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Geochemical Groups of Alluvial Sediments of the Lower Course of the Obra River: An Example of Using Cluster Analysis

Marcin Słowik Tadeusz Sobczyński Zygmunt Młynarczyk
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2009 | vol.35 | No 1 | 87-94
Keywords cluster analysis Ward's method alluvial deposits chemical elements Obra River
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Abstract

Research concerning changes or chosen chemical elements concentration in alluvial sediments was conducted in the lower course or the Obra river valley. The analyses of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg and K concentration were done in a fragment or vertical profile, which was characterized by variable lithology. On the basis of statistical analysis (cluster analysis) an attempt was made to distinguish geochemical groups of alluvial sediments of the Obra river valley. Six geochemical groups, which represent reductive conditions within peat deposits, the environment ofllood sediments (inserts of fine sands within peats and sandy silts in the top of the profile) and the environment or river bed sediments (fine sands in the bottom part ofthe profile), were singled out. Results of the study show that it is possible to distinguish the above mentioned depositional environments on the basis of variations of sediments' chemical constitution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Słowik
Tadeusz Sobczyński
Zygmunt Młynarczyk

Acoustic Methods in Identifying Symptoms of Emotional States

Zuzanna Piątek Maciej Kłaczyński
Archives of Acoustics | 2021 | vol. 46 | No 2 | 259-269 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2021.136580
Keywords emotion recognition speech signal processing clustering analysis Sammon mapping
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Abstract

The study investigates the use of speech signal to recognise speakers’ emotional states. The introduction includes the definition and categorization of emotions, including facial expressions, speech and physiological signals. For the purpose of this work, a proprietary resource of emotionally-marked speech recordings was created. The collected recordings come from the media, including live journalistic broadcasts, which show spontaneous emotional reactions to real-time stimuli. For the purpose of signal speech analysis, a specific script was written in Python. Its algorithm includes the parameterization of speech recordings and determination of features correlated with emotional content in speech. After the parametrization process, data clustering was performed to allows for the grouping of feature vectors for speakers into greater collections which imitate specific emotional states. Using the t-Student test for dependent samples, some descriptors were distinguished, which identified significant differences in the values of features between emotional states. Some potential applications for this research were proposed, as well as other development directions for future studies of the topic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Piątek
1
Maciej Kłaczyński
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics, Cracow, Poland

Impact of the heated water discharge on the water quality in a shallow lowland dam reservoir

Jerzy Mazierski Maciej Kostecki
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2021 | vol. 47 | No 2 | 29-46 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2021.137276
Keywords water quality Factor analysis hierarchical cluster analysis multivariate statistical analysis
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Abstract

The purpose of the work was to determine the relationship between the of the water quality parameters in an artificial reservoir used as cooling ponds. Multivariate methods, cluster analysis and factor analysis were applied to analyze eighteen physico-chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, visibility of the Secchi disk, concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus, phosphate, concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chlorides, sulfates and total dissolved salts, pH, chemical oxygen demand and electric conductivity from 2002-2017 to investigated cooling water discharge. Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) allowed identified five different clusters that reflect the different water quality characteristics of the water system. Similar results were obtained in exploratory factor analysis, five factors were obtained with 65.96% total variance. However, confirmatory factor analysis showed that four latent variables: salinity, temperature, eutrophication, and ammonia provide better fit to the data than a five-factor structure. Correlations between latent variables temperature, eutrophication and ammonia show a significant effect of temperature on the transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Mazierski
1
Maciej Kostecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

Regionalisation of watersheds with respect to low flow

Agnieszka Cupak Bogusław Michalec
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 55 | 47-55 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.142303
Keywords cluster analysis low flow regional regression residual pattern approach watershed
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to compare two grouping methods for regionalisation of watersheds, which are similar in respect of low flow and chosen catchments parameters (physiographic and meteorological). In the study, a residual pattern approach and cluster analysis, i.e. Ward’s method, were used. The analysis was conducted for specific low flow discharge q95 (dm3∙s–1∙km–2). In the analysis, 50 catchments, located in the area of the upper and central Vistula River basin, were taken. Daily flows used in the study were monitored from 1976 to 2016. Based on the residual pattern approach (RPA) method, the analysed catchments were classified into two groups, while using the cluster analysis method (Ward’s method) – into five. The predictive performance of the complete regional regression model checked by cross-validation R2cv was 47% and RMSEcv = 0.69 dm3∙s–1∙km–2. The cross validation procedure for the cluster analysis gives a predictive performance equal to 33% and RMSEcv = 0.81 dm3∙s–1∙km–2. Comparing both methods, based on the cross-validated coefficient of determination (R2cv), it was found that the residual pattern approach had a better fit between predicted and observed values. The analysis also showed, that in case of both methods, an overestimation of specific low flow discharge q95 was observed. For the cross-validation method and the RPA method, the PBIAS was –10%. A slightly higher value was obtained for the cross-validation method and models obtained using cluster analysis for which the PBIAS was –13.8%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Cupak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogusław Michalec
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland

Pollen Morphology of Polygala L. (Polygalaceae) from Turkey and its Taxonomic Implications

Emel Oybak Dönmez Zübeyde Uğurlu Aydın Ali A. Dönmez
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica | 2023 | Vol. 65 | No 2 | 6522 | DOI: 10.24425/abcsb.2023.145596
Keywords cluster analysis pollen Polygala principal component analysis taxonomy
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Abstract

Pollen morphology of Polygala taxa from the family Polygalaceae in Turkey is presented in this study. Pollen features of 18 species along with one undescribed species in the section Polygala were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy, 11 of which were studied and defined for the first time. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis were conducted to determine informative palynological characters and to discover similarities among the studied taxa. Based on qualitative and quantitative variables in the phenogram, the studied taxa were divided into three major clusters. Multivariate analyses revealed that apocolpium characters, including a psilate apocolpium, the presence of apocolpial lumens with granules and small depressions with psilate or rugulate walls are the most distinct features for discriminating Polygala taxa. Intraspecific variations in some pollen characters, such as the exine pattern and aperture membrane features, are reported for several taxa. Pollen morphological data obtained in the present study are compared with those from previous studies for a number of species, and the results are evaluated. In addition, the aperture number and its probable significance in the Turkish Polygala are considered for some taxa, with emphasis on their known pollination strategies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Emel Oybak Dönmez
1
Zübeyde Uğurlu Aydın
1
Ali A. Dönmez
1
  1. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey

The qualitative and quantitative structure of the causes of occupational accidents on construction scaffolding

T. Nowobilski B. Hoła
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2019 | Vol. 65 | No 2 | 121-131
Keywords Classification of accidents classification methodology construction scaffolding cluster analysis causes of accidents
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Abstract

The article presents the results of research, the aim of which was to determine the qualitative and quantitative structure of the causes of accidents that were a result of falling from scaffolding. An original methodology for the classification of accidents with regards to their causes was developed and was based on cluster analysis. An example of using the proposed methodology is provided. 187 post-accident protocols of occupational accidents involving construction scaffolding, which occurred between 2010 and 2017 in selected Polish voivodeships, were analyzed. Afterwards, the matrix of accident causes, for which the calculations were made, was created. Five subsets of accidents were obtained and the accidents were classified to a subset with similar causes.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Nowobilski
B. Hoła

Cluster analysis in research of accident rate in construction sector

W. Drozd
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2018 | Vol. 64 | No 3 | 159-172
Keywords construction site work safety accident at work cluster analysis
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Abstract

The construction site and its elements create circumstances that are conducive to the formation of risks to work safety during the execution of works. Analysis indicates the critical importance of these factors in the set of characteristics that describe the causes of accidents in the construction industry. This paper attempts to analyse the characteristics of the construction site to indicate their importance in defining the circumstances of an accident at work. The research was carried out on the basis of data from the register kept by the District Labour Inspectorate in Krakow, Poland. Main substantive tasks include isolating patterns of accidents on site and identifying those of the analysed characteristics that are important in defining these patterns. In terms of methodology, the paper presents a method of analysing data resources by using means of conceptual grouping in the form of cluster analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Drozd

Identification of pollution sources in the Narew River catchment using multivariate statistical methods

Piotr Ofman
Studia Quaternaria | 2022 | vol. 39 | No 1 | 23-30 | DOI: 10.24425/sq.2022.140883
Keywords Narew River catchment pollution sources identification cluster analysis
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Abstract

The aim of the statistical analyses carried out was to identify similarities and to point out differences between the various tributaries of the Narew River, to identify the factors and processes responsible for the transformations occurring in the aquatic environment and finally, to identify the main sources of pollution in the river catchment. For the purposes of statistical analysis, the results of studies conducted as part of diagnostic monitoring by the General Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in 2017–2018 were used. The studies included 8 measurement points located directly on the Narew River and 17 points located on its selected left and right tributaries. Analysis of the collected results indicates that the chemical condition of the water in the Narew catchment is assessed as being poor. This observation may be due to the fact that the Narew catchment is mainly used for agricultural purposes and, in addition, there is a relatively large number of potential anthropogenic sources. As part of the analysis, two potential sources of pollution affecting water quality in the Narew catchment were identified, which include surface run-off and treated wastewater inflow.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Ofman
1
  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Technology in Environmental Engineering,15-351 Białystok, Wiejska 45E Str., Poland

The effect of anthropogenic activities on the spatial distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphate in Lake Maninjau

Puti S. Komala Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini Roselyn I. Kurniati Mhd Fauzi
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2024 | No 60 | 71-78 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2024.149109
Keywords anthropogenic activities cluster analysis dry season Lake Maninjau spatial distribution total nitrogen total phosphate
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Abstract

This study aimed to analyse the effect of anthropogenic activities on the spatial distribution of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate (TP) in Lake Maninjau, Indonesia, during the dry season. Sampling was carried out at ten observation locations representative for various activities around the lake. Cluster analysis and ANOVA were used to classify pollutant sources and observe differences between TN and TP at each site. Concentrations of TN and TP are categorised as oligotrophic-eutrophic. The ANOVA showed spatially that some sampling locations, such as the Tanjung Sani River, floating net cages, and hydropower areas have different TN concentrations. At the same time, TP levels were consistently significantly different across sampling sites. ANOVA and cluster analysis confirmed that floating net cages were the first cluster and the primary contributor to TN and TP. The second and third clusters come from anthropogenic activities around the lake, such as agriculture, settlement, and livestock. The fourth cluster with the lowest TN and TP is the river that receives the anthropogenic activity load but has a high flow velocity. The cluster change analysis needs to be conducted when there are future changes in the composition of floating net cages, agriculture, and settlements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Puti S. Komala
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
1
Roselyn I. Kurniati
2
Mhd Fauzi
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universitas Andalas, Department of Environmental Engineering, 25163, Padang, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Universal, Department of Environmental Engineering, 29432, Batam, Indonesia
  3. Doctoral Student of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia

Nontrivial Variations of Morpho-Anatomical Leaf Traits in Natural South-Eastern Populations of Vaccinium species from Central Balkans

Ivana Bjedov Dragica Obratov-Petković Vera Rakonjac Dragana Skočajić Srđan Bojović Milena Marković Zora Dajić-Stevanović
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica | 2021 | Vol. 63 | No 2 | 7-16 | DOI: 10.24425/abcsb.2021.136700
Keywords analysis of variance climate factors cluster analysis elevational gradient intraspecific and interspecific variability principal component analysis Serbia
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Abstract

Morpho-anatomical characteristics of Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea leaves from several sites of the Central Balkans were examined. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time morpho-anatomical leaf traits of these species in the studied populations and to identify traits that follow a specific trend along the gradients of climate factors. Leaf traits that discriminate Vaccinium species were as follows: depth of the adaxial cuticule (AdC), thickness of the palisade tissue (PT), thickness of the spongy tissue (ST), height of the abaxial epidermal cells (AbE), height of the abaxial cuticule (AbC) and leaf thickness (LT). Populations of V. myrtillus were characterized by the smallest, and populations of V. vitis-idaea by the highest values for AdC, PT, ST, AbE and LT. Additionally, AbC was significantly larger for V. uliginosum in comparison to two other species. On the basis of morpho-anatomical traits, intraspecific variability of the studied species was explored by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). CA based on 10 morpho-anatomical traits showed that populations of V. myrtillus and V. uliginosum that grew at lower altitudes (characterized by higher mean annual temperature) are more similar to each other. Especially V. myrtillus was responsive to the elevational gradient and exhibited the highest plasticity in morpho-anatomical leaf traits. Populations of V. vitis-idaea had a different pattern of differentiation along the elevational gradient. CA showed that the populations at the lowest and at the highest altitudes were more similar according to the morpho-anatomical leaf traits, meaning that evergreen leaves were more resistant to environmental conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ivana Bjedov
1
Dragica Obratov-Petković
1
Vera Rakonjac
2
Dragana Skočajić
1
Srđan Bojović
3
Milena Marković
3
Zora Dajić-Stevanović
3
  1. University of Belgrade – Faculty of Forestry, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
  2. University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade – Zemun, Serbia
  3. Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković“, Bulevar Despota Stefana142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

Evaluation of water treatment plants quality in Basrah Province, by factor and cluster analysis

Zainb A.A. Al Saad Ahmed N.A. Hamdan
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2020 | No 46 | 10-19 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2020.134097
Keywords cluster analysis (CA) factor analysis (FA) multivariate statistics the Shatt Al Arab River water quality water treatment plant
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Abstract

The Shatt Al Arab River (SAAR) is a major source of raw water for most water treatment plants (WTP’s) located along with it in Basrah province. This study aims to determine the effects of different variables on water quality of the SAAR, using multivariate statistical analysis. Seventeen variables were measured in nine WTP’s during 2017, these sites are Al Hussain (1), Awaissan (2), Al Abass (3), Al Garma (4), Mhaigran (5), Al Asmaee (6), Al Jubaila (7), Al Baradia (8), Al Lebani (9). The dataset is treated using principal component analysis (PCA) / factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA) to the most important factors affecting water quality, sources of contamination and the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation. Three factors are responsible for the data structure representing 88.86% of the total variance in the dataset. CA shows three different groups of similarity between the sampling stations, in which station 5 (Mhaigran) is more contami-nated than others, while station 3 (Al Abass) and 6 (Al Asmaee) are less contaminated. Electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are plotted on Richard diagram. It is shown that the samples of water of Mhaigran are locat-ed in the class of C4-S3 of very high salinity and sodium, water samples of Al Abass station, are located in the class of C3-S1 of high salinity and low sodium, and others are located in the class of C4-S2 of high salinity and medium sodium. Generally, the results of most water quality parameters reveal that SAAR is not within the permissible levels of drinking and irrigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zainb A.A. Al Saad
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmed N.A. Hamdan
ORCID: ORCID

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