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New Possibilities of Shaping the Surface Properties in Austempered Ductile Iron Castings

D. Myszka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2013 | No 1 | DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0020

Słowa kluczowe Austempered ductile iron Surface treatments Surface properties Castings Heat treatments

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Abstrakt

The paper presents recent developments concerning the formation of surface layer in austempered ductile iron castings. It was found that the traditional methods used to change the properties of the surface layer, i.e. the effect of protective atmosphere during austenitising or shot peening, are not fully satisfactory to meet the demands of commercial applications. Therefore, new ways to shape the surface layer and the surface properties of austempered ductile iron castings are searched for, to mention only detonation spraying, carbonitriding, CVD methods, etc.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

D. Myszka

Simulation of Heat Treatment of Carburization and Nitrocementation of 16MnCr5 Steel

E. Kantoríková P. Fabian M. Sýkorová

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 3 | 97-102 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138686

Słowa kluczowe cementation Nitrocementation heat treatment simulation

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Abstrakt

Simulation is used today in many contexts, such as simulating technology to tune or optimize performance, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and entertainment. In some industries, simulations are commonly used, but in heat treatment this is rather an exception. The paper compares the simulation of carburization and nitrocementation of 16MnCr5 steel with a practical application. The aim was to determine the applicability of chemical heat treatment simulation. We were looking for an answer to the question: to what extent can we rely on the technological design of heat treatment? The software designed the heat treatment technology. He drew the technological process of chemical-thermal treatment of 16MnCr5 steel. The thickness of the cementite layer was 1 mm and the nitrocementation 1.2 mm. Changes in mechanical properties were observed. Cementing, nitrocementing, hardness, microhardness, metallography, and spectral analysis were practically performed. This article describes the benefits of simulation, speed and accuracy of the process. The only difference was in determining the carbon potential. The simulation confirmed the practical use and its contribution in the technological process.

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Bibliografia

[1] Atraszkiewicz, R., Januszewicz, B., Kaczmarek, Ł., Stachurski, W., Dybowski, K., Rzepkowski, A. (2012). High pressure gas quenching: Distortion analysis in gears after heat treatment. Materials Science & Engineering A. 558, 550-557.
[2] Mallener, H. (1990). Maß- Und Formänderungen beim Einsatzhärten. Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials. 45(1), 66-72. (in German)
[3] Jurči, P., Stolař, P. (2006). Distortion behavior of gear parts due to carburizing and quenching with different quenching media. BHM Berg - und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte. 151, 437–441. DOI: 10.1007/BF03165203
[4] Rajan, T.V., Sharma, C.P., Sharma, A. (2001). Heat treatment Principles and Techniques. New Delhi.
[5] Farokhzadeh, K., Edrisy A. (2017). Surface Hardening by Gas Nitriding. Materials Science and Materials Engineering. 2, 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09163-3
[6] NITREX. (2021). Simulation software for carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, & nitrocarburizing processes. Retrieved September 2021 from https://www.nitrex.com/en/solutions/process-flow-controls/products/production-software/ht-tools-pro-simulator/
[7] EN 10084. 1.7131/1.7139. Cr-Mn-legierter Einsatzstahl. (2011)
[8] Parrish, G. (1999). Carbuzing: Microstructures and Properties. (pp. 55-57). ASM International.
[9] Somers, M., Christiansen, T. (2020). Nitriding of Steels. Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Alloys. 2, 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819726-4.00036-3
[10] Llewellyn, D.T. & Cook, W.T. (1977). Heat-treatment distortion in case-carburizing steels. Metals Technology. 4(1), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1179/030716977803292385
[11] Bepari M.M.A. (2017). Carburizing: A method of case hardening of steel. Materials Science and Materials Engineering. 2, 71-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09187-6
[12] Skočovský, P., Bokůvka, O., Konečná, R., Tillová, E. (2014). Materials science. Edis – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej university, 343. ISBN 978-80-554-0871-2. (in Slovak).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

E. Kantoríková

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Fabian

1

M. Sýkorová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technological Engineering, University of Žilina in Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Use of the Precipitation Hardening to Improve the Properties of Combustion Engine Pistons Made of Eutectic Silumins

M. Trepczyńska-Łent K. Műller

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 3 | 77-81 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138682

Słowa kluczowe Precipitation hardening Silumins Heat treatment Hardness

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Abstrakt

The study presents methods to be used for improving the performance parameters of car engine pistons made of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy according to the PN-EN 1706: 2011. Pistons of slow sucking and turbocharged engines were researched. A solution heat and ageing treatments were applied according to four variants. Temperatures of the solution heat treatment were: 550 ±5°C; 510°C ±5°C; and alternate: 276 ±5°C/510 ±5°C. The solution time ranged from 6 min to 4 h. Temperatures of the ageing heat treatment were 20°C and 250°C, while the ageing time ranged from 1,5 to 3h. Natural ageing was performed in 5 days. Measurements of hardness HRB and the piston diameters were performed. An improvement in the performance parameters of combustion engines was observed. Three solution heat treatment and ageing variants, allowed to obtain the pistons with hardness equal/higher than pistons of the turbocharged engines. The test results confirmed the possibility of providing a piston with properties exceeding the high load parameters specified by the manufacturer. Further studies will make it possible to improve the effects of the proposed solutions.

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Bibliografia

[1] Stone, R. (2012). Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines. Fourth Edition, SAE and Macmillan.
[2] Heywood, J.B. (2018). Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
[3] Kirkpatrick, A.T. (2020). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences. Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
[4] Bosch, R. (2018). Automotive Handbook. 10th Edition: Robert Bosch GmbH
[5] Siemińska-Jankowska, B. & Pietrowski, S. (2003). The effects of temperature on strength of the new piston aluminum materials. Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines. 10(1-2), 237-250.
[6] Wajand, A., Wajand, J. (2005). Reciprocating internal combustion engines. Wydawnictwa Naukowo Techniczne PWN. (in Polish).
[7] Manasijevic, S., Pavlovic-Acimovic, Z., Raic, K., Radisa, R. & Kvrgi´c, V. (2013). Optimisation of cast pistons made of Al–Si piston alloy. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(5), 255-261.
[8] Javidani, M. & Larouche, D. (2014). Application of cast Al–Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. International Materials Reviews. 59(3), 132-158.
[9] Pietrowski, S. (2001) Silumins. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej. (in Polish).
[10] Poniewierski, Z. (1989). Crystallization, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Silumins. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[11] Kaufman, J.G., Rooy, E.L. (2004). Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes and Applications. ASM International.
[12] Zolotorevsky, V.S., Belov, N.A., Glazoff, M.V. (2007). Casting Aluminium Alloys. Elsevier: Oxford, UK, pp. 327-376.
[13] Pezda, J. (2015). The effect of the T6 head treatment on change of mechanical properties of the AlSi12CuNiMg alloy modified with strontium. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(2), 627-632.
[14] Czekaj, E., Fajkiel, A. & Gazda, A. (2005). Short-lived ultrahigh temperature silicon spheroidization treatment of silumins. Archiwum Odlewnictwa. 5(17), 51-68. (in Polish).
[15] Dobrzański, L.A., Reimann, L. & Krawczyk, G. (2008). Influence of the ageing on mechanical properties of the aluminium alloy AlSi9Mg. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 31, 37-40.
[16] Pezda, J. (2010). Heat treatment of EN AC-AlSi13Cu2Fe silumin and its effect on change of hardness of the alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(1), 131-134.
[17] Pezda, J. (2014). Effect of a selected heat treatment parameters on technological quality of a silumin-cast machinery components; Bielsko-Biała: ATH Scientific Publishing House: Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
[18] Pezda, J. & Jarco, A. (2016). Effect of T6 heat treatment parameters on technological quality of the AlSi7Mg alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 95-100.
[19] Czekaj, E., Kwak, Z., Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2017). Comparison of impact of immersed and micro-jet cooling during quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic silumin AlSi7Mg0.3. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 43(3), 153-168.
[20] Pezda, J. & Jezierski, J. (2020). Non-standard T6 heat treatment of the casting of the combustion engine cylinder head. Materials. 13(18), 4114.
[21] Jarco, A. & Pezda, J. (2021). Effect of heat treatment process and optimization of its parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the AlSi11(Fe) alloy. Materials (Basel) 14(9), 2391.
[22] Nikitin, K.V., Chikova, O.A., Amosov, E.A. & Nikitin, V.I. (2016). Shortening the time of heat treatment of silumins of the Al – Si – Cu system by modifying their structure. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 58(7), 400-404.
[23] Prudnikov, A., Prudnikov, V. (2019). The mode of hardening heat treatment for deformable piston hypereutectic silumins. International Scientific Journal Materials science. Non-equilibrium phase transformations. 5(3), 74-77.
[24] Kantoríková, E., Kuriš, M. & Pastirčák, R. (2021). Heat treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3 Aluminium alloys with increased zirconium and titanium content. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(2), 89-93.
[25] Kuriš, M., Bolibruchova, D. M., Matejka M. & Kantoríková, E. (2021). Effect of the precipitation hardening on the structure of AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 alloy with addition of Zr and combination of Zr and Ti. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 95-100.
[26] Rychter, T., Teodorczyk, A. (2006). Theory of piston engines. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. (in Polish).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Trepczyńska-Łent

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Műller

2

Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Bergerat Monnoyeur Sp. z o.o. – Caterpillar, Poland

Ductile Cast Iron Microstructure Adjustment by Means of Heat Treatment

Marek Mróz A.W. Orłowicz M. Tupaj B. Kupiec M. Kawiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 3 | 37-40 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133327

Słowa kluczowe Ductile cast iron Heat treatment Microstructure

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Abstrakt

The study presented in this paper concerned the possibility to apply a heat treatment process to ductile cast-iron thin-walled castings in order to remove excessive quantities of pearlite and eutectic cementite precipitates and thus meet the customer’s requirements. After determining the rates of heating a casting up to and cooling down from 900°C feasible in the used production heat treatment furnace (vh = 300°C/h and vc = 200°C/h, respectively), dilatometric tests were carried out to evaluate temperatures Tgr, TAc1start, TAc1end, TAr1start, and TAr1end. The newly acquired knowledge was the base on which conditions for a single-step ferritizing heat treatment securing disintegration of pearlite were developed as well as those of a two-step ferritization process guaranteeing complete disintegration of cementite and arriving at the required ferrite and pearlite content. A purely ferritic matrix and hardness of 119 HB was secured by the treatment scheme: 920°C for 2 hours / vc = 60°C/h / 720°C for 4 hours. A matrix containing 20–45% of pearlite and hardness of 180–182 HB was obtained by applying: 920°C for 2 hours or 4 hours / vc = 200°C/h to 650°C / ambient air.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marek Mróz

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.W. Orłowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Tupaj

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Kupiec

M. Kawiński

Assessment of T6 Heat Treatment Effectiveness of Hypo-eutectic Silumins with Limited Parameters of Solutioning Treatment

J. Pezda

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 3 | 85-91 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133335

Słowa kluczowe Silumins Heat treatment Ultimate tensile strength

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Abstrakt

Heat treatment processes, due to qualitative requirements for the cast machinery components and restrictions on energy consumption resulting on the one hand from environmental concerns, and on the other hand from a requirements coming from minimization of manufacturing costs, are resulting in searching after a technologies enabling obtainment of satisfactory results, in form of improved mechanical properties mainly, while minimizing (limiting) parameters of successive operations of the heat treatment. Heat treatment of the T6 type presented in this paper consists in operations of heating of investigated alloys to suitably selected temperature (range of this temperature was evaluated on the base of the ATD method), holding at such temperature for a short time, and next rapid cooling in water (20 oC) followed by artificial ageing, could be such technology in term s of above mentioned understanding of this issue. Performed T6 heat treatment with limited parameters of solutioning operation resulted in visible increase in tensile strength Rm of AlSi7Mg, AlSi7Cu3Mg and AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloys.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Pezda

Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Steel Carried out on Cast-on Samples and Samples Cast Separately

B.E. Kalandyk Renata E. Zapała

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 2 | 81-88 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136102

Słowa kluczowe Mechanical properties Metallography Heat treatment Cast steel

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Abstrakt

The results of microstructure examinations and UTS, YS, El, RA carried out on low-carbon cast steel containing 0.15% C. The tests were carried out on specimens cut out from samples cast on a large-size casting and from samples cast in separate foundry moulds. It has been shown that significant differences in grain size observed in the material of the separately cast samples and cast-on samples occur only in the as-cast. In the as-cast state, in materials from different tests, both pearlite percent content in the structure and mean true interlamellar spacing remain unchanged. On the other hand, these parameters undergo significant changes in the materials after heat treatment. The mechanical properties (after normalization) of the cast-on sample of the tested cast steel were slightly inferior to the values obtained for the sample cast in a separate foundry mould. The microscopic examinations of the fracture micro-relief carried out by SEM showed the presence of numerous, small non-metallic inclusions, composed mainly of oxide-sulphides containing Mn, S, Al, Ca and O, occurring individually and in clusters.

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Bibliografia

[1] Kniaginin, G. (1977). Metallurgy and casting of steel. Katowice: Śląsk. (in Polish).
[2] Standard PN-ISO 3755-1994. Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes.
[3] Głownia, J. (2017). Metallurgy and technology of steel castings. Sharjah: Bentham Books. ISBN: 978-1-68108-571-5.
[4] Kasińska, J. (2017). Effects of rare earth metal addition on wear resistance of chromium-molybdenum cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 63-68. ISSN: 1897-3310.
[5] Lis, T. (2009). High purity steel metallurgy. Gliwice: Wyd. Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
[6] Torkamani, H., Raygan, S., Mateo, C. G., Rassizadehghani, J. & Palizdar, Y. et al. (2018). Contributions of rare earth element (La, Ce) addition to the impact toughness of low carbon cast niobium microalloyed steels. Metals and Materials International. 24(4), 773-788. DOI: 10.1007/ s12540-018-.0084-9.
[7] Bartocha, D., Suchoń, J., Baron, Cz. & Szajnar, J. (2015). Influence of low alloy cast steel modification on primary structure refinement type and shape of nonmetallic inclusions. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1). 77-83. DOI: 10.1515/2015-0013.
[8] Żak, A., Zdonek, B., Adamczyk, M., Szypuła, I., Kutera, W. & Kostrzewa, K. (2015) Technology for manufacturing large – size steel castings for applications under extreme operating conditions. Prace IMŻ. 2: 21-28.
[9] Najafi, H., Rassizadehghani, J. & Halvaaee, A. (2007) Mechanical properties of as-cast microalloyed steels containing V, Nb and Ti. Materials Science and Technology. 23, 699-705. https ://doi.org/10.1179/17432 8407X17975 5.
[10] Miernik, K., Bogucki, R. & Pytel, S. (2010) Effect of quenching techniques on the mechanical properties of low carbon structural steel. Archives Foundry Engineering. 10 (SI 3), 91-96.
[11] Brooks, Ch. R. (1999). Principles of the heat treatment of plain carbon and low alloy steels. Materials Park: ASM International.
[12] Bolouri, A., Tae-Won, Kim & Chung, Gil Kang. (2013). Processing of low-carbon cast steels for offshore structural applications. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 28: 1260-1267. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2013.792424.
[13] Standard PN-EN ISO 3755-1994. 6892-1:2009. Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Part 1: Method of test at room temperature.
[14] Ryś, J. (1983). Quantitative metallography. AGH. (in Polish).
[15] Vander Voort, G. F. (1984). Measurement of the interlamellar spacing of pearlite. Metallography. 17: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(84)90002-8.
[16] Wyrzykowski, J., W., Pleszakow, E., Sieniawski, J. (1999). M etal deformation and fracture. Warszawa: WNT. ISBN 83-204-2341-4. (in Polish).
[17] Maciejny, A. (1973). The fragility of metals. Katowice: Śląsk. (in Polish).
[18] Pacyna, J. (1986). Effects of nonmetallic inclusions on fracture toughness of tool steels. Steel Research. 57(11), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.198600830.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

B.E. Kalandyk

1

Renata E. Zapała

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composites Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Densification and Magnetic Properties of Fe Powder Compacts According to Heat-Treatment Conditions

Hyo-Sang Yoo Yong-Ho Kim Cheol-Woo Kim Hyeon-Taek Son

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 47-50 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.141471

Słowa kluczowe Fe powder Heat-Treatment Microstructure Density

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Abstrakt

In this study, the effects of heat-treatment conditions of Fe powder compacts on densification, microstructure, strength and magnetic properties were investigated. The prepared Fe powder was compressed in a mold of diameter 20 mm at a pressure of 800 MPa for 30 sec. This Fe powder compact was heat-treated under different atmospheres (air and 90% Ar + 10% H2 and heat-treatment temperatures (300 and 700℃). The Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an Ar+H2 mixed gas atmosphere showed a denser microstructure and higher density than the Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an air atmosphere. Oxygen content in the heat-treatment conditions played a signiﬁcant role in the improvement of the densiﬁcation and magnetic properties.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hyo-Sang Yoo

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yong-Ho Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Cheol-Woo Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyeon-Taek Son

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, 1110-9 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea

Influence of the Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistanceof Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)

H. Krawiec V. Vignal J. Lelito A. Krystianiak E. Tyrała

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 1 | 151-156 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.131108

Słowa kluczowe austempered ductile iron corrosion microstructure heat treatment

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Abstrakt

The influence of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment at 280°C on the microstructure and corrosion resistance in NaCl-based media of austempered ductile iron was investigated using X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness measurements, corrosion tests and surface observations. Martensite was only found in the sample which was heat treated for a short period (10 minutes). Corrosion tests revealed that this phase does not play any role in the anodic processes. Numerous small pits were observed in the α-phase which is the precursor sites in all samples (whatever the value of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

H. Krawiec

V. Vignal

J. Lelito

A. Krystianiak

E. Tyrała

Effect of Thermal Treatment of Biomedical Ti-6Al-4V Alloy on Corrosion Resistance in Simulated Physiological Solutions

J. Ryba M. Kawalec E. Tyrała H. Krawiec

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 1 | 39-45 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.131094

Słowa kluczowe titanium alloys corrosion heat treatment microstructure

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Abstrakt

The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated in the artificial saliva solution (MAS). It has been revealed that the thermal annealing treatment temperature favors the cathodic reactions and reduce the protective properties of passive film. The heat treatment causes the enrichment of β phase in vanadium. The lowest corrosion resistance in the artificial saliva revealed the Ti-6Al-4V alloy heated for 2 hours at 950°C. Heterogeneous distribution of vanadium within the β phase decreases the corrosion resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Ryba

M. Kawalec

E. Tyrała

H. Krawiec

Effect of Thermomechanical Controlled Processing and Quenching & Tempering on the Structure and Properties of Bainite-Martensite Steels

G. Mandal S.K. Ghosh S. Chatterjee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 2 | 861-868 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.132832

Słowa kluczowe steels TMCP heat treatment microstructure mechanical properties

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Abstrakt

In the present time, advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has secured a dominant place in the automobile sector due to its high strength and good toughness along with the reduced weight of car body which results in increased fuel efficiency, controlled emission of greenhouse gases and increased passengers’ safety. In the present study, four new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have been developed using three different processing routes, i.e., thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP), quenching treatment (QT), and quenching & tempering (Q&T) processes, respectively. The current steels have achieved a better combination of the high level of strength with reasonable ductility in case of TMCP as compared to the other processing conditions. The achievable ultrahigh strength is primarily attributed to mixed microstructure comprising lower bainite and lath martensite as well as grain refinement and precipitation hardening.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

G. Mandal

S.K. Ghosh

S. Chatterjee

Effect of Post Cast Heat Treatment on Cu20wt.%Sn on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

S. Slamet S. Suyitno I. K. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 3 | 87-92 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138684

Słowa kluczowe Tin bronze Sand casting heat treatment microstructure mechanical properties

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Abstrakt

Casting is one method of making metal components that are widely used in industry and up to date. The sand casting method is used due to its simplicity, ease of operation, and low cost. In addition, the casting method can produce cast products in various sizes and is well-suited for mass production. However, the disadvantage of casting, especially gravity casting, is that it has poor physical and mechanical properties.
Tin bronze Cu20%wt.Sn is melted in a furnace, then poured at a temperature of 1100°C into a sand mold. The cast product is a rod with 400 mm in length, 10 mm in thickness, and 10 mm in width. The heat treatment mechanism is carried out by reheating the cast specimen at a temperature of 650°C, holding it for 4 hours, and then rapid cooling. The specimens were observed microstructure, density, and mechanical properties include tensile strength and bending strength. The results showed that there was a phase change from α + δ to α + β phase, an increase in density as a result of a decrease in porosity and a coarse grain to a fine grain. In addition, the tensile strength and bending strength of the Cu20wt.%Sn alloy were increased and resulted in a more ductile alloy through post-cast heat treatment.

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Bibliografia

[1] C.D. Association, (1992). Copper Development Association Equilibrium Diagrams the major types of phase transformation.
[2] He, Z., Jian, C.A.O. & Ji-cai, F. (2009). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V / Cu-10Sn bronze diffusion-bonded joint. Transaction Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 19, 414-417.
[3] Chen, X., Wang, Z., Ding, D., Tang, H., Qiu, L., Luo, X. & Shi, G. (2015). Strengthening and toughening strategies for tin bronze alloy through fabricating in-situ nanostructured grains. Material and Design. 1-31. ISSN: 0261-3069.
[4] Kohler, F., Campanella, T., Nakanishi, S. & Rappaz, M. (2008). Application of single pan thermal analysis to Cu – Sn peritectic alloys. Acta Materialia. 56, 1519-1528.
[5] Taslicukur, Z., Altug, G.S., Polat, S., Atapek, Ş.H., Turedi E. (2012). A Microstructural study on CuSn10 bronze produced by sand and investment casting techniques. In 21st International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials METAL 2012, 23-25 May 2012 . Brno, Czech Republic, EU.
[6] Goodway M (1992). Metals of Music. Materials Characterization. 29, 177-184.
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[9] S.Slamet, Suyitno & Kusumaningtyas, I. (2019). Effect of composition and pouring temperature of Cu(20-24)wt.%Sn by sand casting on fluidity and mechanical properties, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Science. 13(4), 6022-6035.
[10] S. Slamet, Suyitno and Kusumaningtyas, I. (2019). Effect of composition and pouring temperature of Cu-Sn alloys on the fluidity and microstructure by investment casting. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 547, 1-8.
[11] S. Slamet, Suyitno, Kusumaningtyas, I. & Miasa, I.M. (2021). Effect of high-tin bronze composition on physical, mechanical, and acoustic properties of gamelan materials. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 137-145.
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[17] S. Slamet, Suyitno, Kusumaningtyas, I. (2019). Forging process on gamelan bar tin bronze Cu-25 wt. % Sn post casting deformation to changes in microstructure, density, hardness, and acoustic properties. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 673, 1-9.
[18] S. Slamet, Suyitno, & Kusumaningtyas, I. (2020). Comparative study of bonang gamelan musical instrument between hot forging and Post Cast Heat Treatment / PCHT on microstructure and mechanical properties. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1430, 1-9.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

S. Slamet

1

S. Suyitno

2

I. K. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas

3

Universitas Muria Kudus, Indonesia
Universitas Tidar Magelang, Indonesia
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Crystallization of GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 Grade Alloy Cast Steel and its Microstructure in the As-cast State and After Heat Treatment

T. Wróbel P. Jurczyk C. Baron P. Nuckowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 94-103 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146667

Słowa kluczowe Duplex stainless cast steel microstructure crystallization DTA Heat treatment

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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of research conducted in the field of crystallization and microstructure of duplex alloy cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 grade. The material for research was the above-mentioned cast steel with a chemical composition compliant with the relevant PN-EN 10283 standard, but melted at the lowest standard allowable concentration of alloying additives (some in short supply and expensive), i.e. Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Cu and N. The analysis of the crystallization process was performed based on the DTA (Derivative Thermal Analysis) method for a stepped casting with a thickness of individual steps of 10, 20, 40 and 60 mm. The influence of wall thickness was also taken into account in the cast steel microstructure testing, both in the as-cast state and after solution heat treatment. The phase composition of the cast steel microstructure was determined by using an optical microscope and X-ray phase analysis. The analysis of test results shows that the crystallization of tested cast steel uses the ferritic mechanism, while austenite is formed as a result of solid state transformation. The cast steel under analysis in the as-cast state tends to precipitate the undesirable σ-type Fe-Cr intermetallic phase in the microstructure, regardless of its wall thickness. However, the casting wall thickness in the as-cast state affects the austenite grain size, i.e. the thicker the casting wall, the wider the γ phase grains. The above-mentioned defects of the tested duplex alloy cast steel microstructure can be effectively eliminated by subjecting it to heat treatment of type hyperquenching.

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Bibliografia

[1] Chojecki, A., Telejko, I. (2003). The foundry engineering of cast steel. Kraków: Akapit. (in Polish).
[2] Perzyk, M., Waszkiewicz, S., Kaczorowski, M., Jopkiewicz, A. (2004). Foundry engineering. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[3] Gunn, R. (1997). Duplex stainless steels - microstructure, properties and applications. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
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[7] Stradomski, G. (2017). The analysis of AISI A3 type ferritic-austenitic cast steel crystallization mechanism. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0120.
[8] Šenberger, J., Pernica, V., Kaňa, V. & Záděra, A. (2018). Prediction of ferrite content in austenitic Cr-Ni steel castings during production. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.24425/123608.
[9] Kaňa, V., Pernica, V., Záděra, A. & Krutiš, V. (2019). Comparison of methods for determining the ferrite content in duplex cast steels. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2019.127121.
[10] Yamamoto, R., Yakuwa, H., Miyasaka, M. & Hara, N. (2019). Effects of the α/γ-phase ratio on the corrosion behavior of cast duplex stainless steel. Corrosion. 76(9), 815-825. https://doi.org/10.5006/3464.
[11] Jurczyk, P., Wróbel, T. & Baron, C. (2021). The influence of hyperquenching temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2021.134761.
[12] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R. & Pałka, P. (2022). Effect of isothermal holding at 750 °C and 900 °C on microstructure and properties of cast duplex stainless steel containing 24% Cr-5% Ni-2.5% Mo-2.5% Cu. Materials. 15(23), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238569.
[13] Wróbel, T., Jurczyk, P., Baron, C. & Jezierski, J. (2023). Search for the optimal soaking temperature for hyperquenching of the GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 duplex cast steel. International Journal of Metalcasting. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01020-x. (in print).
[14] Głownia, J. & Banaś, J. (1997). Effect of modification and segregation on the delta-ferrite morphology and corrosion resistance of cast duplex steel. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 261-267.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

T. Wróbel

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Jurczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

C. Baron

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Nuckowski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Materials Research Laboratory, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Simulation and Heat Treatment Process of Carbon Nanotube Modified Aluminum Alloy (ZL105)

Ziqi Zhang Zhilin Pan Rong Li Qi Zeng Yong Liu Quan Wu

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 38-50 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146661

Słowa kluczowe cast aluminum alloy heat treatment CNTs First principle Mechanical performance

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Abstrakt

To further improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified aluminum alloy (ZL105), the first principle was used to build the atomic structure of the alloy system and the alloy system was simulated by the VASP. After that, the heat treatment process of the cast aluminium alloy material with CNTs to enhance the alloy performance by the orthogonal experiment. The results of the research show that: (1) The energy status of the alloy system could be changed by adding the C atoms, but it did not affect the formation and structural stability of the alloy system, and the strong bond compounds formed by C atoms with other elements inside the solid solution structure can significantly affect the material properties. (2) The time of solid solution has the greatest influence on the performance of material that was modified by CNTs. The solution temperature and aging temperature were lower strength affection, and the aging time is the lowest affection. This paper provides a new research method of combining the atomic simulation with the casting experiment, which can provide the theoretical calculations to reduce the experiment times for the casting materials’ performance improvement.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ziqi Zhang

1

Zhilin Pan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rong Li

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Qi Zeng

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yong Liu

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Quan Wu

1

School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, China
Guiyang Huaheng Mechanical Manufacture CO., LTD, China
Guizhou University, China

Investigation of deep drawability of 6082 aluminium alloy sheet for automotive applications after various heat treatment conditions

Łukasz Kuczek Marcin Mroczkowski Paweł Turek

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 107-128 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2023.144816

Słowa kluczowe 6082 alloy drawability heat treatment mechanical properties plastic anisotropy

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Abstrakt

The automotive industry requires more and more light materials with good strength and formability at the same time. The answer to this type of demands are, among others, aluminium alloys of the 6xxx series, which are characterized by a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Different material state can affect formability of AlMgSi sheets. These study analysed the influence of heat treatment conditions on the drawability of the sheet made of 6082 aluminium alloy. The studies on mechanical properties and plastic anisotropy for three orientations (0, 45, 90°) with respect to the rolling direction were carried out. The highest plasticity was found for the material in the 0 temper condition. The influence of heat treatment conditions on the sheet drawability was analysed using the Erichsen, Engelhardt-Gross, Fukui and AEG cupping tests. It was found that the material state influenced the formability of the sheet. In the case of bulging, the sheet in the annealed state was characterized by greater drawability, and in the deep drawing process, greater formability was found for the naturally aged material.

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Bibliografia

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[33] O. Engler and J. Hirsch. Polycrystal-plasticity simulation of six and eight ears in deep-drawn aluminum cups. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 452–453:640–651, 2007. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.10.108.
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[38] E.H. Atzema. Formability of auto components. In R. Rana and S.B. Singh (eds.): Automotive Steels. Design, Metallurgy, Processing and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, pages 47–93, 2017. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100638-2.00003-1.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Łukasz Kuczek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Mroczkowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Turek

1

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, Cracow, Poland

Heat Treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3 Aluminium Alloys with Increased Zirconium and Titanium Content

E. Kantoríková M. Kuriš R. Pastirčák

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 2 | 89-93 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136103

Słowa kluczowe Heat treatment Aluminum Alloys Zirconium Titan Mechanical properties

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Abstrakt

The paper compares changes in the structure and mechanical properties due to the synergistic effect of alloying elements Zr and Ti. It is assumed that by increasing the content of Zr and Ti in the aluminium alloy, better mechanical properties will be achieved. Paper focuses on description of the differences between the samples casted into the shell mold and the metal mold. Main difference between mentioned molds is a different heat transfer coefficient during pouring, solidification and cooling of the metal in the mold. The main goal was to analyse the influence of Zr and Ti elements and compare the mechanical properties after the heat treatment. Curing and precipitation aging were used during the experiment. The effect of the elements on AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy created differences between the excluded Zr phases after heat treatment. Evaluation of the microstructure pointed to the decomposition of large predominantly needle Zr phases into smaller, more stable formations.

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Bibliografia

[1] Bolibruchová, D., Tillová, E. (2005). Al-Si foundry alloys. Žilina.
[2] Michna, Š., Lukáč, I. (2005). et al. Encyclopedia of aluminum.
[3] Bechný, L. (1990). Foundry metallurgy and technology. ALFA Bratislava.
[4] Bolibruchová, D., Kuriš, M. & Matejka, M. (2019). Effect of Zr on selected properties and porosity of AlSi9Cu1Mg alloy for the purpose of production of high-precision castings. Manufacturing Technology. 19(4), 1213-2489.
[5] Bolibruchova, D., Macko, J. & Bruna, M. (2014). Elimination of negative effect of Fe in secondary alloys AlSi6Cu4 (EN AC 45 000, A 319) by nickel. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 59, 717-721
[6] Mahmudi, R., Sepehrband, P. & Ghasemi, H.M. (2006). Improved properties of A319 aluminum casting alloy modified with Zr. Materials Letters. 2606-2610. DOI 10.1016/j.matlet. 2006.01.046
[7] Peng, G., Chen, K., Fang, H. & Chen, S. (2012). A study of nanoscale Al3(Zr,Yb) dispersoids structure and thermal stability in Al–Zr–Yb alloy. Materials Science and Engineering. Volume 535, 311-315.
[8] Sha, G. & Cerezo, A. (2004). Early-stage precipitation in Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloy (7050). Acta Materialia. 52(15), 4503-4516.
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[13] Tillova, E., Chalupova, M. (2009). Structural analysis of Al-Si alloys. Žilina: EDIS ŽU UNIZA.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

E. Kantoríková

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kuriš

1

R. Pastirčák

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technological Engineering, University of Žilina in Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mecanical Properties of the AZ91 Laser Welded Joint

A. Dziadoń E. Musiał

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 435-440 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137774

Słowa kluczowe AZ91 alloy laser welding heat treatment after welding

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Abstrakt

Plates of AZ91 magnesium alloy were butt-welded using a CO2 laser. The non-equilibrium solidification of the laser-melted metal caused fragmentation of the weld microstructure as well as the supersaturation of a solid solution of aluminium in magnesium, which enabled the T5 ageing of the weld. The weld proved to be a mechanically stable part of the joint; all the tensile-tested specimens, both as-welded and post-weld T5 aged, fractured outside it. During the ageing of the supersaturated joint, which involved heat treating it to the T6 condition, the weld was the region where discontinuous precipitation was observed and this was the location of fracture in the tensile specimens. Thus, the strength properties of welded, supersaturated and aged AZ91 were much worse than when the non-welded material was T6 tempered.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Dziadoń

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Musiał

1

Kielce University of Technology, Metals Science and Materials Technologies, 7 Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Av., 25-314, Kielce, Poland

The Effect of Carbide Concentration at Grain Boundaries on Thermal Stresses in Castings for Heat Treatment Furnace Tooling

A. Bajwoluk P. Gutowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 149-157 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149263

Słowa kluczowe Cast grates thermal stresses Heat treatment equipment Thermal shock

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Abstrakt

Austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr alloys are commonly used for the production of castings intended for high-temperature applications. One area where Fe-Ni-Cr castings are widely used is the equipment for heat treatment furnaces. Despite the good heat resistance properties of the materials used for the castings, they tend to develop cracks and deformations over time due to cyclic temperature changes experienced under high temperature operating conditions. In the case of carburizing furnace equipment, thermal stresses induced by the temperature gradient in each operating cycle on rapidly cooled elements have a significant influence on the progressive fatigue changes. In the carburized subsurface zone, also the different thermal expansion of the matrix and non-metallic precipitates plays a significant role in stress distribution. This article presents the results of analyses of thermal stresses in the surface and subsurface layer of carburized alloy during cooling, taking into account the simultaneous effect of both mentioned stress sources. The basis for the stress analyzes were the temperature distribution in the cross-section of the cooled element as a function cooling time, determined numerically using FEM. These distributions were taken as the thermal load of the element. The study presents the results of analyses on the influence of carbide concentration increase on stress distribution changes caused by the temperature gradient. The simultaneous consideration of both thermal stress sources, i.e. temperature gradient and different thermal expansions of phases, allowed for obtaining qualitatively closer results than analyzing the stress sources independently

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Bajwoluk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Gutowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mechanical Engineering Faculty, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Al. Piastów 19, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland

Heat Treatment Effect on Physical Properties of Stainless Steel / Inconel Bonded by Directed Energy Deposition

Yeong Seong Eom Kyung Tae Kim Dong Won Kim Ji Hun Yu Chul Yong Sim Seung Jun An Yong-Ha Park Injoon Son

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1049-1054 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136423

Słowa kluczowe Directed Energy Deposition Interface Physical Properties Heat treatment

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Abstrakt

In this study, stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 alloy powders were additively manufactured by using directed energy deposition process. And heat treatment effect on hardness and microstructures of the bonded stainless steel 316L/Inconel 625 sample was investigated. The microstructures shows there are no secondary phases and big inclusions near interfacial region between stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 except several small cracks. The results of TEM and Vickers Hardness show the interfacial area have a few tens of micrometers in thickness. Interestingly, as the heat treatment temperature increases, the cracks in the stainless steel region does not change in morphology while both hardness values of stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 decrease. These results can be used for designing pipes and valves with surface treatment of Inconel material based on stainless steel 316L material using the directed energy deposition.

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Bibliografia

[1] G .H. Shin, J.P. Choi, K.T. Kim, B.K. Kimm, J.H. Yu, J. Korean Powder Metall. Inst. 24, 210 (2017).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yeong Seong Eom

1 2

Kyung Tae Kim

1

Dong Won Kim

1

Ji Hun Yu

1

Chul Yong Sim

3

Seung Jun An

3

Yong-Ha Park

4

Injoon Son

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
Insstek, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Samsung Heavy Industries, Geoje-si, Republic of Korea

Characteristics of High-Strength Cast Steel Micro-Alloyed with Vanadium

B. Białobrzeska

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 66-79 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149253

Słowa kluczowe vanadium Low-alloyed cast steel Heat treatment Microstructure Mechanical properties

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Abstrakt

This article presents the results of research into the characteristics of cast steel alloyed with chromium and vanadium, subjected to heat treatment for increased strength parameters. In the first part, it discusses the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding technological developments in the field of cast-steel alloys and the influence of individual alloying additives on the microstructure and the properties of the steel alloy. Further sections present the results of microstructure observations performed with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. This research focuses on the material in the state directly after casting and after heat treatment, which involved quenching and tempering at 200 °C. The microstructural analysis performed as part of this research has informed the discussion of the results obtained from tensile and impact strength tests. The article also includes the results of a fractography analysis performed as the final part of the tests and offers a general summary and conclusions.

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Bibliografia

[1] Bartocha, D., Kilarski, J., Suchoń, J., Baron, C., Szajnar, J. & Janerka, K. (2011). Low-alloy constructional cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(spec.3), 265-271. ISSN (1897-3310). (in Polish).
[2] Skołek, E., Szwejkowska, K., Chmielarz, K., Świątnicki, W. A., Myszka, D. & Wieczorek, A.N. (2022). The microstructure of cast steel subjected to austempering and B-Q&P heat treatment. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 53(7), 2544-2560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06685-3.
[3] Kniaginin, G. (1977). Cast steel: Metallurgy and foundry. Katowice: Wydawnictwo “Śląsk”. (in Polish).
[4] Sobula, S., Tęcza, G., Krasa, O. & Wajda, W. (2013). Grain refinement of low alloy Cr-Mn-Si-Ni-Mo cast steel with boron, titanium and rare elements additions. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(3) 153-156. ISSN (1897-3310). (in Polish).
[5] Gajewski, M. & Kasińska, J. (2012). Effects of Cr - Ni 18/9 austenitic cast steel modification by mischmetal. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(spec.4), 47-52. DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0105-y.
[6] Lazarova, R., Petrov, R.H., Gaydarova, V., Davidkov, A., Alexeev, A., Manchev, M. & Manolov, V. (2011). Microstructure and mechanical properties of P265GH cast steel after modification with TiCN particles. Materials & Design. 32(5), 2734-2741. DOI: 10.1016/J.MATDES.2011.01.024.
[7] Yang, S.Z. (2010). Vanadium Metallurgy. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.
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[9] Baoxiang, Y., Jinyong, H., Guifang, Z. & Jike, G. (2021). Applications of vanadium in the steel industry. Vanadium. 267-332. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818898-9.00011-5.
[10] Panin, S.V., Maruschak, P.O., Vlasov, I.V., Syromyatnikova, A.S., Bolshakov, A.M., Berto, F., Prentkovskis, O. & Ovechkin, B.B. (2017). Effect of operating degradation in arctic conditions on physical and mechanical properties of 09Mn2Si pipeline steel. Procedia Engineering. 178, 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.117.
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[13] Maciejny, A. (1973). Brittleness of metals. Katowice: Wydawnictwo “Śląsk”. (in Polish).
[14] Kalandyk, B. & Zapała, R. (2008). Effect of heat treatment parameters on the properties of low-alloy cast steel with microadditions of vanadium. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 8(3), 137-140. ISSN(1897-3310).
[15] Kalandyk, B., Sierant, Z. & Sobula, S. (2009). Optimisation of microstructure, yield and impact strength of carbon cast steel by vanadium additions. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 59(3), 108-113. (in Polish).
[16] Kalandyk, B. & Głownia, J. (2003). Influence of V and Mo and heat treatment of constructional Mn–Ni cast steels acquirement of yield strength above 850MPa. Archiwum Odlewnictwa. 3(8), 69-74. (in Polish). ISSN 1642-5308.
[17] Szajnar, J., Studnicki, A., Głownia, J., Kondracki, M., Suchoń, J. & Wróbel, T. (2013). Technological aspects of low-alloyed cast steel massive casting manufacturing. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 97-102. ISSN (1897-3310).
[18] Sobula, S., Rąpała, M., Tęcza, G., & Głownia, J. (2009). Cast steels of a yield strength above 1300 MPa comparable to forgings. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 59(3), 102-106. (in Polish).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

B. Białobrzeska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Technology, Poland

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties According to Heat Treatment Temperature of Inconel 625

Minha Park Gang Ho Lee Hyo-Seong Kim Byoungkoo Kim Sanghoon Noh Byung Jun Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 95-98 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.147793

Słowa kluczowe Inconel 625 heat treatment cooling rate microstructure mechanical property

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Abstrakt

Inconel 625 is typically used in extreme environments due to excellent mechanical properties such as high strength, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and low-temperature toughness. When manufacturing a hot forged flange with a thick and complex shape, the cooling rate varies depending on the location due to the difference in thermal gradient during the cooling process after hot forging. In this study, to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 according to the cooling rate, we performed heat treatment at 950°C, 1050°C, and 1150°C for 4 hours followed by water cooling. Additionally, temperature data for each location on the flange were obtained using finite element method (FEM) simulation for each heat treatment temperature, revealing a discrepancy in the cooling rate between the surface and the center. Therefore, the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties according to cooling rate was investigated.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Minha Park

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gang Ho Lee

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyo-Seong Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Byoungkoo Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sanghoon Noh

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Byung Jun Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Energy System Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Republic of Korea
Energy System Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Republic of Korea; Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea

Improvement of Strength and Oxidation Resistance at High Temperature in AISI 4140 Steel by Micro-Alloying Chromium and Tungsten for Automotive Engine Applications

Hyo-Seong Kim Moonseok Kang Minha Park Byung Jun Kim Byoungkoo Kim Yong-Sik Ahn

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 61-65 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.147786

Słowa kluczowe AISI 4140 micro-alloying microstructure mechanical property Heat-Treatment

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Abstrakt

Increasing the operating temperature and pressure of an automotive engine and reducing its weight can improve fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions. These can be achieved by changing the engine piston material from conventional aluminum alloy to high-strength heat- resistant steel. American Iron and Steel Institute 4140 modified steels (AISI 4140 Mod.s), which have improved strength, oxidation resistance, and wear resistance at high temperature were developed by adjusting the AISI 4140 alloy compositions and optimizing the heat treatment process for automotive engine applications. In this study, the effects of modifying alloy compositions on the microstructure, mechanical properties (both at room and high temperatures), and oxidation of AISI 4140 Mod.s were investigated. Effective grain refinement occurred due to the influence of high-temperature stable carbide forming elements such as Mo, and V. The bainite structure changed to martensite structure under the influence Cr and Ni. As the Cr and W contents increased, the oxidation resistance was improved, and the oxide layer thickness decreased after 10 hours exposure at 500°C. The AISI 4140 Mod. exhibited a 35% improvement in room temperature strength, 70% improvement in high-temperature strength, and 40% improvement in high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to conventional AISI 4140.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hyo-Seong Kim

1 2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Moonseok Kang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Minha Park

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Byung Jun Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Byoungkoo Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yong-Sik Ahn

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 46938, Busan, Republic of Korea
Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 48547, Busan, Republic of Korea
HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering, 44032, Ulsan, Republic of Korea

The Effect of the Heat Treatment Condition of the Base Material on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Electron Beam Welded Joints

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik A. Pytel

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 1503-1512 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146216

Słowa kluczowe welding 17-4PH heat treatment EB welding

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Abstrakt

The study was intended to determine the effect of the input condition of the 17-4PH steel on the microstructure, mechanical properties and stress state of welded joints. The steel adopted for testing was in the solution condition at 1040°C, the aged condition at 550°C/4h and the overaged condition at 760°C/2 h + 620°C/4 h. Samples of 17-4PH steel, after heat treatment processed with different parameters, were electron beam welded (EBW). The microscopic observation (LM, SEM/EDS) showed that the microstructure of the weld consisted of martensite with a δ-ferrite lattice. In the heat-affected zone (HAZ), transformed martensite was found with evidence of niobium carbides. The results of hardness testing revealed the different nature of the hardness profile with the condition the material before the EB welding process. The hardness profile of the HAZ of the welded samples in the as-solution (ES2) and overaged (ES12) condition was varied (from about 340 HV to 450 HV). However, in the aged condition specimen of 17-4PH steel (ES22) showed a similar hardness level, at around 370 HV. The solution condition (ES2) had the highest strength properties R_m 1180.6 MPa with the lowest elongation A 7.6% of all samples tested. The aged welded specimen (ES22) retained high strength R_m 1103.4 MPa with a better relative elongation A 10.1%, whereas the overaged welded specimen (ES12) saw a reduction of strength R_m 950.4 MPa with an improvement in plastic properties A 18.8%. Obtained results showed a significant effect of the input steel condition on the obtained EB welded joints.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Pytel

1 2

Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineeri ng and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland

Effect of Cyclic Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of TA15 Titanium Alloy

Dan-Ya Zhang Zhi-Sheng Nong Tian-Xing Wang

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 869-874 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145449

Słowa kluczowe TA15 titanium alloy Cyclic heat treatment Microstructure evolution

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Abstrakt

To investigate the effect of cyclic heat treatment on the microstructure evolution of titanium alloys, TA15 alloys were subjected to different numbers of heat treatment cycles at various temperatures in the (α + β) two-phase region. The resulting microstructure and hardness of the alloy were characterized by using the metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Vickers hardness testing. The morphology of the initial TA15 alloy was nearly equiaxed structure. The α phase content, thickness of the oxygen-rich α layer, and hardness of the TA15 alloy increased with the number of cycles. The morphology of the TA15 alloy changed into the Widmannstatten structure when the alloy underwent six cycles of heat treatment between 970 and 800°C. The thickness of the oxygen-rich α layer and hardness of the alloy increased with the lower limit temperature of the cyclic heat treatment. Compared with the number of cycles, the lower limit temperature of the cyclic heat treatment was a more significant factor on the microstructure evolution of the TA15 titanium alloy.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dan-Ya Zhang

1

Zhi-Sheng Nong

2

Tian-Xing Wang

2

Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for National Defense of Aeronautical Digital Manufacturing Process, Shenyang110136, China
Shenyang Aerospace University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China

Study of the Effect of Intensity of Vibrations and Temperature on the Cooling Characteristics of Quenching Media

M.C. Perju C. Nejneru D.D. Burduhos-Nergis P. Vizureanu M.G. Minciuna A.V. Sandu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 997-1002 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145466

Słowa kluczowe quenching media synthetic cooling media vibrations heat treatments carboxymethyl cellulose

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Abstrakt

Quenching technology requires the use of media with different cooling intensities and various shapes of cooling curves that show different particularities compared to that of conventional media such as water, oil, or emulsions. The use of synthetic quenching media is relatively new and also has multiple advantages such as non-flammability, safety in use and low cost. In this study, the cooling media tested was obtained by mixing 2 wt% carboxymethyl cellulose with 2 wt% NaOH in one litter of water. Moreover, three different temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) of the quenching media were evaluated. By dissolution in water, a synthetic solution with low viscosity, surfactant and lubricant was obtained. Because carboxymethyl cellulose is a biodegradable organic material, that is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of paper, a basic substance with a preservative effect was added. According to this study, both the variation diagram of the heat transfer coefficient and the diagram of the cooling rates, during the cooling stages give important indications regarding the use of a liquid cooling medium for quenching.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M.C. Perju

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

C. Nejneru

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D.D. Burduhos-Nergis

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Vizureanu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.G. Minciuna

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.V. Sandu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Prof. D. Mangeron Street, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
Romanian Inventors Forum, Sf. P. Movila 3, Iasi, Romania

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