaxial relationships of Al2O3-ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4-ZnO are given.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Zajkowska-Pietrzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Turczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kurowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Teisseyre
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Fronc
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Kret
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 32/46 Lotników Av., 02-668 Warszawa, Poland

The Influence of γ' Precipitates on the Structural Stability of FeNiCoAlTa and FeNiCoAlTaB Single Crystals After Cyclic Superelastic Deformation

A. Wójcik R. Chulist A. Szewczyk J. Dutkiewicz Wojciech Maziarz
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1157-1164 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145488
Keywords Fe-based shape memory alloys superelastic effect cyclic deformation TEM
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Abstract

Two single crystals with compositions Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Ta and Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Ta-B were selected and fabricated by Bridgman method. Subsequently, ingots were homogenized, oriented and subjected to a two-step heat treatment process in order to obtain fine and coherent γ' precipitates. Subsequently, superelastic cycling experiments were performed at 77 K. The next step included detailed microstructural characterization using transmission electron microscopy and high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements together with Rietveld refinement. The results show that the number of fully reversible superelastic strains is very sensitive to the size of γ' precipitates. The smaller (3 nm) γ' precipitates ensured more superelastic response compared to material with larger γ' particles size (5 nm), in which the material did not receive its original shape after 10 cycles even after being heated.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Szewczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Dutkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Maziarz
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Influence of Dissolved Oxygen Content on the Properties of Aqueous Milled WC-Co Powders

H.-F. Chicinas L.-E. Marton C.-O. Popa
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1205-1210 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145494
Keywords Cemented carbides hard metal milling drying sintering agglomerate
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Abstract

The research aims to develop a novel and safer milling route to produce Hard Metals. Considering the risks associated with milling fine particles under organic solvents, especially the increased fire and explosion risks, we propose milling under aqueous milling media to diminish the risks associated with fire hazards, while maintaining the oxidation level at a minimum. The samples were sintered in an industrial sintering oven under vacuum at 1380°C subsequent to milling and drying. The characterisation of the materials has been done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, optical microscopy, and a magnetometer. The obtained results indicate that appropriate properties of the powders after milling and drying as well as the desired biphasic (Co-WC) phases were obtained after sintering, thus proving the feasibility of such a route and diminishing specific fire hazards.
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Authors and Affiliations

H.-F. Chicinas
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
L.-E. Marton
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
C.-O. Popa
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Materials Science and Engineering Department, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
  2. SC Gühring SRL, 32 Constructorilor Street, 407035 Apahida, Romania

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Accelerated Cooled and Self-Tempered H-Type Structural Sections

A. Işıkgül H. Ahlatci İ. Esen Y. Türen O. Yağız
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1191-1204 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145493
Keywords H-Type Sections Accelerated Cooling and Self-Tempering (AC-ST) Construction Steel Cooling Rate
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Abstract

This study investigates mechanical properties of accelerated cooled and self-tempered (AC-ST) H-type S275JR quality steel sections in HEA120 and HEB120 sizes. The cooling process is conducted with a specially manufactured system that sprays a coolant consisting of a water + compressed air mixture on the section surfaces. Cooling times were applied as 10 and 30 seconds using 4 and 12 bar compressed air + water at an average constant pressure of 5 bar and a constant flow rate of 0.08 kg/s. In the HEA120 sections, the highest cooling rate was obtained with 83°C/s in the web region under the cooling time of 30 s and the air pressure cooling condition of 12 bar. At the cooling rate up to 6°C/s, the microstructure is transformed to acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite phase from Ferrite+Pearlite. But upper bainite phase was formed at a cooling rate of 30°C/s, and a small amount of martensite and lower bainite microstructures were observed at a cooling rate of 60°C/s and above. The hardness in the untreated sections, in the range of 106-120 HB, was increased to 195 HB at a cooling rate of 83 C/s in the web region of the HEA120 section. For a cooling rate of 23°C/s, the maximum compressive residual stresses of –352 MPa are measured in the crotch region of the HEB120. And for a cooling rate of 6°C/s, the maximum tensile residual stresses of 442 MPa were determined in the flange region of the HEA120 section.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Işıkgül
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Ahlatci
2
ORCID: ORCID
İ. Esen
3
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Türen
2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Yağız
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Karabük Iron Steel Industry Trade and Co. Inc., Research and Development Department, Karabük, Turkey
  2. Karabük University, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Karabük, Turkey
  3. Karabük University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karabük, Turkey

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