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The Hungarian National Graveyard (Budapest) as a public park

Imola Gecse-Tarmsc Ágnes Bechtold
Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2016 | vol. XLIV | 187-193
Keywords cemetery public park National Graveyard (Budapest)
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Abstract

In 1847, the City Council of Pest opened a new central necropolis. In 1956, the cemetery was declared to be a National Pantheon and Graveyard. Nowadays, about half of the territory of the cemetery is settled, the individually or artistically remarkable tombs are protected, and the rest of the site is being re-designed as green area. In some parts of the cemetery, burials can still be carried out, but the major part of the graveyard is functioning as a public park.

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Authors and Affiliations

Imola Gecse-Tarmsc
Ágnes Bechtold

Space structure and open space recreation in time dimensions

Kinga Szilágyi Fruzsina Zelenák Orsolya Fekete
Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2016 | vol. XLIV | 277-282
Keywords Városliget Budapest public park historical urban park
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Abstract

The public demand for urban parks, citizens’ use and habits are different in every age and region. But do public parks have some eternal, unchanging values in a field of social welfare? Can we regard the idea as a value, which brought to life the 18th century public park movement in today’s rushing, tinsel and digital world? Can we find any general aspect in park use forms, which is true, even to the casual visitor or a tourist in a historical garden or a daily guest in an average city park. The Budapest Városliget is one of the world’s first urban park, in some ways perhaps the first. The site was used for urban recreation from mid-18th century, and then the city of Pest decided to develop a public park to increase the livability of the city. The plan was drawn up by Heinrich Nebbien between 1813–1816. Although Nebbien’s plan realized partly due to the lack of resources, in the capital’s life the Városliget have been acting – with changing functions and space structure – as a vital part of the open space recreation for 200 years. This article focuses on the role of urban public parks, and analyses the relationship between changing space structure and use on the example of Városliget. The Városliget analysis is based on the structural and park user surveys, which were made during the last three decades. The history of the urban park clearly illustrates that cramming new functions beyond the historical outdoor recreational activities has not increased the value of the park, but significantly deteriorate what is value and what makes the park loveable. It is almost understandable that the park is not on the international tourism program, it does not appear on the map of the capital’s iconic creations, institutions. But it could be there. Everything predestines for it: two centuries of history, the idea of its birth and creation, its location in the city structure, its current old and valuable trees. The Városliget is a value in itself, without stuffing and subsuming with new institutional functions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Szilágyi
Fruzsina Zelenák
Orsolya Fekete

Sacrum of naturei n the composition of the Budapest Városliget urban park. Evolution of space composition aspects in a 2 century-long history

Kinga Szilagyi Orsolya Fekete
Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2018 | 723–731
Keywords urban public park planting design landscape garden composition Budapest Városliget urban park
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Abstract

She (Nature) is an eternal present. Past and future are unknown to her. The present is her eternity. She is beneficient. J.W. von Goethe Goethe is speaking about the ever-lasting value and importance of Nature. Even in today’s luminous, rushing and digital world, Goethe’s faithful idea and the theory of Christian Hirschfeld, which brought to life the 18th-century urban public park movement, represents a value. Though the citizens’ use and habits are varied in every age and region, society, the individuals need physical and spiritual recreation offered by urban parks. The overall goal of the research is to highlight the role of natural elements and urban landscape character in space composition means on the example of the two centuries old historic urban park in Budapest, the Városliget, one of the very first urban public parks. Main research questions: What are the main landscape and nature structures and elements that define the composition? What are the main changes in compositional means in the long evolution of the park in the stress of urban development and social change? Can we find universal design means for the general park use forms or does the local spirit play the dominant role in public park design? This study focuses on the composition means over time, in the transformation process of the Budapest Városliget, from the first landscaping and replantation of the swampy area in the outskirt of Pest town at turn of 18–19th century when Nature and her humanized garden and park forms became increasingly recognized as means and purposes of spiritual, physical and societal renewal. The research is based on analyses of ecological, landscape aspects and features, of social, public and political input into planning and building that affected the composition and the construction of the urban public park. The analyses focus on the significant momentums of park evolution, while observations focus on the relations between changing social and landscape aspects in the design and planning process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Szilagyi
Orsolya Fekete

Contemporary tendencies in creating public spaces in Budapest

Izabela Sykta Michał Grzybowski
Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2021 | vol. XLIX | 359-382 | DOI: 10.24425/tkuia.2021.138722
Keywords landscape architecture Budapest cultural landscape biophilic design public space strategy of place-making urban synergy
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Abstract

This paper presents contemporary tendencies in the shaping of public spaces and urban green areas in Budapest. It is a review of built designs of plazas, boulevards and city squares that have been completed in the span of the last few years and which implement contemporary trends in landscape architecture and city design. All of the presented sites are located in the historical city centre, entering into direct and often controversial relations with the historical built environment and monuments. The presented structures are distinguished by modern forms and aesthetics as well as a high quality of design solutions. They have been shaped with the use of modern, ahistoric materials and technologies, with creative plant and water arrangements. They create attractive recreation and contemplation spaces surrounded by greenery, conducive to social integration, and at the same time exposing monuments and bringing them closer to contemporary recipients.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Sykta
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Grzybowski
  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Chair of Landscape Architecture

The Budapest Memorandum of 5 December 1994: Political Engagementor Legal Obligation?

Thomas D. Grant
Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2014 | No XXXIV | DOI: 10.7420/pyil2014e
Keywords treaties legal obligations political commitments use of force international security non-proliferation and disarmament general rule of interpretation supplementary means of interpretation subsequent practice treaty text treaty context object and purpose Budapest Memorandum Russian Federation Ukraine United States United Kingdom
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Abstract

Ukraine, upon giving up the nuclear arsenal left on its territory by the USSR, entered in 1994 into a Memorandum on Security Assurances with the United Kingdom, United States and Russian Federation (Budapest Memorandum). Since the crisis began between the Russian Federation and Ukraine in February 2014, a number of States have invoked the Budapest Memorandum. Unclear, however, is whether this instrument constituted legal obligations among its Parties or, instead, is a political declaration having no legal effect. The distinction between political instruments and legal instruments is a recurring question in inter-State relations and claims practice. The present article considers the Budapest Memorandum in light of the question of general legal interest – namely, how do we distinguish between the legal and the political instrument?
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Authors and Affiliations

Thomas D. Grant

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