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Heavy metal content in used engine oils depending on engine type and oil change interval

Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz Grzegorz Zając Artur Wolak
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2021 | vol. 47 | No 2 | 81-94 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2021.137280
Keywords heavy metals lubricating oil analysis waste lubricant oil (WLO)
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the analysis of the content of selected heavy metals in used engine oils collected in car service stations during oil change. The main purpose of the research was to determine the difference in heavy metal content (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd) depending on the engine type and oil change interval. The analysis comprised 80 samples of used engine oils obtained from passenger cars. The content of heavy metals was tested with use of the HDMaxine analyzer, operating on the basis of HDXRF (High-Definition X-Ray Fluorescence). Upon analyzing the differences in the average content of the examined elements, depending on the type of engine, it can be concluded that in oils coming from diesel engines the following elements showed a higher concentration – Cr (three times), Fe (1/3 times ), Ni (two times), Pb (1/2 times), whereas in oils coming from gasoline engines, only the average Cu content was higher (¾ times). Zinc had a comparable level of concentration. The multi-factor analysis of variance showed that in diesel engines the levels of Fe, Cr, Pb and Ni are statistically significantly different than in the reference group of gasoline engines. The study findings suggest that, depending on the engine type, the content of selected heavy metal elements in used oils varies. Therefore, to ensure proper handling of waste oils and reduce environmental risk, selective collection of used oils depending on the engine type may definitely be considered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz
1
Grzegorz Zając
2
Artur Wolak
3
  1. University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
  2. University of Life Sciences in Lublin
  3. Cracow University of Economics, Poland

Effect of BaO and Li2O on Basic Characteristics of Mold Fluxes with Different Basicity

Haichuan Wang Guang-ye Sheng Haijun Wang Hong-meng Liu Ting Wu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 1421-1428 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146208
Keywords mold fluxes lubrication heat transfer
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Abstract

Lubrication and heat transfer control are two significant functions of mold fluxes. In order to coordinate the contradiction between lubrication and heat transfer, the effects of BaO and Li2O on basic characteristics of CaO-SiO2 based mold fluxes were studied by hemispherical melting temperature instrument, rotating cylinder method, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) in present study. The results show that the melting temperature and viscosity at 1300°C all represent a downward trend with BaO and Li2O enhancement at different basicity, and the break temperature decrease with BaO addition while decrease and then increase with Li2O addition, which illustrates that Li2O content should be no more than 0.8 wt% for the purpose of lubrication. Meanwhile, to ensure a sufficient thickness of the liquid slag film and avoid discontinuity of the liquid slag film, the BaO content is better to be 10 wt% with low melting temperature and viscosity. The main crystalline phase in the mold fluxes is cuspidine (3CaO·2SiO2·CaF2), and the crystallization ratio rises sharply when basicity increased to 1.65. For better deal with the contradiction of lubrication and heat transfer, the mold fluxes composition w(BaO) = 10 wt%, w(Li2O) = 0.8 wt%, R ≥1.65 is reasonable, which has a profound impact on high crystallization and lubricity mold fluxes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haichuan Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Guang-ye Sheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haijun Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hong-meng Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ting Wu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Anhui University of Technology, School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui, Ma’anshan, 243032, China
  2. Anhui University of Technology, Key Laborator y of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resource Recycling (Ministry of Education), Anhui,Ma’anshan, 243002, China

Biodegradation of Lubricant Oil in Soil

Ewa Zborowska Jeremi Naumczyk Ewelina Bugryn Renata Wojciechowska
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2006 | vol. 32 | No 1 | 59-72
Keywords enzymatic activity lubricant oil biodegradation active biomass non-polar compounds
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Abstract

Exploited lubricants are dangerous contaminants because of their toxicity and low biodegradability. In this study, microbial culture active in exploited lubricant oil Mobil I was isolated and inoculated to sandy soil containing 0.5 g of contaminant per 100 g of dry soil. Microorganisms were used as free cells and immobilizate on wood chips, soil was also properly supplied with water and nutrients. The bioaugumantation seems to enhance biodegradation process. After 5 months, 93% of non-polar compounds were eliminated from soil containing immobilized biomass. Comparatively, in non-treated soil (control system) the contaminant elimination was at the level of 47%. Bacterial number in treated and non-treated soil was similar for about 3 months; however enzymatic activity (dehydrogenascs and hydrolascs) in control soil was much lower. Finally, after 5 months of treatment the content of bacteria active in contaminant decomposition in inoculated soil was 100-fold higher than in control system. Presumably, the main reason of low remediation results in non-treated soil seems to be low enzymatic activity of the biomass.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Zborowska
Jeremi Naumczyk
Ewelina Bugryn
Renata Wojciechowska

Development of Admixed Lubricant for Warm Die and Warm Compaction of High-Density PM Iron

Min Chul Oh Byungmin Ahn
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 679-682 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136360
Keywords powder metallurgy lubricants ejection pressure warm die warm compaction
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Abstract

The objective of the present research is to develop new admixed lubricants which can be used for high-density sintered iron when processed using warm die and warm compaction. Depending on various lubricants, the effect of compaction temperature on the ejection behavior and sintered properties was studied. Lubricants were prepared by mixing of Zn-stearate and ethylene bis stearamide (EBS) in various compositions. The iron powders blended with lubricants were compacted under the pressure of 700 MPa at various temperatures. The green compacts were sintered at 1120°C for 30 min. Microstructure, density, hardness, and transverse rupture strength of sintered materials with different lubricants were investigated in detail.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Chul Oh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, 206 WORLDCUP-RO, SUWON, Gyeonggi, 16499, Korea
  2. AI & Mechanical System Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, 175-28 GOAN-RO 51 BEON-GIL, Yyongin, Gyeonggi, 17180, Korea

Effect of lubricant compressibility and variable viscosity on the performance of three-lobe journal bearing

Mushrek A. Mahdi Basim Ajeel Abbas
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 69 | No 2 | 203-219 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2022.140412
Keywords hydrodynamic lubrication journal bearings compressibility effect variable viscosity
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Abstract

Different configurations of journal bearings have been extensively used in turbomachinery and power generating equipment. Three-lobe bearing is used due to its lower film temperature and stable operation. In this study, static performance of such a bearing has been investigated at different eccentricity ratios considering lubricant compressibility and variable viscosity. The effect of variable viscosity was considered by taking the viscosity as a function of the oil film thickness while Dowson model is used to consider the effect of lubricant compressibility. The effect of such parameters was considered to compute the oil film pressure, load-carrying capacity, attitude angle and oil side leakage for a bearing working at (ε from 0.6 to 0.8) and (viscosity coefficient from 0 to 1). The mathematical model as well as the computer program prepared to solve the governing equations were validated by comparing the pressure distribution obtained in the present work with that obtained by EL-Said et al. A good agreement between the results has been observed with maximum deviation of 3%. The obtained results indicate a decrease in oil film pressure and load-carrying capacity with the higher values of viscosity coefficient while the oil compressibility has a little effect on such parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mushrek A. Mahdi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Basim Ajeel Abbas
2
  1. University of Babylon, College of Engineering/Al-Musayab, Automobile Engineering Department, Babylon, Iraq
  2. University of Babylon, College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Babylon, Iraq

Examination of the Force Parameters in Drawing Process of CuZn39Pb3 Cast Rod using Selected Lubricants

Michał Jabłoński
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 99-104 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146684
Keywords Plastic working mechanical properties Lubricant coefficient of friction CuZn39Pb3 cast rod
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the wire drawing process of wire brass using different deformation degree and using selected lubricants of different viscosity. The material used for the study was CuZn39Pb3 wire, which was obtained under laboratory horizontal continuous casting process using graphite crystallizer. A cast brass rod with a diameter of 9.4 mm was drawn in laboratory conditions to a diameter of 3 mm and then drawn in one operation to a diameter of 2.9 mm, 2.65 mm or 2.4 mm. Before the final deformation process, the wire surfaces were properly prepared. Based on the results obtained, the drawing tension was used to draw conclusions. The oxide surface has been shown to increase drawing tension and decrease quality of wires, while the surface that has been etched prior to deformation has a beneficial effect both on the reduction of the strength parameters of the drawing process as well as on the improvement of its quality. In addition, it has been shown that despite the emulsion has lowest dynamic viscosity that’s protect wire surface well, decrease the drawing force at high unit loads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jabłoński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Effect of Operating Conditions on the Tribological Behavior of Zn-30Al-3Cu Bearing Alloy

Temel Savaşkan Hasan Onur Tan
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 607-616 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.142441
Keywords Zn-30Al-3Cu alloy Sliding friction Lubricated wear Running condition-wear property relationship
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Abstract

To determine the relationships between operating conditions and tribological properties of Zn-30Al-3Cu alloy, its wear characteristics were investigated at wide ranges of oil flow rate, pressure and sliding velocity using a block-on-disk type test apparatus. The results are compared to those of SAE 660 leaded bearing bronze. Wear loss of these materials increased with sliding distance, pressure and sliding velocity, but decreased slightly with oil flow rate. The relationships between operating conditions and lubricated wear properties of Zn-30Al-3Cu alloy were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the experimental data. Lubricated wear behavior of the zinc-based alloy was discussed in terms its microstructure and mechanical properties, and test conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Temel Savaşkan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hasan Onur Tan
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Haliç University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 34060 Eyüpsultan, Istanbul, Turkey
  2. Giresun University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 28200, Giresun, Turkey

Vibration control of rotors mounted in hydrodynamic bearings lubricated with magnetically sensitive oil by changing their load capacity

Jaroslav Zapoměl Petr Ferfecki
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e137988 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137988
Keywords magnetically sensitive lubricant controllable hydrodynamic bearings controllable load capacity rigid rotors
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Abstract

Rotors of rotating machines are often mounted in hydrodynamic bearings. Loading alternating between the idling and full load magnitudes leads to the rotor journal eccentricity variation in the bearing gap. To avoid taking undesirable operating regimes, its magnitude must be kept in a certain interval. This is offered by the hydrodynamic bearings lubricated with smart oils, the viscosity of which can be changed by the action of a magnetic field. A new design of a hydrodynamic bearing lubricated with magnetically sensitive composite fluid is presented in this paper. Generated in the electric coil, the magnetic flux passes through the bearing housing and the lubricant layer and then returns to the coil core. The action of the magnetic field on the lubricant affects the apparent fluid viscosity and thus the position of the rotor journal in the bearing gap. The developed mathematical model of the bearing is based on applying the Reynolds equation adapted for the case of lubricants exhibiting the yielding shear stress. The results of the performed simulations confirmed that the change of magnetic induction makes it possible to change the bearing load capacity and thus to keep the rotor journal eccentricity in the required range. The extent of control has its limitations. A high increase in the loading capacity can arrive at the rotor forced vibration’s loss of stability and induce large amplitude oscillation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jaroslav Zapoměl
1 2
Petr Ferfecki
1 3
  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
  2. Department of Dynamics and Vibration, Institute of Thermomechanics, Prague, Czech Republic
  3. IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Center, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Effect of Die Wall Lubrication on High Velocity Compaction Behavior and Sintering Properties of Fe-Based PM Alloy

Zili Liu Dong Li Xiqin Liu Haohao Li Xin Huang Zhihao Tang Yuwen Zou
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 2 | 677-684 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.132806
Keywords High velocity compaction die wall lubrication green density impact force cold welding
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Abstract

Fe-based PM alloy powder of Fe-2.5Ni-0.5Mo-2Cu-0.4C was pressed by high velocity compaction combined with die wall lubrication, and the effect of die wall lubrication on high velocity compaction behavior and sintering properties of the Fe-based PM alloy were studied. The results indicate that the impact force, green density, sintered density of samples increase with the augment of the impact velocity and die wall lubrication. Compared with that without die wall lubrication, the green density and sintered density of the sample with die wall lubrication are about 0.07-0.12 g/cm3 and 0.08~0.11 g/cm3 higher at the same impact velocity, respectively, while the ejection force of the die wall lubricated sample is much smaller, and reduced about 26%~36%. The green compact with die wall lubrication has much fewer porosity than that without die wall lubrication, and more mechanical bonding and cold welding regions are observed. The sintered samples mainly consists of gray pearlite and white ferrite, and more pearlite is observed in the sintered sample with die wall lubrication.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zili Liu
Dong Li
Xiqin Liu
Haohao Li
Xin Huang
Zhihao Tang
Yuwen Zou

Analysis of high-speed angular ball bearing lubrication based on bi-directional fluid-solid coupling

Bowen Jiao Qiang Bian Xinghong Wang Chunjiang Zhao Ming Chen Xiangyun Zhang
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 531-551 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2023.148698
Keywords angular contact ball bearings fluid-structure-interaction bi-directional coupling lubrication
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Abstract

The lubrication of angular contact ball bearings under high-speed motion conditions is particularly important to the working performance of rolling bearings. Combining the contact characteristics of fluid domain and solid domain, a lubrication calculation model for angular contact ball bearings is established based on the RNG k-ε method. The pressure and velocity characteristics of the bearing basin under the conditions of rotational speed, number of balls and lubricant parameters are analyzed, and the lubrication conditions and dynamics of the angular contact ball bearings under different working conditions are obtained. The results show that the lubricant film pressure will rise with increasing speed and viscosity of the lubricant. The number of balls affects the pressure and velocity distribution of the flow field inside the bearing but has a small effect on the values of the characteristic parameters of the bearing flow field. The established CFD model provides a new approach to study the effect of fluid flow on bearing performance in angular contact ball bearings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bowen Jiao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qiang Bian
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xinghong Wang
1
Chunjiang Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ming Chen
1
Xiangyun Zhang
2
  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
  2. Luoyang Bearing Research Institute Co., Ltd, Luoyang, China

Effect of surface roughness on steady performance of hydrostatic thrust bearings: Rabinowitsch fluids

Udaya P. Singh
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 147-164 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2021.137045
Keywords hydrostatic lubrication pressurized bearings thrust bearings surface roughness cubic stress fluids
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Abstract

The present theoretical study is concerned with the analysis of surface roughness effects on the steady-state performance of stepped circular hydrostatic thrust bearings lubricated with non-Newtonian fluids: Rabinowitsch fluid model. To take the effects of surface roughness into account, Christensen’s theory for rough surfaces has been adopted. The expression for pressure gradient has been derived in stochastic form employing the energy integral approach. Results for stochastic film pressure and load-carrying capacity have been plotted and analyzed based on numerical results. Due to surface roughness, significant variations in the theoretical results of these properties have been observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Udaya P. Singh
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rajkiya Engineering College, Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India

Estimation of random bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for joints with phospholipid bilayers

Krzysztof Wierzcholski Andrzej Miszczak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | No. 1 | e135834 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.135834
Keywords human joint estimation of lubrication parameters phospholipid bilayer analytical stochastic principles and solutions apparent viscosity dependent on gap height random variations
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Abstract

This paper presents a new form of a mathematical estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for real human joint surfaces with phospholipid bilayers. In this work, the authors present the analytical and stochastic considerations, which are based on the measurements of human joint surfaces. The gap is restricted between two cooperating biological surfaces. After numerous experimental measurements, it directly follows that the random symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical increments and decrements of the gap height in human joints influence the hydrodynamic pressure, load-carrying capacity, friction forces, and wear of the cooperating cartilage surfaces in human joints. The main focus of the paper was to demonstrate the influence of variations in the expected values and standard deviation of human joint gap height on the hydrodynamic lubrication parameters occurring in the human joint. It is very important to notice that the new form of apparent dynamic viscosity of synovial fluid formulated by the authors depends on ultra-thin gap height variations. Moreover, evident connection was observed between the apparent dynamic viscosity and the properties of cartilage surface coated by phospholipid cells. The above observations indicate an indirect impact of stochastic changes in the height of the gap and the indirect impact of random changes in the properties of the joint surface coated with the phospholipid layers, on the value of hydrodynamic pressure, load carrying capacity and friction forces. In this paper the authors present a synthetic, comprehensive estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for the cooperating, rotational cartilage bio-surfaces with phospholipid bilayers occurring in human joints. The new results presented in this paper were obtained taking into account 3D variations in the dynamic viscosity of synovial fluid, particularly random variations crosswise the film thickness for non-Newtonian synovial fluid properties. According to the authors’ knowledge, the obtained results are widely applicable in spatiotemporal models in biology and health science.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Wierzcholski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Miszczak
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. WSG University of Economy in Bydgoszcz, ul. Garbary 2, 85-229 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2. Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81/87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

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