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Abstract

The study presents methods to be used for improving the performance parameters of car engine pistons made of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy according to the PN-EN 1706: 2011. Pistons of slow sucking and turbocharged engines were researched. A solution heat and ageing treatments were applied according to four variants. Temperatures of the solution heat treatment were: 550 ±5°C; 510°C ±5°C; and alternate: 276 ±5°C/510 ±5°C. The solution time ranged from 6 min to 4 h. Temperatures of the ageing heat treatment were 20°C and 250°C, while the ageing time ranged from 1,5 to 3h. Natural ageing was performed in 5 days. Measurements of hardness HRB and the piston diameters were performed. An improvement in the performance parameters of combustion engines was observed. Three solution heat treatment and ageing variants, allowed to obtain the pistons with hardness equal/higher than pistons of the turbocharged engines. The test results confirmed the possibility of providing a piston with properties exceeding the high load parameters specified by the manufacturer. Further studies will make it possible to improve the effects of the proposed solutions.
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Bibliography

[1] Stone, R. (2012). Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines. Fourth Edition, SAE and Macmillan.
[2] Heywood, J.B. (2018). Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
[3] Kirkpatrick, A.T. (2020). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences. Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
[4] Bosch, R. (2018). Automotive Handbook. 10th Edition: Robert Bosch GmbH
[5] Siemińska-Jankowska, B. & Pietrowski, S. (2003). The effects of temperature on strength of the new piston aluminum materials. Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines. 10(1-2), 237-250.
[6] Wajand, A., Wajand, J. (2005). Reciprocating internal combustion engines. Wydawnictwa Naukowo Techniczne PWN. (in Polish).
[7] Manasijevic, S., Pavlovic-Acimovic, Z., Raic, K., Radisa, R. & Kvrgi´c, V. (2013). Optimisation of cast pistons made of Al–Si piston alloy. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(5), 255-261.
[8] Javidani, M. & Larouche, D. (2014). Application of cast Al–Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. International Materials Reviews. 59(3), 132-158.
[9] Pietrowski, S. (2001) Silumins. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej. (in Polish).
[10] Poniewierski, Z. (1989). Crystallization, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Silumins. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[11] Kaufman, J.G., Rooy, E.L. (2004). Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes and Applications. ASM International.
[12] Zolotorevsky, V.S., Belov, N.A., Glazoff, M.V. (2007). Casting Aluminium Alloys. Elsevier: Oxford, UK, pp. 327-376.
[13] Pezda, J. (2015). The effect of the T6 head treatment on change of mechanical properties of the AlSi12CuNiMg alloy modified with strontium. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(2), 627-632.
[14] Czekaj, E., Fajkiel, A. & Gazda, A. (2005). Short-lived ultrahigh temperature silicon spheroidization treatment of silumins. Archiwum Odlewnictwa. 5(17), 51-68. (in Polish).
[15] Dobrzański, L.A., Reimann, L. & Krawczyk, G. (2008). Influence of the ageing on mechanical properties of the aluminium alloy AlSi9Mg. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 31, 37-40.
[16] Pezda, J. (2010). Heat treatment of EN AC-AlSi13Cu2Fe silumin and its effect on change of hardness of the alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(1), 131-134.
[17] Pezda, J. (2014). Effect of a selected heat treatment parameters on technological quality of a silumin-cast machinery components; Bielsko-Biała: ATH Scientific Publishing House: Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
[18] Pezda, J. & Jarco, A. (2016). Effect of T6 heat treatment parameters on technological quality of the AlSi7Mg alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 95-100.
[19] Czekaj, E., Kwak, Z., Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2017). Comparison of impact of immersed and micro-jet cooling during quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic silumin AlSi7Mg0.3. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 43(3), 153-168.
[20] Pezda, J. & Jezierski, J. (2020). Non-standard T6 heat treatment of the casting of the combustion engine cylinder head. Materials. 13(18), 4114.
[21] Jarco, A. & Pezda, J. (2021). Effect of heat treatment process and optimization of its parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the AlSi11(Fe) alloy. Materials (Basel) 14(9), 2391.
[22] Nikitin, K.V., Chikova, O.A., Amosov, E.A. & Nikitin, V.I. (2016). Shortening the time of heat treatment of silumins of the Al – Si – Cu system by modifying their structure. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 58(7), 400-404.
[23] Prudnikov, A., Prudnikov, V. (2019). The mode of hardening heat treatment for deformable piston hypereutectic silumins. International Scientific Journal Materials science. Non-equilibrium phase transformations. 5(3), 74-77.
[24] Kantoríková, E., Kuriš, M. & Pastirčák, R. (2021). Heat treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3 Aluminium alloys with increased zirconium and titanium content. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(2), 89-93.
[25] Kuriš, M., Bolibruchova, D. M., Matejka M. & Kantoríková, E. (2021). Effect of the precipitation hardening on the structure of AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 alloy with addition of Zr and combination of Zr and Ti. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 95-100.
[26] Rychter, T., Teodorczyk, A. (2006). Theory of piston engines. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. (in Polish).

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trepczyńska-Łent
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Műller
2

  1. Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2. Bergerat Monnoyeur Sp. z o.o. – Caterpillar, Poland
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Abstract

The influence of the cooling rate on the extent of precipitation hardening of cast aluminum alloy (ADC12) was investigated experimentally. This study explored the cooling rate of the solidification of Cu in the α-Al phase to improve the mechanical properties of ADC12 after an aging process (Cu based precipitation hardening). The solid solution of Cu occurred in the α-Al phases during the casting process at cooling rates exceeding 0.03 °C/s. This process was replaced with a solid solution process of T6 treatments. The extent of the solid solution varied depending on the cooling rate; with a higher cooling rate, a more extensive solid solution was formed. For the cast ADC12 alloy made at a high cooling rate, high precipitation hardening occurred after low-temperature heating (at 175 °C for 20 h), which improved the mechanical properties of the cast Al alloys. However, the low-temperature heating at the higher temperature for a longer time decreased the hardness due to over aging. Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Casting, Precipitation, Solid solution, Aging, Solidification rate
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Bibliography

[1] Sepehrband, P., Mahmudi, R. & Khomamizadeh, F. (2005). Effect of Zr addition on the aging behavior of A319 aluminum cast alloy. Scripta Materialia. 52(4), 253-257.
[2] Rana, G., Zhoua, J.E. & Wang, Q.G. (2008). Precipitates and tensile fracture mechanism in a sand cast A356 aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 207(1-3), 46-52.
[3] Tian, L., Guo, Y., Li, J., Xia, F., Liang, M. & Bai, Y. (2018). Effects of solidification cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni piston alloy. Materials. 11(7), 1230.
[4] Choi, S.W., Kima, Y.M., Leea, K.M., Cho, H.S., Hong, S.K., Kim, Y.C., Kang, C.S. & Kumai, S. (2014). The effects of cooling rate and heat treatment on mechanical and thermal characteristics of Al–Si–Cu–Mg foundry alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 617, 654-659.
[5] Dobrzański, L.A., Maniara, R., Sokołowski, J. & Kasprzak, W. (2007). Effect of cooling rate on the solidification behavior of AC AlSi7Cu2 alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 191(1-3), 317-320.
[6] Shabel, B.S., Granger, D.A., Trucker, W.G. (1992). Friction and wear of aluminum-silicon alloys. In P.J. Blau (Eds.), ASM Handbook: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology (pp. 785-794), ASM International.
[7] Son, S.K., Takeda, M., Mitome, M., Bando, Y. & Endo,T. (2005). Precipitation behavior of an Al–Cu alloy during isothermal aging at low temperatures. Materials Letters. 59(6), 629-632.
[8] Wen-jun, T., Lin, Q. & Pi-xiang, Q. (2007). Study on heat treatment blister of squeeze casting parts. China Foundry. 4(2), 108-111.
[9] Okayasu, M., Sahara, N. & Mayama, K. (2021). Effect of microstructural characteristics on mechanical properties of cast Al–Si–Cu alloy controlled by Na. Materials Science and Engineering. A (in press).
[10] Hamasaki, M. & Miyahara, H. (2013). Solidification microstructure and critical conditions of shrinkage porosity generation in die casting process of JIS-ADC12 (A383) alloy. Materials Transactions. 54(7), 1131-1139.
[11] Kamio, A. (1996). Refinement of solidification structure in aluminum alloys. Japan Foundry Engineering Society. 68, 1075-1083.
[12] Okayasu, M. & Go, S. (2015). Precise analysis of effects of aging on mechanical properties of cast ADC12 aluminum alloy. Materials Science and Engineering. A 638, 208-218.
[13] David, S.A. & Vitek, J.M. (1989). Correlation between solidification parameters and weld microstructures. International Materials Reviews. 34(1), 213-245.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Okayasu
1
N. Sahara
1
M. Touda
2

  1. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
  2. Kyowa Casting Co., Ltd.5418-3 Nishi Ebara-cho, Ibara city, Okayama, 715-0006, Japan
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Abstract

Work was done as a part of the project " New generation haulage system of highly productive longwall systems" aiming to develop and implement a new longwall shearer system called KOMTRACK. The widely used EICOTRACK feed system developed forty years ago is not adapted to modern longwall shearers' power. Within the project, an innovative, flexible feed system with a modular structure was created with the possibility of continuous adjustment to the carbon wall's unevenness. Newly-developed three cast steels variants have been initially selected to fabricate this system's elements. The material's final selection was realized based on the tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, Brinell hardness surveys, and wear resistance measurements. Results analysis allowed to select cast steel marked as "2", which fulfilled all requirements and was used in further casting trials.
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Bibliography

[1] Pirowski Z. (2020). A new generation feed system for high-performance longwall shearers. Stage 4; Kraków: Report 2019 – Łukasiewicz Research Network – Foundry Research Institute, 64-69.
[2] Pieczora, E., Zachura, A., Pirowski, Z., Pysz, S., Kurdziel, P., Żyła, P., Kotulski, W. (2015). Flextrack - innovative longwall shearer feed system. Part 1, Modern methods of coal and hard rock mining. Kraków: AGH University of Science and Technology. 185-194. ISBN 978-83-930353-5-9.
[3] Zachura, A., Pieczora, E., Pysz, S., Żuczek, R., Pirowski, Z., Kurdziel, P., Żyła, P., Kotulski, W. (2015). Flextrack - innovative longwall shearer feed system. Part 1, Modern methods of coal and hard rock mining. Kraków: AGH University of Science and Technology, 195-203. ISBN 978-83-930353-5-9.
[4] Pirowski, Z., Uhl, W., Jaśkowiec, K., Pysz, S., Gazda, A., Kotulski, W., Kurdziel, P., Zachura, A. (2015). Innovative FLEXTRACK feed system - selection of materials (casting al-loys), in: A. Klich, A. Kozieł: Innovative techniques and technologies for mining. Safety - Efficiency - Reliability - KOMTECH 2015, KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, 223-236. ISBN 978-83-60708-90-3.
[5] Pysz, P., Żuczek, R., Pirowski, Z., Uhl, W., Kotulski, W., Żyła, P., Kurdziel, P., Zachura, A. (2015). Innovative FLEXTRACK feed system - development of the technology of making cast segments of the toothed elements and the guider, in: A. Klich, A. Kozieł: Innovative techniques and technologies for mining. Safety - Efficiency - Reliability - KOMTECH 2015, KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, 237-249. ISBN 978-83-60708-90-3.
[6] Pirowski, Z., Uhl, W., Jaśkowiec, K., Krzak, I., Wójcicki, M., Gil, A., Kotulski, W., Kurdziel, P., Pieczora, E., Zachura, A. (2015). Innovative FLEXTRACK feed system - quality assessment of the manufactured prototype castings, in: A. Klich, A. Kozieł: Innovative techniques and technologies for mining. Safety - Efficiency - Reliability - KOM-TECH 2015, KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, 250. ISBN 978-83-60708-90-3.
[7] Kalita, M. (2019). Designing process of a toothed segment of the KOMTRACK haulage system. New Trends in Production Engineering. 2(1), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0013.
[8] Nieśpiałowski, K., Kalita, M., Rawicki, N, (2019). System for tensioning the toothed path of the longwall shearer's feed system, Scientific and Technical Conference: KOMTECH Innovative Mining Technologies – IMTech. [9] Pirowski, Z. (2015). Thermal Analysis in the Technological “Step” Test of H282 Nickel Alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(1), 87-92. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0016.
[10] Pirowski, Z., Warmuzek, M., Radzikowska, J. (2012). Test casting Inconel 740 alloy, 70th World Foundry Congress, 560-565.
[11] Rakoczy, Ł., Grudzień, M., Cygan, R. & Zielińska-Lipiec, A. (2018). Effect of cobalt aluminate content and pouring temperature on macrostructure, tensile strengh and creep rupture of Inconel 713C castings. Archives of Metallurgy and Meterials. 63(3), 1537-1545. https://doi.org/10.24425/123845.
[12] Pirowski, Z., Jaśkowiec, K., Tchórz, A., Krzak, I., Sobczak, J., Purgert, R. (2016). Technological conversion applicable for manufacturing elements from Nickel superalloy H282, 72nd World Foundry Congress, 223-224.
[13] Grudzień-Rakoczy, M., Rakoczy, Ł., Cygan, R., Kromka, F., Pirowski, Z. & Milkovic, O. (2020). Fabrication and characterization of the newly developed superalloys based on Inconel 740. Materials. 13, 2362. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fma13102362.
[14] Rakoczy, Ł., Grudzień-Rakoczy, M. & Cygan, R. (2019). The influence of shell mold composition on the as-cast macro-and micro-structure of thin-walled IN713C superalloy castings. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3974-3985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04098-9.
[15] Grudzień, M., Cygan, R., Pirowski, Z. & Rakoczy, Ł. (2018). Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 58, 39-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.7356/iod.2018.04.
[16] Pirowski, Z. & Gościański, (2013). Casting Alloys for Agricultural Tools Operating under the Harsh Conditions of Abrasive Wear. TEKA Commission of Motorization and Energetics in Agriculture. 13(1), 119-126 ISSN 1641-773.
[17] Pirowski, Z., Gwiżdż, A. & Kranc, M. (2012). Cast Agricultural Tools Operating in Soil. Tekhnika ta energetika APK. 170(1), 378-385. ISSN 2222-8618.
[18] Gościański, M. & Pirowski, Z. (2009). Construction and Technology of Production of Casted Shares for Rotating and Field Ploughs, TEKA Commission of Motorization and Energetics in Agriculture. - O.L. PAN, 9(9), 231-239. ISSN 1641-7739.
[19] Pirowski, Z., Olszyński, J., Turzyński, J. & Gościański, M. (2006). Elements of agricultural ma-chinery working in soil made of modern casting materials. Motrol. 8, 169-180. (in Polish).
[20] Pirowski, Z. (2014). Evaluation of High-temperature Physico-chemical Interactions Between the H282Alloy Melt and Ceramic Material of the Crucible. Archive of Foundry Engineering. 14(4), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0091.
[21] Wang, Z., Huang, B., Chen, H., Wang, CH. & Zhao, X. (2020). The Effect of Quenching and Partitioning Heat Treatmenton the Wear Resistance of Ductile Cast Iron Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 29, 4370-4378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04871-1.
[22] Srinivasu, R., Sambasiva Rao A., Madhusudhan Reddy G., K. Srinivasa Rao, K. (2015). Friction stir surfacing of cast A356 aluminiumesilicon alloy with boron carbide and molybdenum disulphide powders. Defence Technology. 11(2), 140-146.
[23] Heldin, M., Heinrichs, J., Jacobson, S. (2021). On the critical roles of initial plastic deformation and material transfer on the sliding friction between metals. Wear. 477(Spec.203853). DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.203853, Published JUL 18.
[24] Grzesik, W., Zalisz, Z., Krol, S. & Nieslony, P. (2006). Investigations on friction and wear mechanisms of the PVD-TiAlN coated carbide in dry sliding against steels and cast iron. Wear. 261(11-12), 1191-1200.
[25] Holmberg, K., Matthews, A., Dowson, D. (Ed.) (1998). Coating Tribology. Properties, Techniques and Applications in Surface Engineering. Tribology Series. 28, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[26] PN-88/H-83160; Wear-resistant cast steel - Grades. (in Polish). [27] NF A 32-058/1984: Produits de founderie aciers et fontes blanches moules resistant a l'usure par abrasion.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Pirowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Grudzień-Rakoczy
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Bitka
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Chrzan
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str., 30-418 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The results of microstructure examinations and hardness measurements carried out on two selected grades of high-manganese cast steel with an austenitic matrix, i.e. GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2, are presented. The examinations of the cast steel microstructure have revealed that the matrix of the GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel contains the precipitates of complex carbides enriched in Cr and Mn with two different morphologies. The presence of these precipitates leads to an increase in hardness by approx. 30 HB compared to the GX120Mn13 cast steel. Samples cut out from the tested materials were loaded (10 strokes) with an energy of 53 J, and then a ball-on-disc tribological test was performed. The test was carried out in reciprocating motion under technically dry friction conditions. While analyzing the obtained results of the microstructure, hardness, and abrasion tests, it was found that the presence of the hard carbide precipitates in the plastic matrix of the tested GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel promoted an increase in hardness, but also led to chipping of these particles from the alloy matrix, thus contributing to micro-cutting during friction.
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Bibliography

[1] Standard PN-EN 10349: 2009. Steel castings - Austenitic manganese steel castings.
[2] Banerjee, M.K. (2017). Heat Treatment of Commercial Steels for Engineering Applications. Comprehensive Materials Finishing. 2, 180-213.
[3] Dobrzański, L.A. (2002). Fundamentals of materials science and metal science. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowo-Techniczne. ISBN: 83-204-2793-2. (in Polish).
[4] Baza materiałowa. Total materia. (June 2021). Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://portal-1totalmateria1com 1000022kc0110.wbg2.bg.agh.edu.pl/search/quick/materials/1040932/material-description.
[5] Fedorko, G., Molnár, V., Pribulová, A., Futaš, P., Baricová, D. (2011). The influence of Ni and Cr-content on mechanical properties of Hadfield ́s steel. In 20th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials. Metal 2011, 18-20.05.2011 (pp.1-6). Brno, Czech Republic.
[6] Dastur, Y.N. & Leslie, W.C. (1981). Mechanism of work hardening in Hadfield manganese steel. Metallurgical Transactions A. 12A, 749-759.
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[8] Stradomski, Z. (2010). The role of microstructure in the wear behaviour of abrasion-resistant cast steels. Częstochowa: Wyd. Politechniki Częstochowskiej. ISBN: 978-83-7193-468-1. (in Polish).
[9] Kniaginin, G. (1977). Cast steel. Metallurgy and founding. Katowice: Wyd. Śląsk. (in Polish).
[10] Varela, L.B., Tressia, G., Masoumi, M., Bortoleto, E.M., Regattieri, C. & Sinatora, A. (2021). Roller crushers in iron mining, how does the degradation of Hadfield steel components occur. Engineering Failure Analysis. 122, 1-18.
[11] Głownia, J. (2002). Alloy steel castings – applications. Kraków: Wyd. FotoBit. ISBN: 83-917129-1-5. (in Polish).
[12] Kosturek, R., Maranda, A., Senderowski, C. & Zasada, D. (2016). Research into the application of explosive welding of metal sheets with Hadfield’s steel (Mangalloy). High-Energetic Materials. 8, 91-102.
[13] White, C.H. & Honeycombe, R.W.K. (1962). Structural changes during the deformation of high purity iron-manganese-carbon alloys. Journal Iron and Steel Institute. 200, 457-466.
[14] Subramanyam, D.K., Swansiger, A.E., Avery, H.S. (1990). Austenitic manganese steels ASM Metals Handbook 1. Properties and Selections: Irons, Steels and High - Performance Alloys. (pp. 822-840). ASM International. ISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0.
[15] Quan Shan, Ru Ge, Zulai Li, Zaifeng Zhou, Yehua Jiang, Yun-Soo Lee, & Hong Wu. (2021). Wear properties of high-manganese steel strengthened with nano-sized V2C precipitates. Wear. 482-483, 203922.
[16] Jia-li Cao, Ai-min Zhao, Ji-xiong Liu, Jian-guo He, & Ran Ding. (2014). Effect of Nb on microstructure and mechanical properties in non-magnetic high manganese steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 21(6), 600-605.
[17] Atasoy, O.A., Ozbaysal, K. & Inal, O.T. (1989). Precipitation of vanadium carbides in 0.8% C-13% Mn-1% V austenitic steel. Journal of Materials Science. 24, 1393-1398.
[18] Iglesiasa, C., Solórzanob, G. & Schulza, B. (2009). Effect of low nitrogen content on work hardening and microstructural evolution in Hadfield steel. Materials Characterization. 60(9), 971- 979.
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[25] Bolanowski, K. (2013). The influence of the hardness of the surface layer on the abrasion resistance of Hadfield steel. Problemy Eksploatacji. 1, 127-139.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
M. Madej
2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents an experimental confirmation of the fact that if a three-dimensional volume does not contain spherical particles with particular size, the Probability Density Function (PDF1) of half-chord lengths has proportional ranges. This fact has been deduced in work [1] during the derivation process of the Probability Density Function (PDF3) that maps the particle radii on the basis of data (PDF1) collected from flat cross-sections. The experiment has been executed virtually by using a simple computer program written in the C++11 language. The computer generation of particles allowed imposing various kinds of known PDF3 and the ranges in which the particles could not be created. Next, the virtual nodules have been used to produce sets of chords that served as input data to create histograms that approximated the continuous PDF1. Having such histograms, it was possible to reveal proportional scopes of the PDF1. The proportional dependencies occurred in the same ranges where the nodules had not been generated.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Gurgul
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The paper attempts to place John Rawls’s social theory in an ontological frame of ideas. Józef M. Bocheński’s theory of systems was chosen to describe social reality without prejudging its role in the adequate theory. By adopting this approach the author presents several issues one by one: the characteristics of political philosophy and its relation to the ontology of social reality, Bocheński’s systems theory, the analysis of the industrial enterprise as a model example of a heterogeneous, dynamic and organic system, and Rawls’s structure of society. All this is done in terms of systems theory. The resulting outcome provides, among other things, a formal definition of Rawls’s basic social structure expressed in the language of systems theory, and it supports the thesis that the synthetic entity responsible for social functioning, such as the state, is correlated with the principles of justice as proposed by Rawls.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kaczmarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź
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Abstract

The issue of rationality and the term itself appear in the works of John Rawls, for instance in his famous volume A Theory of Justice. At the same time, in another of his books, Political Liberalism, we can find not only the correlated terms ‘rational’, but also the term ‘reasonable’. In that volume Rawls enlightens their meaning. In this article, the author analyses the terms mentioned more closely and reflects on their use in various contexts. The explanatory hypothesis adopted by the author is that the use of these two terms, not just one of them, may enrich our conceptual network and increase the possibilities of analysing the sphere of human action. The aim of the analyses is to confirm this hypothesis and to extract the specific sense of the term ‘reasonable’, and of its use, especially in Rawls’s Political Liberalism.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Kleszcz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to highlight the relationship between normative theory and social ontology through an analysis of John Rawls’s concept of ‘well‑ordered society’. By expressing the ontological assumptions underlying Rawls’s theory, it is possible to better understand the role of practices and institutions in A Theory of Justice and to counter some of the criticisms levelled against Rawls’s institutionalism. The proposed interpretation of Rawls’s theory may be recognized as a contribution to the interactionist approach in the field of social ontology.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Graboń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Woźny
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Szkoła Doktorska Nauk Humanistycznych, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00‑927 Warszawa
  2. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00‑927 Warszawa
  3. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00‑927 Warszawa
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Abstract

The paper analyses and develops John Rawls’s defence of his theory of justice against the conservative objection that egalitarian conceptions of social justice are an expression of envy. The defence involves the following claims: (1) The content of the difference principle does not match an essential property of envy. (2) The parties in the original position are not motivated by envy. (3) None of the conditions imposed on the original position arise from envy. Next, it is argued that there are reasons to suppose that the parties in the original position would choose a more egalitarian principle of distributive justice than the difference principle. These reasons are grounded in the claim that self respect is the most important primary good and in the fact that the level of economic inequalities is negatively correlated with self respect among the least advantaged members of society. It is shown that even though the content of the more egalitarian principle matches the essential property of envy, the conservative objection remains unjustified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adrian Kuźniar
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Abstract

Although John Rawls’s theory is an extensive project of the state structure which also discusses the functions of various democratic institutions, the reader tends naturally to look for something more, namely his opinions about human nature and the psychological underpinnings that ultimately determine men’s and women’s responsibilities in a democratic community. The clues offered by A Theory of Justice are disappointingly scarce, as they tend to blur the distinction between the descriptive and the normative aspects of the problem. Rawls’s analysis of such categories as moral sensitivity, or human motives, or social obligations do not take into account the natural limitations that typically accompany the demands formulated by the just state. Or, to put the same complaint differently, Rawls’s opinions about human nature sound unduly optimistic, if compared, for instance, with Kant’s moral theory to which he makes frequent references.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Górnicka-Kalinowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. prof. em., Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00‑927 Warszawa
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Abstract

My current considerations concern the way in which the category of animals is present in contemporary philosophy, especially if it occurs in the context of moral philosophy and the theory of cognition and mind. These are, I suppose, the areas of inquiry inspiring wide interest, even if we focus on the narrow question of the place of animals in the domains of morality, cognition, and consciousness. Although John Rawls himself approaches these issues with caution, and his interest in these types of problems is marginal, they deserve some philosophical attention. There is a close relationship between the belief that non‑personal living entities such as animals are capable of feeling pain and pleasure on the one hand, and the human sensitivity or social sentience, on the other. We should face the question of what kind of society we want to live in: effective or sensitive. Ethical utilitarianism is in favor of an effective society. It may seem that there is no place for social sensitivity in it, and consequently that public interest is postulated in its place instead. However, I believe that an effective society is more sensitive to the harm done to or the plight suffered by non‑personal subjects than a sensitive society, if the latter is understood as Rawls frames it. Thus, we come to a specific paradox – which I shall refer to as the blunted sentience paradox – that the utilitarian, efficient society criticized by Rawls is in fact more morally sensitive than the egalitarian society he postulates. The paradox of the blunted sentience has its source in Rawls’s egalitarianism, for this egalitarianism is offered only to the chosen. It does not extend to those members of society who extend their care to those creatures whom Rawls denies subjectivity, but whose unhappiness constitutes an important factor in the social life of humanity. I propose to look at the fate of animals in modern society, and if we do so, we will notice some flaws in Rawls’s theory of justice that can perhaps be amended by espousing some aspects of emotivism. This proposed approach avoids what I have called the blunted sentience paradox.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adriana Schetz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Instytut Filozofii i Kognitywistyki, ul. Krakowska 71–79, 71-017 Szczecin
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Abstract

The idea that everyone should accept the terms of a contract, provided that others do so, is the core normative idea of John Rawls’s doctrine of social justice, presented in his major books: A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism. In the present paper I argue that the principle of reciprocity makes it possible for Rawls to intertwine coherently two competing thought streams in the liberal tradition – the first one focusing on economic equality and the second one rooted in liberty. The idea of reciprocity adopted with the intention of satisfying the ideal of reasonableness in a well‑ordered society is the foundation of a genuine acceptance of the political conception of justice and of the civic ties and civic friendship. However, the historical and cultural analysis supports the conclusion that the Rawls’s project is buttressed by multigenerational experience of the discipline and ethos of the free market economy, which has not been openly endorsed by Rawls. Without support from such experience social solidarity within ethically neutral institutions would be hard to achieve unless it is expressed in terms of communitarian, patriotic or religious values.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Dańkowski SJ
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie, ul. Kopernika 26, 31‑501 Kraków
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Abstract

John Rawls develops and precisely defines the concept of civil disobedience which had emerged from the American tradition of democracy and was already discussed in the 19th century by H.D. Thoreau. It is a part of a theory of ‘justice as fairness’ and it rigidly supports the conditions of resistance to the state employed in the effort to sustain moral order in the practice of democracy. This effort cannot be interpreted as a revolutionary rebellion against the state and law, for it aspires to implement a kind of reform which aims at a restoration of justice whenever it is deeply neglected or violated. In the nub of this theory lies the claim of the importance of the civil conscience as formed by the principles of constitution which reflect the principles of justice without presupposing an extended theory of good. The normative paradigm of ethics, according to which Rawls presents his theory of justice, should be complemented by virtue ethics, argues the author, and points to that the absence of civil virtues manifested deplorably in the present weakness of liberal democracy in the face of the growing pressure from populism.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alfred Marek Wierzbicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Wydział Filozofii, Al. Racławickie 14, 20‑950 Lublin
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Abstract

John Rawls’s theory is blamed by political realism for adopting the position of political moralism, i.e. for subordinating politics to morality and understanding political phi-losophy as applied ethics. This article addresses these charges. It addresses a number of issues: How does Rawls understand politics? Does he understand it at all? Does the theory of liberalism realistically describe democracies? What is its normative character? In what sense is it a ‘realist utopia’? By posing these questions this paper analyzes the self‑limiting, restrained character of political liberalism, which is a result of the realistic recognition of the fact of pluralism of reasonable doctrines in modern liberal societies. It is pointed out, however, that liberalism is not conceived as a self‑limiting political liberalism of Rawls, but as a ‘comprehensive doctrine’ that constitutes a unified ideological foundation for modern ‘liberal democracy’. The self‑limitation of liberalism cannot be sustained in this way, however, as is evidenced by the fact that Rawls’s theory attempting to separate the political sphere from the ‘background culture’ has clearly failed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Krasnodębski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie, Instytut Nauk o Polityce i Administracji, ul. Kopernika 26, 31‑501 Kraków
  2. Universität Bremen, FB 8 Sozialwissenschaften, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Niemcy
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Abstract

In his A Theory of Justice John Rawls presents a critique of utilitarianism. He focuses on utilitarianism in the version offered by John Stuart Mill, but Rawls’s analysis of Mill’s views is schematic and limited to Mill’s ethical theory. Rawls does not recognize the importance of perfectionistic themes in Mill’s theory, nor does he note the consequences of that issue for the problem of gender equality. Rawls discuses those themes in his Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy. If one is primarily guided by Rawls’s A Theory of Justice, however, the person will be unable to appreciate similarities between Rawls’s and Mill’s positions. When focusing on the Lectures it is possible to recognize these affinities that are only dimly insinuated in A Theory of Justice. In the later volume they are strong enough to support the claim that a more pronounced affinity may bind these two authors that are not obvious at the first glance. I proceed therefore (1) to expose some shortcomings in the presentation of Mill’s utilitarianism by Rawls; (2) go on to analyse Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy in order to present a more penetrating reading of Mill’s utilitarianism by including its perfectionistic content; and (3) finally on the basis of those claims I point to some practical consequences of Mill’s and Rawls’s views on gender equality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Filipow
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00‑927 Warszawa
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Abstract

In this article I present an outline of selected feminist critiques of John Rawls’s theory. I limit myself to four problems: the concept of the social contract and the individual (C. Pateman), the concept of moral development (C. Gilligan) and the critique of the concept of justice (M. Nussbaum, N. Fraser). I offer an opinion on the undiminished relevance of the problems posed by these feminists.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Środa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00‑927 Warszawa
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Authors and Affiliations

Irena Bednarz
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Abstract

This paper aims at presenting a transcendental argument, so termed and constructed by John Rawls, as a justification of his theory of ‘justice as fairness’. The crucial stage in the chain of his reasoning is to establish the necessary condition of the political arrangement of the basic structure of society. This condition turns out to be acceptability of the publicly endorsed principles in the original position. However, the procedure of exercising free choice, as described by Rawls, presupposes a philosophical view of human nature, and consequently undermines the presumably purely theoretical basis for the principles of justice. The author discusses the impact of Kantian moral philosophy on Rawls’s theory of justification. He tries to show that the rejection of moral theory in favour of political philosophy was the result of a profound change in Rawls’s attitude to the idea of transcendentalism, as it is evidenced by his later thought.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Jędrczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00‑927 Warszawa
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Abstract

The article discusses Rawls’s idea of the original position. I present two arguments in support of the claim that it is impossible to meet the necessary conditions (proposed by Rawls) for recreating the reasoning that presumably is performed in the original position. I claim therefore that the idea of the original position cannot fulfil its function of justifying the principles of justice. As the solution to the problem I propose a modified version of the original position argument, which can be labeled ‘a slightly lifted veil of ignorance’.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Szutta
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Gdański, ul. J. Bażyńskiego 4, 80‑309 Gdańsk

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