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The Influence of Pearlite Present in the Microstructure of GX120MnCr13 Cast Steel on Wear Resistance

Barbara Kalandyk Renata E. Zapała Iwona Sulima Piotr Furmańczyk Justyna Kasińska

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 145-156 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146689

Keywords Hadfield cast steel Microstructure Hardness Ball-on-disc test Wear resistance

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Abstract

The article presents the results of metallographic and tribological tests on GX120MnCr13 cast steel that was previously subjected to heat treatment (including solution treatment from 1100°C and isothermal holding at 250, 400, and 600°C for 100 hours). The temperatures of the isothermal holding process were selected in order to reflect the possible working conditions of the cast elements that can be made of this cast steel. Wear tests were carried out under dry friction conditions using the ball-on-disc method using a ZrO2 ball as a counter-sample. The tests were carried out with a load of 5 N. The influence of the long-term isothermal holding process on the microstructure of the tested cast steel was analysed by light and scanning microscopy; however, abrasion marks were also examined using a confocal microscope. Based on the tests conducted, it was found that in the microstructures of the sample after solution treatment and samples that were held in isothermal condition at 250 and 400°C, the grain boundary areas were enriched in Mn and Cr compared to the areas inside the grains. Pearlite appeared in the sample that was heated (or held in isothermal holding) at 600°C; its share reached 41.6%. The presence of pearlite in the austenitic matrix increased the hardness to 351.4 HV ₁₀. The hardness of the remaining tested samples was within a range of 221.8–229.1 HV ₁₀. Increasing the hardness of the tested cast steel directly resulted in a reduction in the degree of wear as well as the volume, area, and width of the abrasion marks. A microscopic analysis of the wear marks showed that the dominant process of the abrasive wear of the tested friction pair was the detachment and displacement of the tested material through the indentation as a result of the cyclical impact of the counter-sample.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Renata E. Zapała

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Iwona Sulima

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Furmańczyk

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Kasińska

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
University of the National Education Commission Krakow, Institute of Technology, ul. Podchorążych 2, 32-084 Krakow, Poland
Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Poland

The Influence of the Casting Process on Shaping the Primary Structure of Mg-Li Alloys

Iwona Bednarczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146688

Keywords Casting Mg-Li alloys Microstructure X-ray phase analysis

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study to determine the influence of casting parameters (cooling rate in the casting mould, casting temperature) on the primary structure of Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy ingots. The macro- and microstructure analysis of the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy was performed using light and electron microscopy techniques. Microhardness measurements were made for the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy and phase identification in the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy was made using X-ray phase analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Bednarczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Materials Technology, 40-019 Katowice ul. Krasińskiego 8, Poland

Optimizing Sand Moulding Process through Regression Models and Destructive Testing

Dheya Abdulamer

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 163-168 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.148959

Keywords Green sand mould Moulding parameters design of experiments Destructive tests regression methods

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Abstract

The main objective of the present study is enhanced of the sand moulding process through addressing the sand mould defects and failures, ultimately lead to improve production of the sand castings with well-defined of pattern profiles. The research aimed to reduce the cost and energy expenditure associated with the compaction time of the sand moulding process. Practical destructive tests were conducted to assess properties of the green sand moulds. Linear regression and multi-regression methods were employed to identify the key factors influencing the sand moulding process. The proposed experimental destructive tests and predicted regression methods facilitated measurement of the green sand properties and enabled evaluation of the effective moulding parameters, thereby enhancing the sand moulding process. Factorial design of experiments approach was employed to evaluate effect of parameters of water content and mixing time of the green sand compaction process on the mechanical properties of green sand mould namely the tensile strength, and compressive strength.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Technology- Iraq

Evaluation of the Possibility to Improve the Scratch Resistance of the AZ91 Alloy by Applying a Coating

Marek Mróz Sylwia Olszewska Patryk Rąb

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 157-162 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146690

Keywords AZ91 magnesium alloy WCCoCr coating Microstructure Scratch test

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Abstract

This paper presents the possibility of improving the scratch resistance of the AZ91 magnesium alloy by applying a WCCoCr coating using the Air Plasma Spraying (APS) method. The coating thickness ranged from 140 to 160 m. Microstructural studies of the AZ91 magnesium alloy were performed. The chemical composition of the WCCoCr powder was investigated. The quality of the bond at the substrate–coating interface was assessed and a microanalysis of the chemical composition of the coating was conducted. The scratch resistance of the AZ91 alloy and the WCCoCr coating was determined. The scratch resistance of the WCCoCr powder-based coating is much higher than the AZ91 alloy, as confirmed by scratch geometry measurements. The scratch width in the coating was almost three times smaller compared to the scratch in the substrate. Observations of the substrate–coating interface in the scratch area indicate no discontinuities. The absence of microcracks and delamination at the transition of the scratch from the substrate to the coating indicates good adhesion. On the basis of the study, it was found that there was great potential to use the WCCoCr powder coating to improve the abrasion resistance of castings made from the AZ91 alloy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mróz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sylwia Olszewska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patryk Rąb

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Changes in the Microstructure and Abrasion Resistance of Tool Cast Steel after the Formation of Titanium Carbides in the Alloy Matrix

Grzegorz Tęcza

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 173-180 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.148961

Keywords Cast tool steel Microstructure Titanium carbides Heat treatment Hardness Resistance to abrasive wear

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Abstract

Cast martensitic alloy steel is used for the production of parts and components of machines operating under conditions of abrasive wear. One of the most popular grades is cast steel GX70CrMnSiNiMo2 steel, which is used in many industries, but primarily in the mining and material processing sectors for rings and balls operating in the grinding sets of coal mills. To improve the abrasion resistance of cast alloy tool steel, primary titanium carbides were produced in the metallurgical process by increasing the carbon content to 1.78 wt.% and adding 5.00 wt.% of titanium to test castings. After alloy solidification, the result was the formation of a microstructure consisting of a martensitic matrix with areas of residual austenite and primary titanium carbides evenly distributed in this matrix.
The measured as-cast hardness of the samples was 660HV and it increased to as much as 800HV after heat treatment.
The abrasion resistance of the sample hardened in a 15% polymer solution increased at least three times compared to the reference sample after quenching and tempering.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Tęcza

1

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ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

Microstructure and Properties of Experimental Mg-9Al-5RE-1Zn-Mn Magnesium Alloy

Katarzyna Braszczyńska-Malik

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 169-172 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.148960

Keywords Mg-Al-RE-type magnesium alloy Microstructure Mechanical properties

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Abstract

In this paper, an experimental Mg-Al-RE-type magnesium alloy, named AEZ951, is presented. The chemical composition of the investigated alloy was ca. 9 wt% Al, 5 wt% RE (rare earth elements), 0.7 wt% Zn and 3 wt% Mn. The experimental material was gravity cast into a cold steel mould. Microstructure analyses were carried out by light microscopy, along with X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM + EDX). Detailed investigations disclosed the presence of primary dendrites of an α(Mg) solid solution and Al11RE3, ɣ and Al10RE2Mn7 intermetallic compounds in the alloy microstructure. The volume fraction of the Al11RE3 phase and α+ɣ eutectic was also presented. The hardness, impact strength, tensile strength as well as the yield strength of the alloy were examined in tests at room temperature. The examined experimental Mg-Al-RE-type magnesium alloy exhibited higher mechanical properties than the commercial AZ91 alloy (cast in the same conditions).

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Braszczyńska-Malik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers RO LXXVI, fasc. 1, 2

Rocznik Orientalistyczny/Yearbook of Oriental Studies | 2023 | vol. LXXVI | No 2 | 176

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Microstructure and Properties of Experimental Mg-9Al-5RE-1Zn-Mn Magnesium Alloy

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List of Reviewers RO LXXVI, fasc. 1, 2

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