W średniowieczu warunki przyrodnicze wpływały na zakładane przez ludzi osiedla. One zaś oddziaływały na krajobraz. W jaki sposób? Odpowiedzi szukano we wczesnośredniowiecznym grodzisku w Santoku.

Ze szczątków jurajskich roślin wydobytych z rdzeni wiertniczych można wyczytać wiele informacji dotyczących środowiska, klimatu oraz dynamiki zmian, jakie następowały w tamtym czasie.

Methane explosions are among the greatest hazards in the Polish coal mining industry and unfortunately continue to cause many catastrophes. The constant growth of the depth of coal exploitation in the conditions of the high concentration of mining causes the increase of absolute methane content and methane seam pressure from the mined seams. This situation directly affects the increase in the level of methane hazard in the underground work environment. It is therefore obvious to undertake intensive research that will allow for the development of appropriate solutions that help to exclude the risk of mining catastrophes resulting from the ignition and/or methane explosion. In addition to the development of methane hazard prevention methods, an indispensable element of this approach is a very accurate identification of the mechanisms of the combustion and explosion of this gas. The article presents the method of investigation and examples of results of methane explosions carried out in the 400 m experimental gallery of the Experimental Mine “Barbara” of the Central Mining Institute – the only large scale underground experimental facility in Europe. A n analysis has been performed of the influence of the methane release into mining workings on the distribution of the gas concentration and on the course of its explosion or combustion. The data collected characterizes thermodynamic phenomena that form the basis for determining the level of the explosion hazard. Large scale studies have also allowed to assess the risk of conditions that are sufficient for the development of a coal dust explosion initiated by methane explosions. The large scale of the experiments and the system of continuous recording of the course of the experiments allowed the specific characteristics of the methane explosion and burning in underground mining workings to be identified and isolated. For the first time, the course of experiments was recorded via a camera system deployed along the gallery.

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences (Bull.Pol. Ac.: Tech.) is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred: Artificial and Computational Intelligence, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Control, Informatics and Robotics, Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Material Science and Nanotechnology, Power Systems and Power Electronics.

Journal Metrics: JCR Impact Factor 2018: 1.361, 5 Year Impact Factor: 1.323, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.319, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 1.005, CiteScore 2017: 1.27, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2017: 25 points.

Abbreviations/Acronym: Journal citation: Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., ISO: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.-Tech. Sci., JCR Abbrev: B POL ACAD SCI-TECH Acronym in the Editorial System: BPASTS.

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences (Bull.Pol. Ac.: Tech.) is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred: Artificial and Computational Intelligence, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Control, Informatics and Robotics, Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Material Science and Nanotechnology, Power Systems and Power Electronics.

Journal Metrics: JCR Impact Factor 2018: 1.361, 5 Year Impact Factor: 1.323, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.319, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 1.005, CiteScore 2017: 1.27, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2017: 25 points.

Abbreviations/Acronym: Journal citation: Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., ISO: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.-Tech. Sci., JCR Abbrev: B POL ACAD SCI-TECH Acronym in the Editorial System: BPASTS.

Naukowcy specjalizują się w coraz węższych dziedzinach i często trudno się zrozumieć fizykowi cząstek elementarnych z fizykiem półprzewodników, a tym bardziej fizykowi z biologiem czy lekarzem. Dlatego prace interdyscyplinarne są trudne. A jednak czasem się udają. Na przykład uczonym z Instytutu Wysokich Ciśnień PAN.

This article explores the beginnings of Polish press studies. The boundaries of the early history of the discipline are fixed by reference to some important events; the period itself is divided into two phases. The first, dominated by mere description, was followed by a second phase characterized by the appearance of aggregate data and more theory-oriented approach. The aim of the article is to recount the research in this field, and to refine and verify some of its elements

Various experiences related to research work, including the less successful ones, are all part of the research process. Awareness of their existence allows to draw conclusions from one’s mistakes and a more responsibly design of a research. This article aims to understand the traps a researcher, exploring intellectual disability, may fall into. As a result of search and reflection, three kinds of traps can be listed: resistance — submission, norm — pathology, correctness — negligence.

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences (Bull.Pol. Ac.: Tech.) is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred: Artificial and Computational Intelligence, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Control, Informatics and Robotics, Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Material Science and Nanotechnology, Power Systems and Power Electronics.

Journal Metrics: JCR Impact Factor 2018: 1.361, 5 Year Impact Factor: 1.323, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.319, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 1.005, CiteScore 2017: 1.27, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2017: 25 points.

Abbreviations/Acronym: Journal citation: Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., ISO: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.-Tech. Sci., JCR Abbrev: B POL ACAD SCI-TECH Acronym in the Editorial System: BPASTS.

Having increasingly tightened geological and mining conditions in which the extraction of copper ore deposits in Poland is conducted, ensuring effective and safe mining is presently becoming a key task and a significant challenge for mine operators, mainly in the field of ground support systems being the equivalent for the new geological/mining conditions. As one may expect, these conditions shall be characterized by higher values of the primary stress tensor elements as well as the lower deformability and higher strength of the rock mass surrounding the copper ore body. T his means that in the near future, the rock bursts problem will become one of the most important issues deciding on the economy and safety within the newly developed mining areas. T herefore developing a novel effective ductile ground support systems which could be able to control the rock mass movement in squeezing and burst-prone rock conditions is recommended. T his type of requirement may fulfil only ductile or, in other words, the kinetic energy-absorbing systems, which permit slowing down a movement of violently ejected rock blocks. T his paper’s objective is to present the idea of the development of a new type of an effective and low cost ductile resin anchored rockbolt system with smooth and of the square cross-section steel rod is formed in coil shape of different pitch. T he developed bolt prototypes have been tested underground in the G-11 section of the Rudna mine. Results of the pull-out tests, involving different bolts’ shapes and different sliding materials set on the rockbolts’ rods, have proved those bolts’ efficiency as an element of the ductile support system.

The analysis of changes in the mechanical properties of wooden mining cribs under the influence of different types of exploitation loads is the question for which deals with many domestic and abroad research centers deal with. High The high interest in this subject results from the increase of the conducted depth exploitation, which contributes to the increase in both the vertical pres-sure and the complexity of geological – mining conditions and in- the intensification of natural hazards. Another reason is the tendency of decreasing the thickness of the exploited ores deposits. Wooden crib support is used Both both in underground ore, hard coal and salt mining is used wooden crib support. Mining cribs with various configurations are especially useful for the reinforcement of excavations workings behind the front and for further strengthen of the crossings. In particular, additional reinforcement support in the form of wooden cribs (pile supporting), which shall be left empty or filled with waste rock is applied in the ore mining in places where found extended rooms or drifts are found or in places with degraded roof conditions, applies additional reinforcement support in the form of wooden cribs (pile supporting), which shall be left empty or filled with waste rock. During underground ex-ploitation is produced waste Waste rock, which comes from the access, prepar-atory excavations and from ongoing field of exploitation is produced during underground exploitation. In the case of the underground exploitation of cop-per ore, waste rock is used to fill voids after exploitation as rock stowing. It is also used for filling mining wooden cribs, as an artificial support and for harder transportation roads. This paper presents the results of the laboratory strength tests performed on models of four-point timber cribs, built with beams set horizontally, at the ge-ometrical scale of 1:10. In the laboratory research Research wooden cribs models with size 200 × 200 × 200 mm and 100 × 100 × 100 mm were used in the laboratory. The paper describes the maximum loading capacity of the cribs consisted consisting only of beams and filled with waste rocks. In addition, a vertical and appropriate strain of cribs at maximum force was shown. On the basis of laboratory research it was found that the use of the same number of timbers and the management of waste rocks, the filling of the four-point cribs with the waste rocks allowed several times to increase its support to be increased several times.

Szyby górnicze stanowią podstawowe znaczenie dla prawidłowego i bezpiecznego funkcjonowania kopalń podziemnych. W związku z tym ich obudowie stawia się wysokie wymagania, które okresowo weryfikowane są odpowiednimi badaniami oraz oceną jej stanu według obowiązujących norm i przepisów. Te z kolei obligują rzeczoznawców do stosowania coraz bardziej zaawansowanych metod pomiarowych, pozwalających w sposób precyzyjny określić rodzaj i wielkość uszkodzeń obudowy szybowej, co ma zasadniczy wpływ na ocenę jej stateczności. W artykule zostały przedstawione nowoczesne, a zarazem optymalne i kompleksowe metody badań obudowy szybów górniczych. Artykuł oprócz prezentacji metod badawczych, zawiera wiele wskazówek praktycznych, wpływających na poprawność wykonywanych badań, a tym samym na adekwatność wyników. W szczególności zostały omówione badania obudowy szybów metodami nieniszczącymi i niszczącymi, ocena makroskopowa obudowy oraz badania laboratoryjne próbek obudowy pobranych z obmurza szybu. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono również na nowoczesne badania deformacji obudowy, z wykorzystaniem skaningu laserowego w technologii 3D oraz metodę grawimetryczną, do określenia stanu górotworu za obudową szybu. Opisane metody badawcze stanowią podstawowy sposób sprawdzania stanu technicznego obudowy szybów górniczych, na podstawie których można stwierdzić, czy szyby mogą bezpiecznie funkcjonować, czy też ich obudowa wymaga naprawy. Prezentowane doświadczenia oparte są na wynikach badań wykonanych przez autora w wielu kopalniach węgla kamiennego podczas badań obudowy kilkudziesięciu szybów górniczych.

The article is devoted to more comprehensive use of medieval onymic resources in research on the history of the Polish language. These materials were used in research on the phonetic development of the Polish language in its earliest period. To date, they have rarely appeared in lexical studies. The body of the oldest appellatives, reconstructed on the basis of proper names, would be a kind of lexicon (supplement) enriching and verifying old Polish lexical material, certifi ed in historical Polish dictionaries (also in etymological dictionaries). In this way, the expectations formulated over 100 years ago by eminent Polish linguists may be fulfi lled. The complementary use of such a huge wealth of material opens up further research perspectives towards etymological, dialectological, lexical and morphological research.

The article presents scientific achievements of Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize Laureates in economic sciences in 2019: Esther Duflo, Abhijit Banerjee, and Michael Kremer. The paper describes their contribution to the research on the sources of poverty in the world and the ways of alleviating it, and their contribution to the development of experimental research in social sciences using randomized control trials (RCT). In this context, the authors explain the reasons for growing popularity of this approach in development economics and discuss its strengths and weaknesses.

W literaturze przedmiotu kobiety świadczące usługi seksualne opisywane są przede wszystkim z dwóch perspektyw: jako bezwolne ofiary, które nie potrafią kierować swoim życiem lub zdecydowanie rzadziej, jako świadome podmioty, podejmujące decyzję o takim sposobie zarobkowania. W artykule te dwie perspektywy zostaną zestawione z doświadczeniami kobiet, które swoje zaangażowanie w usługi seksualne postrzegają w kategoriach zaradności. Zaprezentowane zostaną podtypy zaradności wyróżnione podczas analizy danych. Opisany zostanie także ambiwalentny charakter tak rozumianej zaradności, w której duma z faktu radzenia sobie w życiu splata się nierzadko z poczuciem wstydu i lęku, wynikających ze świadomości negatywnego odbioru społecznego.

Bazę empiryczną artykułu stanowią 52 wywiady swobodne z kobietami świadczącymi usługi seksualne w agencjach towarzyskich, poddane analizie za pomocą procedur metodologii teorii ugruntowanej.

Artykuł dotyczy postaw Polaków wobec demokracji – jej normatywnych wizji i ocen funkcjonowania. Czterolecie 2015–2019 to szczególny okres polskiej demokracji, przez kompetentnych obserwatorów krytycznie traktowany z różnych powodów. Z tego względu praca ma charakter głównie eksploracyjny. Postawiono trzy pytania badawcze: (1) czy determinanty normatywnych wizji demokracji i ocen jej funkcjonowania zmieniły się w omawianym okresie; (2) Jak różne „klasy” demokratów współwystępują z podziałami politycznymi i zróżnicowaniem społecznym; (3) Jaki jest zakres akceptacji autorytarnych wizji demokracji w świadomości Polaków. Wyniki wskazują z jednej strony na identyczny stosunek do ideału demokracji i ogólną ocenę jej funkcjonowania w latach 2015–2019, a zarazem na znaczne różnice w jej determinantach. Miejscami są one oczekiwane i logiczne, bywają też zaskakujące. Obecny poziom satysfakcji z demokracji w znacznej mierze przypisać można właśnie postawom i ocenom, które albo nie odnoszą się do demokracji (‛fałszywa świadomość’), albo są wynikiem entuzjastycznego uniesienia związanego z identyfikacją polityczną badanych.