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Chronostratigraphic and Depth Variability of Porosity and Strength of Hard Coals in the Upper Silesian Basin. = Chronostratygraficzna i głębokościowa zmienność porowatości i wytrzymałości węgli w Górnośląskim Zagłębiu Węglowym

Mirosława Bukowska Urszula Sanetra Mariusz Wadas

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2012 | vol. 28 | No 4 | 151-166 | DOI: 10.2478/v10269-012-0029-8

Keywords porosity strength coal the USCB

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Abstract

This article presents values of porosity and compression strength of hard coals from the area of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The change of the stage of carbonification, which results from conversion of coal substance in the process of coalification, is a source of many changes in the structure of coal. These changes exert influence on values of physical parameters, including the values of porosity and strength. Porosity and compression strength change with the degree of carbonification, a result of the depth of deposition. This study determined the values of effective porosity of coals and their strength considering the age chronology of coal seams and the depth of their occurrence. It examined coals of the Cracow Sandstone Series, the Mudstone Series, the Upper Silesian Sandstone Series, and the Paralic Series from depths ranging from about 350 m to 1200 m. The authors have shown that effective porosity of the Upper Silesian coals changes for particular stratigraphic groups and assumes values from a few to a dozen or so per cent, while compression strength from several to several dozen megapascals. It has been observed, from a chronostratigraphic perspective, that there is a shifting of the upper and lower limits of intervals of porosity variations towards higher values for younger coals. With the increase in compression strength, value of porosity in particular stratigraphic groups generally decreases. However, no regular changes were observed in mean, uniaxial compressive strength with the increase in the age of subsequent stratigraphic groups. On the other hand, for bright coal and semi-bright coal, a visible decrease in compression strength with the depth of deposition of strata was observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosława Bukowska

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ORCID:

Urszula Sanetra

Mariusz Wadas

Changes in total active centres on particle surfaces during coal pyrolysis, gasification and combustion

Stanisław Gil Piotr Mocek Wojciech Bialik

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2011 | No 2 June | 155-169 | DOI: 10.2478/v10176-011-0012-8

Keywords coal active centers porosity

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Abstract

In the paper, on the basis of our studies and the available literature data, a model of changes in the number of active centers corresponding to the structure of the reactive coal particle has been developed. A new distribution function that links the specific surface area of a particle with its porosity and reaction degree has been proposed. An equation for estimation of changes in this parameter during the reaction, on the basis of the initial value, has been presented. In the range of our data and the analysis of the literature data, the model, with satisfactory accuracy, describes internal structural changes of coal and coal char particles. The present results may constitute a basis for complex modelling of coal conversion processes.

Based on the results it was found that the total active centres are related to the internal surface area and porosity of the particle. For a specific coal type, this value depends on the porosity, true density and size of the particle. Changes in total active centres, when these structural properties during thermal conversion of coal are considered, are described in equations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Gil

Piotr Mocek

Wojciech Bialik

Influence of Chemical Composition on Porosity in Aluminium Alloys

L. Kucharčík A. Sládek M. Brůna

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2014 | No 2 | DOI: 10.2478/afe-2014-0026

Keywords porosity Aluminium chemical composition

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Abstract

Porosity is one of the major defects in aluminum castings, which results is a decrease of a mechanical properties. Porosity in aluminum alloys is caused by solidification shrinkage and gas segregation. The final amount of porosity in aluminium castings is mostly influenced by several factors, as amount of hydrogen in molten aluminium alloy, cooling rate, melt temperature, mold material, or solidification interval. This article deals with effect of chemical composition on porosity in Al-Si aluminum alloys. For experiment was used Pure aluminum and four alloys: AlSi6Cu4, AlSi7Mg0, 3, AlSi9Cu1, AlSi10MgCu1.

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Authors and Affiliations

L. Kucharčík

A. Sládek

M. Brůna

Determination of the Surface and Volume Porosity, on the Basis of the Main Fraction of the Polifractional Matrix of Moulding and Core Sands

R. Dańko J. Dańko

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2016 | No 4 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0108

Keywords porosity Sand grains Moulding sand

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Abstract

The aim of the hereby paper is to present the developed model of determining the volume and surface porosity based on the main fraction

of polifractional materials, its experimental verification and utilisation for the interpretation of effects accompanying the formation of a

moulding sand apparent density, porosity and permeability in the blowing processes of the core and moulds technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Dańko

J. Dańko

Effects of curing time on the performance of volcanic scoria-based binder concretes

A. M. al-Swaidani

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2017 | No 1 | 133-150

Keywords Curing time Water permeability Porosity Chloride penetrability Corrosion resistance Binders Volcanic scoria

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Abstract

The objective of the presented paper is to investigate the performance of concrete containing volcanic scoria as cement replacement after 7, 28, 90, and 180 days curing. Five performance indicators have been studied. Compressive strength, water permeability, porosity, chloride penetrability, and reinforcement corrosion resistance have all been evaluated. Concrete specimens were produced with replacement levels ranging from 10 to 35%. Test results revealed that curing time had a large influence on all the examined performance indicators of scoria-based concrete. Water permeability, porosity, and chloride penetrability of scoria-based concrete mixes were much lower than that of plain concrete. Concretes produced with scoria-based binders also decelerated rebar corrosion, particularly after longer curing times. Furthermore, an estimation equation has been developed by the authors to predict the studied performance indicators, focusing on the curing time and the replacement level of volcanic scoria. SEM/EDX analysis has been reported as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. M. al-Swaidani

Flaw Detection of Cast-Steel Safety Parts in Automotive Application

K.C. Dizdar H. Sahin M. Ardicli D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 13-17 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140211

Keywords NDT Cast steel CT Porosity Leakage

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Abstract

Casting is the most economical way of producing parts for many industries ranging from automotive, aerospace to construction towards small appliances in many shares. One of the challenges is the achievement of defect-free cast parts. There are many ways to do this which starts with calculation and design of proper runner system with correct size and number of feeders. The first rule suggests starting with clean melt. Yet, rejected parts can still be found. Although depending on the requirement from the parts, some defects can be tolerated, but in critical applications, it is crucial that no defect should exist that would deteriorate the performance of the part. Several methods exist on the foundry floor to detect these defects. Functional safety criteria, for example, are a must for today's automotive industry. These are not compromised under any circumstances. In this study, based on the D-FMEA (Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) study of a functional safety criterion against fuel leakage, one 1.4308 cast steel function block, which brazed-on fuel rail port in fuel injection unit, was investigated. Porosity, buckling, inclusion and detection for leak were carried out by non-destructive test (NDT) methods. It was found that the best practice was the CT-Scan (Computed Tomography) for such applications.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

K.C. Dizdar

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Sahin

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Ardicli

2

D. Dispinar

3

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Bosch Powertrain Solutions, Bursa, Turkey
Foseco Non-Ferrous Metal Treatment, Netherlands

The Materials Resistant to High Temperatures Obtained from Post-Production Fibrous Waste

K. Kogut K. Kasprzyk R. Kłoś

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 2 | 845-850 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.132830

Keywords waste thermal insulation ceramic porosity fibers

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Abstract

This paper describes preparation methodology and research results of newly developed materials from post-production fibrous waste that are resistant to high temperatures. Widely available raw materials were used for this purpose. Such approach has significant impact on the technological feasibility and preparation costs. Obtained materials were verified via applying of various tests including characterization of shrinkage, porosity, density and water absorption as well as X-ray analysis (XRD), followed by mechanical bending and compressive strength determination.

Based on the research results, the possible applications of materials as thermal insulators were indicated.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Kogut

K. Kasprzyk

R. Kłoś

The Validation Process of the Method of Balancing Gas Contained in the Pore Space of Rocks Via Rock Comminution

Mateusz Kudasik Anna Pajdak Norbert Skoczylas

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2018 | vol. 63 | No 4 | 989-1005 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2018.124989

Keywords porosity gas outburst dolomite copper ore mines

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Abstract

The article discusses the validation process of a certain method of balancing gas contained in the pore space of rocks. The validation was based upon juxtaposition of the examination of rocks’ porosity and the effects of comminution in terms of assessing the possibility of opening the pore space. The tests were carried out for six dolomite samples taken from different areas of the ‘Polkowice-Sieroszowice’ copper mine in Poland. Prior to the grinding process, the rocks’ porosity fell in the range of 0.3-14.8%, while the volume of the open pores was included in the 0.01-0.06 cm3/g range. The grinding process was performed using an original device – the GPR analyzer. The SEM analysis revealed pores of various size and shape on the surface of the rock cores, while at the same time demonstrating lack of pores following the grinding process. The grain size distribution curves were compared with the cumulative pore volume curves of the cores before grinding. In order to confirm the argument put forward in this paper – i.e. that comminution of a rock to grains of a size comparable with the size of the rock’s pores results in the release of gas contained in the pore space – the amount of gas released as a result of the comminution process was studied. The results of gas balancing demonstrated that the pore space of the investigated dolomites was filled with gas in amounts from 3.19 cm3/kg to 45.86 cm3/kg. The obtained results of the rock material comminution to grains comparable – in terms of size – to the size of the pores of investigated rocks, along with asserting the presence of gas in the pore space of the studied dolomites, were regarded as a proof that the method of balancing gas in rocks via rock comminution is correct.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Kudasik

Anna Pajdak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Norbert Skoczylas

e-mail:

ORCID:

Permeability, compressive strength and Proctor parameters of silts stabilised by Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)

Per Lindh Polina Lemenkova

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 667-692 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2022.141522

Keywords permeability porosity compactness compressive strength cement

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Abstract

The study investigates the effect of Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) added in changed proportions as stabilising agents on soil parameters: uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Proctor compactness and permeability. The material included dredged clayey silts collected from the coasts of Timrå, Östrand. Soil samples were treated by different ratio of the stabilising agents and water and tested for properties. Study aimed at estimating variations of permeability, UCS and compaction of soil by changed ratio of binders. Permeability tests were performed on soil with varied stabilising agents in ratio H _WL _B (high water / low binder) with ratio 70/30%, 50/50%, and 30/70%. The highest level of permeability was achieved by ratio 70/30% of cement/slag, while the lowest - by 30/70%. Proctor compaction was assessed on a mixture of ash and green liquor sludge, to determine optimal moisture content for the most dense soil. The maximal dry density at 1.12 g/cm ³ was obtained by 38.75% of water in a binder. Shear strength and P-wave velocity were measured using ISO/TS17892-7 and visualised as a function of UCS. The results showed varying permeability and UCS of soil stabilised by changed ratio of CEM II/GGBS.

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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Polina Lemenkova

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Swedish Transport Administration, Malmö, Sweden
Lund University (Lunds Tekniska Högskola, LTH), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund, Sweden
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Brussels, Belgium

The structural and textural characteristics of limestones and the effectiveness of SO2 sorption in fluidized bed conditions

Elżbieta Hycnar

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2018 | vol. 34 | No 1 | DOI: 10.24425/118639

Keywords porosity limestone SO2 sorbents sulphation process

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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Hycnar

Numerical Generation of a Fixed Bed Structure

Maciej Marek

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2013 | No 3 September | 347-359 | DOI: 10.2478/cpe-2013-0028

Keywords fixed bed porosity structure numerical modelling

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Abstract

A numerical algorithm is presented for the filling process of a cylindrical column with equilateral cylinders. The process is based on simplified mechanics - the elements are added one by one until the mechanical equilibrium is reached. The final structure is examined with respect to the global and local porosity distribution. Oscillating radial porosity profile is obtained in accordance with experimental data.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Marek

Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Mg Alloy Castings as a Function of Structure Refinement and Porosity Fraction

M. Hajkowski Ł. Bernat J. Hajkowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2012 | No 4 | DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0107-9

Keywords mechanical properties structure Silumin Cooling rate porosity

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Abstract

During design of the casting products technology, an important issue is a possibility of prediction of mechanical properties resulting from the course of the casting solidification process. Frequently there is a need for relations describing mechanical properties of silumin alloys as a function of phase refinement in a structure and a porosity fraction, and relations describing phase refinement in the structure and the porosity fraction as a function of solidification conditions. The study was conducted on castings of a 22 mm thick plate, made of EN AC-AlSi7Mg0,3 alloy in moulds: of quartz sand, of quartz sand with chill and in permanent moulds. On the basis of cooling curves, values of cooling rate in various casting parts were calculated. The paper also presents results of examination of distance between arms in dendrites of a solid solution α (DASL), precipitations length of silicon in an eutectic (DlSi) and gas-shrinkage porosity (Por) as a function of cooling rate. Statistical relations of DASL, DlSi, Por as a function of cooling rate and statistical multiparameter dependencies describing mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation) of alloy as a function of DASL, DlSi and Por are also presented in the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Hajkowski

Ł. Bernat

J. Hajkowski

Fractal Dimension for the Characterization of the Porosity of Asphalt Concretes

G. Leonardi

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2010 | No 4 | 321-333

Keywords fractal geometry porosity mixture aggregate concrete pavement

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Abstract

In the design of asphalt mixtures for paving, the choice of components has a remarkable importance,as requirements of quality and durability must be assured in use, guaranteeing adequate standardsof safety and comfort.

In this paper, an approach of analysis on the aggregate materials using fractal geometry is proposed. Following an analytical and an experimental approach, it was possible to find a correlation betweencharacteristics of the asphalt concrete (specific gravity and porosity) and the fractal dimension ofthe aggregate mixtures.

The studies revealed that this approach allows to draw the optimal fractal dimension and, conse-quently, it can be used to choose an appropriate aggregate gradation for the specific application;once the appropriate initial physical parameters are finalized.

This fractal approach could be employed for predicting the porosity of mixed asphalt concretes,given as input the fractal characteristics of the aggregate mixtures of the concrete materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Leonardi

Effect of Liquid Forging Pressure on Solubility and Freezing Coefficients of Cast Aluminum 2124, 2218 and 6063 Alloys

Vineet Tirth Amir Arabi

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 1 | 357-366 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.131738

Keywords Liquid Forging porosity hardness Solubility Coefficient Freezing Coefficient

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Abstract

Liquid forging alias squeeze casting gives the combined advantage of casting and forging. Optimum process parameters are important to get a cost-efficient process. In this study, four materials have been identified, which are extensively used in industries. These materials are commercially pure Al and three Al-alloys namely, 2124, 2218 and 6063. The pouring temperature and the mold temperature is maintained at 700oC and 250oC respectively. The materials were developed at seven pressure variations from 0 to 150 MPa. The effect of the pressure on the microstructures, porosity, and hardness has been reported. The coefficient of solubility is estimated for all materials and a polynomial relationship is found to be the best fit with the applied pressure. The pressure of 100 MPa gives better increment in hardness. The melting point and the freezing coefficient of the materials under study have been determined. A linear relationship between the pressure and the freezing time is deduced. It is observed that the solubility and the freezing coefficients depend on the pressure as well, in addition to the composition and temperature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Vineet Tirth

Amir Arabi

The Influence of Aluminum Content on the Porosity, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy Steels

Hamid Sazegaran Hasan Bahari Ali Mohammad Naserian-Nik Farhad Khorramshahi

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 105-111 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137478

Keywords aluminum content powder metallurgy steel porosity microstructure mechanical properties

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Abstract

An experimental study was performed to assess the influences of aluminum content on the porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy steels. Optical microscope equipped with the image processing software and the scanning electron microscope were employed to study the microstructure of investigated specimens. In order to find mechanical properties of specimens, Vickers hardness and compression tests were conducted. By increasing the aluminum content (from 0 to 4 wt. %), the porosity increases (from 6.01% to 8.43%). The microstructure of specimens contains aluminum phase distributed between the boundaries of agglomerated iron particles, ferrite, and pearlite. By increasing the aluminum content, stress-strain curves shift significantly downwards, and the modulus of elasticity, elongation, yield stress, and Vickers hardness reduce from 1.82 to 0.86 GPa, 32.1 to 17.8%, 138.1 to 28.2 MPa, and 127.7 to 26.8 HV, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hamid Sazegaran

1

Hasan Bahari

1

Ali Mohammad Naserian-Nik

2

Farhad Khorramshahi

3

Quchan University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Quchan, Iran
Quchan University of Technology, Engineering Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Quchan, Iran
Research and Development (R&D) Manager, Mashhad Powder Metallurgy, Mashhad, Iran

Role of Metal Quality and Porosity Formation in Low Pressure Die Casting of A356: Experimental Observations

O. Gursoy A. Nordmak F. Syvertsen M. Colak K. Tur D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136071

Keywords Cast Solidification LPDC Aluminium Metal quality Bifilms Porosity

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Abstract

Porosity is one of the major problems in casting operations and there are several discussions in the literature about the porosity formation in aluminum castings. Bifilms are the defects that are introduced into the melt by turbulence. They can be detected with reduced pressure test and presented numerically by measuring bifilm index. The measure of bifilm index is the sum of total oxide length given in millimeters from the cross-section of reduced pressure test sample solidified under 0.01 MPa. In this work, low pressure die casting (LPDC) unit was built in an attempt to enhance the producibility rate. The unit consists of a pump housing that was placed inside the melt in the melting furnace where the pressure was applied instead of the whole melt surface. It was observed that the melt quality of A356 alloy was deteriorated over time which had led to higher porosity. This was attributed to the increased oxide thickness of the bifilm by the consumption of air in between the folded oxides. A relationship was found between bifilm index and pore formation.

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[18] Campbell, J. (1968). Hydrostatic tensions in solidifying materials. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 242 (February), 264-267.
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[21] Dispinar, D. & Campbell, J. (2004). Critical assessment of reduced pressure test. Part 1: Porosity phenomena. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 17(5), 280-286.
[22] Dispinar, D., Akhtar, S., Nordmark, A., Di Sabatino, M., & Arnberg, L. (2010). Degassing, hydrogen and porosity phenomena in A356. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 527(16-17), 3719-3725.
[23] Puga, H., Barbosa, J., Azevedo, T., Ribeiro, S. & Alves, J.L. (2016). Low pressure sand casting of ultrasonically degassed AlSi7Mg0. 3 alloy: Modelling and experimental validation of mould filling. Materials & Design. 94, 384-391.
[24] El-Sayed, M.A. & Essa, K. (2018). Effect of mould type and solidification time on bifilm defects and mechanical properties of Al–7si–0.3 mg alloy castings. Computational and Experimental Studies, 23.
[25] Gyarmati, G., Fegyverneki, G., Mende, T. & Tokár, M. (2019). Characterization of the double oxide film content of liquid aluminum alloys by computed tomography. Materials Characterization. 157, 109925. [26] Gyarmati, G., Fegyverneki, G., Tokár, M., & Mende, T. (2020). The Effects of Rotary Degassing Treatments on the Melt Quality of an Al–Si Casting Alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 1-11.
[27] Tiryakioğlu, M. (2020). The Effect of Hydrogen on Pore Formation in Aluminum Alloy Castings: Myth Versus Reality. Metals. 10(3), 368.
[28] Tiryakioğlu, M. (2019). Solubility of hydrogen in liquid aluminium: reanalysis of available data. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 32(5-6), 315-318.
[29] Tiryakioğlu, M. (2020). A simple model to estimate hydrogen solubility in liquid aluminium alloys. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 1-3.

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Authors and Affiliations

O. Gursoy

1

A. Nordmak

2

F. Syvertsen

2

M. Colak

3

K. Tur

4

D. Dispinar

5

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

University of Padova, Italy
SINTEF, Norway
University of Bayburt, Turkey
Atilim University, Turkey
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Prediction of Fracture Stress with Regard to Porosity in Cast A356 Alloy

H. Sahin M. Atik F. Tezer S. Temel O. Aydin O. Kesen O. Gursoy D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 21-28 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138675

Keywords Casting defects Mechanical properties A356 Bifilm porosity Fracture stress

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Abstract

Production of the defect-free casting of aluminium alloys is the biggest challenge. Porosity is known to be the most important defect. Therefore, many cast parts are subjected to several non-destructive tests in order to check their acceptability. There are several standards, yet, the acceptance limit of porosity size and distribution may change according to the customer design and requirements. In this work, the aim was targeted to evaluate the effect of size, location, and distribution of pores on the tensile properties of cast A356 alloy. ANSYS software was used to perform stress analysis where the pore sizes were changed between 0.05 mm to 3 mm by 0.05 mm increments. Additionally, pore number was changed from 1 to 5 where they were placed at different locations in the test bar. Finally, bifilms were placed inside the pore at different sizes and orientations. The stress generated along the pores was recorded and compared with the fracture stress of the A356 alloy. It was found that as the bifilm size was getting smaller, their effect on tensile properties was lowered. On the other hand, as bifilms were larger, their orientation became the dominant factor in determining the fracture.

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Sahin

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Atik

1

F. Tezer

1

S. Temel

1

O. Aydin

1

O. Kesen

1

O. Gursoy

2

D. Dispinar

3

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
University of Padova, Italy
Foseco, Netherlands

A Study of Microstructure and Porosity Formation in High-Pressure Die-Casting

M. Matejka D. Bolibruchová R. Podprocká

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 127-130 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139761

Keywords Al-Si-Cu alloy Returnable material Numerical simulation Porosity Microstructure

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Abstract

The technology of high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) of aluminum alloys is one of the most used and most economical technology for mass production of castings. High-pressure die-casting technology is characterized by the production of complex, thin-walled and dimensionally accurate castings. An important role is placed on the effective reduction of costs in the production process, wherein the combination with the technology of high-pressure die-casting is the possibility of recycling using returnable material. The experimental part of the paper focuses on the analysis of a gradual increase of the returnable material amount in combination with a commercial purity alloy for the production of high-pressure die-castings. The returnable material consisted of the so-called foundry waste (defective castings, venting and gating systems, etc.). The first step of the experimental castings evaluation consisted of numerical simulations, performed to determine the points of the casting, where porosity occurs. In the next step, the evaluation of areal porosity and microstructural analysis was performed on experimental castings with different amounts of returnable material in the batch. The evaluation of the area porosity showed only a small effect of the increased amount of the returnable material in the batch, where the worst results were obtained by the casting of the alloy with 90% but also with 55% of the returnable material in the batch. The microstructure analysis showed that the increase in returnable material in the batch was visibly manifested only by a change in the morphology of the eutectic Si.

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Bibliography

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[4] Matejka, M., Bolibruchová, D. & Kuriš, M. (2021). Crystallization of the structural components of multiple remelted AlSi9Cu3 alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(2), 41-45. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136096.
[5] Bruna, M., Remišová, A. & Sládek, A. (2019). Effect of filter thickness on reoxidation and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AlSi7Mg0.3. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 3, 1100-1106. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.129500.
[6] Bryksi Stunova, B. & Bryksi, V. (2016). Analysis of defects in castings cast by rheocasting method SEED. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 15-18. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0041.
[7] Podprocká, R. & Bolibruchová, D. (2017). Iron intermetallic phases in the alloy based on Al-Si-Mg by applying manganese. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 217-221. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133321.
[8] Martinec, D., Pastircak, R. & Kantorikova, E. (2020). Using of technology semisolid squeeze casting by different initial states of material. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 117-121. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131292.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Podprocká

2

University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic
Rosenberg-Slovakia s.r.o., Kováčska 38, 044 25 Medzev, Slovak Republic

Structure and Mechanical Properties of the CO2 Laser Welded Joint of AZ91 Cast Magnesium Alloy

A. Dziadoń E. Musiał

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 3 | 9-14 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133322

Keywords AZ91 alloy Laser welding Porosity Microstructure Mechanical properties

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Abstract

Plates of AZ91 cast magnesium alloy with a thickness of 3.5 mm were butt-welded using a laser power of 2000 W and helium as the shielding gas. The effect of the welding speed on the weld cross-sectional geometry and porosity was determined by microscopic analysis. It was found that to avoid the formation of macropores, welding should be carried out at a speed of 3.4 m/min or higher. Non-equilibrium solidification of the laser-melted metal causes fragmentation of the weld microstructure. Joints that were welded at optimal laser processing parameters were subjected to structural observations using optical and scanning microscopy and to mechanical tests. The mechanical properties were determined through Vickers hardness measurements in the joint cross-section and through tensile testing. The results indicate that the hardness in the fusion zone was about 20 HV (30%) higher than that of the base material. The weld proved to be a mechanically stable part of the joint; all the tensile-tested specimens fractured outside the fusion zone.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dziadoń

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Musiał

Analysis and Quality Assessment of Refractories Formed under Reduced Pressure

Alicja Trela Alena Pribulová Peter Futas

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 1571-1578 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146224

Keywords Foundry melting furnace refractory materials vacuum moulding porosity

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Abstract

Refractories are the basic material for the construction of the lining of a melting furnace used, among other things, in the foundry industry. The article describes a comparative study of the influence of the type of moulding on the quality of the finished refractory product. A method for making products from refractory materials was proposed and a test methodology was developed. The results, based on a classic study of the quality of these materials, confirm a strong influence on the quality of the materials obtained in terms of reduced porosity and homogeneity of pore size.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Trela

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Alena Pribulová

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Peter Futas

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Technical University Kosice, Department of Metallurgy, Slovakia

Fabrication of Metal Gas Filter by Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Process

Yu-Jeong Yi Min-Jeong Lee Su-Jin Yun Manho Park Ju-Yong Kim Jungwoo Lee Jung-Yeul Yun

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 4 | 1517-1520 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.141085

Keywords Gas Filter additive manufacturing stainless steel porosity powder size

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Abstract

Recently, 3D printing processes have been used to manufacture metal powder filters with manufacturing complex-shape. In this study, metal powder filters of various shapes were manufactured using the metal extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) process, which is used to manufacture three-dimensional structures by extruding a filament consisting of a metal powder and a binder. Firstly, filaments were prepared by appropriately mixing SUS316 powder with sizes ranging from 7.5 µm to 50 µm and a binder. These filaments were extruded at temperatures of 100℃ to 160℃ depending on the type of filament being manufactured, to form three types of cylindrical filter. Specimens were sintered in a high vacuum atmosphere furnace at 850℃ to 1050℃ for 1 hour after debinding. The specimens were analyzed for permeability using a capillary flow porometer, porosity was determined by applying Archimedes’ law and microstructure was observed using SEM.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yu-Jeong Yi

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Min-Jeong Lee

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Su-Jin Yun

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Manho Park

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ju-Yong Kim

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jungwoo Lee

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jung-Yeul Yun

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Metal Powder Department, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
R&D Center, ASFLOW CO. Ltd, Hwasung, 16648, Republic of Korea
3DP R&D Center, REPROTECH, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea

Analysis and Quality Assessment of Refractories Formed under Reduced Pressure

Alicja Trela M. Brzeziński A. Pribulova Peter Futas

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1003-1010 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145467

Keywords foundry melting furnace refractory materials vacuum moulding porosity

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Abstract

Refractories are the basic material for the construction of the lining of a melting furnace used, among other things, in the foundry industry. The article describes a comparative study of the influence of the type of moulding on the quality of the finished refractory product. A method for making products from refractory materials was proposed and a test methodology was developed. The results, based on a classic study of the quality of these materials, confirm a strong influence on the quality of the materials obtained in terms of reduced porosity and homogeneity of pore size.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Trela

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Brzeziński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Pribulova

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Peter Futas

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Technical University, Department of Metallurgy, Kosice, Slovakia

Compressive strength and durability of foamed concrete incorporating Processed Spent Bleaching Earth

Rokiach Othman Khairunisa Muthusamy Mohd Arif Sulaiman Youventharan Duraisamy Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Chong Beng Wei Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Sajjad Ali Mangi Marcin Nabiałek Agata Śliwa

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 627-643 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140663

Keywords strength porosity chloride resistance foamed concrete processed spent bleaching earth

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Abstract

Foamed concrete incorporating processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) produces environmentally friendly foamed concrete. Compressive strength, porosity, and rapid chloride penetration tests were performed to investigate the potential application for building material due to its low density and porous concrete. Laboratory results show that 30% PSBE as cement replacement in foamed concrete produced higher compressive strength. Meanwhile, the porosity of the specimen produced by 30% PSBE was 45% lower than control foamed concrete. The porosity of foamed concrete incorporating PSBE decreases due to the fineness of PSBE that reduces the volume of void space between cement and fine aggregate. It was effectively blocking the pore and enhances the durability. Consistently, the positive effect of incorporating of PSBE has decreased the rapid chloride ion permeability compared to that control foamed concrete. According to ASTM C1202-19 the foamed concrete containing 30% PSBE was considered low moderate permeability based on its charge coulombs value of less than 4000. Besides, the high chloride ion permeability in foamed concrete is because the current quickly passes through the specimen due to its larger air volume. In conclusion, incorporating PSBE in foamed concrete generates an excellent pozzolanic effect, producing more calcium silicate hydrate and denser foamed concrete, making it greater, fewer voids, and higher resistance to chloride penetration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rokiach Othman

1

Khairunisa Muthusamy

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Arif Sulaiman

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Youventharan Duraisamy

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Chong Beng Wei

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sajjad Ali Mangi

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Nabiałek

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agata Śliwa

6

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang,Pahang, Malaysia
Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, University Malayia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs, Sindh 66020, Pakistan
Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa
Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Investigation of the physical and mechanical properties and durability of pervious concrete: a review

Makan Pedram Rahmat Madandoust Mahyar Arabani

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 577-591 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140660

Keywords pervious concrete mechanical properties durability strength porosity permeability

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Abstract

In recent years, the application of pervious concrete (PC) in urban areas has expanded mainly due to its high potential for controlling and guiding surface waters and floods. However, its poor mechanical properties compared to conventional concrete hinder its widespread application and limit it to parking lots, sidewalks, and local streets. Therefore, identifying the parameters effective on PC’s physical and mechanical properties and durability could help resolve its weaknesses and enhance its performance. This review article investigated and discussed the PC’s performance properties and weaknesses and explore the solutions available for improving these properties. Based on a review of the literature, the solutions included the PC’s mix design basic property variations and the incorporation of various additives. The common mixture utilized in most studies contained a water-to-cement ratio of 0.25:0.35, resulting in compressive strength of 7–27 MPa, porosity of 15–35%, and permeability of 0.2–1.22 mm/s.

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Authors and Affiliations

Makan Pedram

1

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Rahmat Madandoust

2

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Mahyar Arabani

2

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Dept. of Civil Eng., Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, I.R.Iran
Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Guilan, Rasht, I.R.Iran

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