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The effect of sulfur, temperature, the duration of the process and reductant on the selective reduction of limonite ore

Fathan Bahfie Achmad Shofi Ulin Herlina Anton S. Handoko Nanda A. Septiana Syafriadi Syafriadi Suharto Suharto Sudibyo Sudibyo Suhartono Suhartono Fajar Nurjaman
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 123-136 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.140606
Keywords limonite sulfur selective reduction temperature the duration of process
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Abstract

Lateritic nickel ore is used for producing of ferronickel. Nickel grade in ferronickel ranged from 20–40%. Ferronickel is commonly used to manufacture stainless steel. A new method that can increase the levels of nickel grade is selective reduction, which is a process to reduce the metal oxide to the metallic phase with the addition of additives. In this work, the selective reduction of limonitic nickel ore was carried out by add the 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% of reductant and the 10 wt% of sulfur as additive. The process of selective reduction is performed at temperatures of 950, 1050, and 1150°C with the duration of processs of 60, 90, and 120 minutes, followed by magnetic separation to separate between the concentrate and tailings. The characterization used AAS, XRD, and SEM-EDS for grade and recovery; phases transformation; and the microstructure analysis. The optimum of the grade and recovery of nickel was obtained at a temperature of 1050°C with the duration of process of 60 minutes and 5 wt% of reductant and 10 wt% of additive, which obtain 3.72 wt% and 95.67%. The metal grade and recovery was increase with the increasing of temperature reduction. Nevertheless, too long of the duration of process and too many reductant addition resulted in negative effect on selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore. Highest recovery could get more nickel in the process. And sulfur has the important rules when the selective reduction has been done on the increasing nickel content, the forming of FeS, and decreasing the grain size of ferronickel according to the microstructure in the SEM images around ~30 μm.
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Bibliography

Cao et al. 2010 – Cao, Z.C., Sun, T.C., Yang, H.F., Wang, J.J. and Wu, X.D. 2010. Recovery of iron and nickel from nickel laterite ore by direct reduction roasting and magnetic separation. Chinese Journal of Engineering 32(6), pp. 708–712, DOI: 10.13374/j.issn1001-053x.2010.06.004.
Dalvi et al. 2004 – Dalvi, A.D., Bacon, W.G. and Osborne R.C. 2004. The Past and The Future of Nickel Laterites. PDAC 2004 International Conference Trade Show and Investors Exchange, Toronto, Canada.
Elliot et al. 2015 – Elliot, R., Rodrigues, F., Pickles, C.A. and Peace, J. 2015. A two-stage process for upgrading thermal nickeliferous limonitic laterite ores. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 54(4), pp. 235–252, DOI: 10.1179/1879139515Y.0000000009.
Elliot et al. 2017 – Elliot, R., Pickles, C.A. and Peace, J. 2017. Ferronickel particle formation during the carbothermic reduction of a limonitic laterite ore. Minerals Engineering 100, pp. 166–176, DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.10.020.
Foster et al. 2016 – Foster, J., Pickles, C.A. and Elliot, R. 2016. Microwave carbhotematic reduction roasting of low-grade ore nickeliferous silicate laterite. Minerals Engineering 88, pp. 18–27, DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.09.005.
Jiang et al. 2013 – Jiang, M., Sun, T., Liu, Z., Kou, J., Liu, N. and Zhang, S. 2013. Mechanism of sodium sulfate in promoting the selective reduction of nickel laterite ore during reduction roasting process. International Journal of Mineral Processing 123, pp. 32–38, DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2013.04.005.
Li et al. 2012 – Li, G., Shi, T., Rao, M., Jiang, T. and Zhang, Y. 2012. Beneficiation of nickeliferous laterite by reduction roasting in the presence of sodium sulfate. Minerals Engineering 32, pp. 19–26, DOI: 10.1016/J.MINENG.2012.03.012.
Prasetyo, A.B. and Puguh. 2011. Increased levels of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) from laterite ore saprolite type low levels for raw materials containing nickel pig iron (NCPII/NPI). Met. Mag. 26, pp. 123–130.
Prasetyo, A.B. and Firdiyono, F.E. 2014. Reduction process optimization laterite ore limonite as raw materials type NPI (Nickel Pig Iron). Majalah Metalurgi 29(1), pp. 9–16.
Valix and Cheung. 2002. Effect of sulfur on the mineral phases of laterite ores at a high-temperature reduction. Minerals Engineering 15, pp. 523–530.
Wang et al. 2017 – Wang, Chu, Z., Liu, M., Wang, H., Zhao, W. and Gao, L. 2017. Preparing ferronickel alloy from low-grade laterite nickel ore reduction based on metallized-magnetic separation. Metals 7(8), pp. 313, DOI: 10.3390/met7080313.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fathan Bahfie
1
ORCID: ORCID
Achmad Shofi
2
Ulin Herlina
1
Anton S. Handoko
1
Nanda A. Septiana
3
Syafriadi Syafriadi
3
Suharto Suharto
1
Sudibyo Sudibyo
1
Suhartono Suhartono
4
Fajar Nurjaman
1
  1. Research Unit for Mineral Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jalan Ir. Sutami Km 15 South Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
  2. Agency for Rembang Regional Planning and Development, Rembang Local Government, Indonesia
  3. Department of Physic-University of Lampung,Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro No. 1, Gedong Meneng, Kec. Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
  4. Chemical Engineering Department, University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jalan Terusan Jend. Sudirman, Cibeber, Kec. Cimahi Sel., Kota Cimahi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

The optimization of cut-off grades by means of memetic algorithms

Erhan Cetin Abdurrahman Dalgic
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 107-122 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.140607
Keywords memetic algorithms optimization cut-off grades depletion rate rehabilitation cost
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Abstract

Cut-off grades optimization is a fundamental issue for mineral deposits. A cut-off grade is any grade that is used to separate two courses of action; to mine or not to mine, to process or to dump. In order to achieve the maximum discounted cash flow, generally a decreasing order of cut-off grades schedule takes place. Variable mining costs are applied to the extracted material, not to all of the depletion rate as some of the depletion can be left in-situ. B ecause of access constraints, some of the blocks that have an average grade less than the determined cut-off grade are left in-situ, some of them are excavated and dumped as waste material. The probability density function of an exponential distribution is used to find the portion of the material below the cut-off used that is left in situ. The parts of a mineral deposit that are excavated but will be dumped as waste material and tailings of ore incur some additional cost of rehabilitation. The method of memetic algorithms is a very robust optimization tool. It is a step further from the genetic algorithms. The crossover, mutation and natural selection behavior of the method ensures it escape from a local optimum point, and a further local search improves the optimum further. This paper describes the general problem of cut-off grades optimization, outlines the use of memetic algorithms in cut-off grades optimization and further extension of the method including partial depletion rates and variable rehabilitation cost. This paper is the first application of memetic algorithms to cut-off grades optimization in this context.
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Bibliography

Cetin, E . 2016. Cut-off grades optimization by means of memetic algorithms with uncertain market conditions. Middle East Journal of Technic 1(1).
Cetin, E . and Dowd, P. A. 2002. The use of genetic algorithms for multiple cut-off grade optimisation. Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on the Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Minerals Industries, Littleton, Colorado, USA.
Cetin, E . and Dowd, P.A. 2016. M ultiple cut-off grade optimization by genetic algorithms and comparison with grid search method and dynamic programming. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 116(7), pp. 681–688, DOI: 10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n7a10.
Dowd, P.A. 1976. Application of dynamic and stochastic programming to optimise cut-off grades and production rates. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section A: Mining Industry 81. pp. 160–179.
Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press.
Garg, P. 2009. A Comparison between Memetic algorithm and Genetic algorithm for the Cryptanalysis of Simplified Data Encryption Standard Algorithm. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), 1(1), pp. 34–42.
Gholamnejad, J. 2008. Determination of the optimum cutoff grade considering environmental cost. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 3(3), pp. 186-194.
Gholamnejad, J. 2009. Incorporation of rehabilitation cost into the optimum cut-off grade determination. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 109(2), pp. 89–94.
Holland, J.H. 1975. Adaptation in N atural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, USA.
Lane, K.F. 1964. Choosing the optimum cutoff grade. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly 59(4), pp. 811–829.
Lane, K.F. 1988. The Economic Definition of Ore. Mining Journals Books Ltd., L ondon, UK.
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Authors and Affiliations

Erhan Cetin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdurrahman Dalgic
2
  1. Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
  2. Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey

Evaluation of the use of flotation for the separation of ground printed circuit boards

Dawid M. Franke Umut Kar Tomasz Suponik Tomasz Siudyga
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 171-188 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.140605
Keywords printed circuit boards recycling flotation recovery metals
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Abstract

The paper presents an assessment of flotation efficiency in the separation of plastics from metals derived from printed circuit boards (PCBs). The PCBs were ground in a knife mill prior to flotation. The contact angles of various materials corresponding to the grains from ground PCBs were measured, and a series of flotation tests was carried out to obtain the best product. The impact of the following parameters were investigated: the reagent and its dose, the airflow rate through the flotation tank and the feed concentration. The highest efficiency of metal recovery from PCBs was achieved for Dimethoxy dipropyleneglycol at a concentration of 157 mg/dm3 and with an airflow of 200 dm3/h and a feed concentration of <50 g/dm3. In the hydrophilic product (concentrate), it was mainly Cu (40%) and Sn (7.8%) that were identified by means of XRF, but there were also trace amounts of precious metals such as Au (0.024%), Ag (0.5797%) and Pd (149 ppm). Impurities in the form of Si (5%), Ca (3.2) and Br (2.1) were also identified in this product. Small amounts of metals in their metallic form were identified in the hydrophobic product (waste), mainly Cu (2.3), Al (1.7) and Sn (1.1). As a result of the research, high recovery ratios were obtained for Cu (93%), Sn (84), Ag (83) and Au (69). The purity of obtained metal concentrate with this method was lower in comparison with the other methods of the recovery of metals from ground PCBs for the same feed, i.e. electrostatic or gravity separation. Also considering other factors such as the environmental impact of the flotation process, the number of facilities and their energy consumption, this process should not be used in the developed metal recovery technology. Using electrostatic separation for the same feed obtained much better results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid M. Franke
1
ORCID: ORCID
Umut Kar
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Suponik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Siudyga
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey
  3. University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

On the criticality of minerals otherwise. New approach taking into account cultural, social and historical factors

Krzysztof Szamałek Karol Zglinicki Sławomir Mazurek
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 5-16 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.140608
Keywords mineral criticality mineral resources policy deficit minerals
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Abstract

The importance and the role of minerals in the economy of a country or the world is highlighted by the use of the following terms: scarce mineral, critical mineral, and strategic mineral. The validity of the raw material in the economic processes and knowledge about the sources of its acquisition, access barriers, and the shaping of prices on the domestic and international market allow the development of an action strategy. The strategy must take into account the objective of the action, time horizon, the kind of the instruments that need to be used, and the scope of international cooperation. The importance of the raw material for the country is not only the volume of turnover and volume of production obtained thanks to its application. There are also historical, cultural and social reasons for its importance. The authors present arguments for another meaning of the term – mineral criticality. They also point out the linguistic differences between the term “criticality” in Polish and English. They propose to consider water, medicinal raw materials, some rock resources and amber as critical raw materials for various reasons.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Szamałek
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Zglinicki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Mazurek
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology Warszawa, Poland
  2. Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute Warszawa, Poland

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