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Sanitation of Wastewater Sludge with Mineral Wastes as Metals Speciation Forms

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2000 | vol. 26 | No 3 | 29-42
Keywords sludges sanitation mineral wastes metals spetiation forms
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Abstract

Despite many technological possibilities, proper sanitation of sludge creates problems to their natural use. Thus, new solutions are still being looked for. Liming is one of the methods for sludge sanitation, however, rather expensive one. Seeking the substitute of high calcium content and non-toxic for environment has led to investigations on the application of mineral wastes - ashes from semi-dry sulfur removal from flue gases in the "Opole" power plant for sludge sanitation purposes. Ash was mixed with sludge in various proportions. After 3 days, the microbiological exams of the mixtures were carried out. The investigation data proved the performed sanitation effective and confirmed microbiological usability of the sludge for a natural use. The total contents of heavy metals and their distribution between particular fractions were determined in the sludge mixtures with mineral waste and in reference samples (i.e. sludge and mineral waste). No significant changes of metals proportion bound with biogenie fractions (fractions I- II) after addition of the mineral wastes to sludge were observed. Cadmium, zinc and partially chrome are bound with the iron and manganese oxides fraction (fraction III) which is sensitive to the redox potential changes. No significant change of contents was observed with the increase in a contribution of sludge or mineral waste. In all samples of the organic fraction (fraction IV) chrome and copper are bound in the highest amounts, and in the residue fraction (fraction V) cadmium, nickel and lead are bound, mainly. The investigation has showed that addition of optional proportions of sludge and mineral wastes mixtures into soil did not result in increase in heavy metals hazard. The investigation of the metals speciation in sludge and their mixtures with the mineral wastes showed similar metals distribution in individual fractions. The most hazardous elements for soil, water and plants such as lead, chrome, nickel, cadmium and zinc are bound in slightly soluble fractions and thus are hardly available to the ecosystem.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
ORCID: ORCID

The use of waste in cement production in Poland – the move towards sustainable development

Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk Eugeniusz Mokrzycki
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 67-81 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142791
Keywords case study cement industry alternative fuels mineral waste industrial symbiosis
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Abstract

The cement industry has been using waste as a raw material for many years. Waste is also used as alternative fuel. Cement plants are an important element of the waste management system and fit the idea of a circular economy. When waste is recovered in the cement production process, direct and indirect CO 2 emissions are partially avoided. This article discusses the cement industry in Poland. The current situation in terms of the use of alternative fuels and raw materials in Poland, the different types of waste and the amount of waste used is discussed. The article discusses changes in the amount of waste (the increase in the amount of waste used as raw materials from the year 2006 to the year 2019) and the types of waste recovered in the cement production process and the possibility of closing material cycles on the plant scale (recycling to the primary process – cement kiln dust) and industry (using waste from other industries: metallurgy – granulated blast furnace slag, iron bearings; energy production – fly ash, reagypsum/phosphogypsum, fluidized bed combustion fly ash, and fluidized bed combustion bottom ash; wastewater treatment plants – sewage sludge, etc.). The analysis shows that the role of cement plants in waste management and the circular economy in Poland is important. Industrial waste from metallurgy, power plants, heat and power plants, wastewater treatment plants, and municipal waste is used as the raw material for the cement industry, leading to an industrial symbiosis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eugeniusz Mokrzycki
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Kraków, Poland
  2. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Procedures leading to acquirement of mineral raw materials from anthropogenic deposits

Ryszard Uberman
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2021 | vol. 37 | No 3 | 101-110 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2021.138661
Keywords mineral waste anthropogenic mineral deposits mineral resources mineral recycled raw materials legal regulations and procedures
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Abstract

An importance of secondary mineral raw materials sources for economy was demonstrated as well as sources of its acquirement were outlined. Various aspects of waste use in economy were discussed, underlining importance of waste removal for improvement of environment. A related legal framework in Poland and European Union was outlined. Results of already carried works in research and stocktaking of mineral waste accumulations in Poland were reminded. Legal procedures aiming at exploitation of mineral waste deposits formally defined and similar facilities falling outside definition of mineral waste deposits were discussed. It was evidenced that a gap in the legal framework exists, regarding particularity of waste acquirement from anthropogenic mineral deposits. Consequently, a need to require a preparation of equivalent of a resource report, feasibility study and a plan defining exploitation and conversion modes for material lifted from waste accumulations was demonstrated.
For the sake of a clear terminology applied it was recommended to incorporate terms of “anthropogenic mineral resources” and “anthropogenic mineral deposit” as an appropriate adjustment to the existing regulation. A need to intensify stocktaking efforts on mineral waste accumulations in Poland was emphasized. It was also suggested that its results should be recognized in the Balance of Mineral Resources and State Resource Policy.
In summary a recommended legal framework to regulate acquirement of mineral waste, recognizing particularities of such processes, was presented.
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Bibliography

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Uberman, Ry. 2021. Mineral waste in light of the provisions of the Act on waste, the Act on extractive waste, and the Geological and mining law. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management 37(1), pp. 117–140.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Uberman
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Mineral waste in light of the provisions of the Act on waste, the Act on extractive waste, and the Geological and mining

Ryszard Uberman
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2021 | vol. 37 | No 1 | 117-140 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2021.136291
Keywords mineral resources mineral raw materials mineral waste waste from extractive industry terminology and classifications legal regulations mining and processing of raw materials
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Abstract

A systematic increase in the demand for mineral raw materials combined with the difficulty of obtaining them from primary sources, made it necessary to use secondary ones including mineral waste. The effectiveness of the management of mineral waste stored in landfills and from current production depends on many factors. The most important ones include the legal regulations of this activity and the technical and organizational determinants of deposit exploitation, processing, and refining of minerals.
The paper analyzes the current waste (including mining waste) management regulations. The technological discrepancies in these regulations, as well as missing or inaccurate classifications, were demonstrated. The interchangeable use of notions: mining/mine and extractive/extraction is a primary source of problems. It also has to be noted that accompanying and joint minerals are not defined in appropriate legislation. Attention was also paid to the omission of important issues in these regulations, e.g. product structure, construction of anthropogenic deposits, etc. It was emphasized and demonstrated with examples that the comprehensive and rational exploitation of mineral deposits, combined with processing and refining of mineral raw materials is an effective way of using mineral waste. The obtained results allowed for formulating proposals regarding legal provisions regulating waste management and the recommendation of technical and organizational solutions for the activities of mining, processing, and refining of mineral raw materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Uberman
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

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