Volatility persistence is a stylized statistical property of financial time-series data such as exchange rates and stock returns. The purpose of this letter is to investigate the relationship between volatility persistence and predictability of squared returns.
Ability of five strains of Trichoderma pseudokoningii (antagonists) to suppress radial growth of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (= Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) was examined in vitro These were T. pseudokoningii strai n1 (IMI 380933), strain 2 (IMI 380937), strain 3 (IMI 3809 39), strain 4 (IMI 380940) a nd strain 5 (IMI 380941). Each strain was paired with pathogen by inoculating at opposite ends of 9 cm petri plates using three pairing methods. Gradings were assigned to varied growth inhibition of pathogen by antagonists and analysed using GLM procedure (SAS). Growth suppression of F. verticillioides by all strains of T. pseudokoningii was significantly different (R2 = 0.98, p = 0.05) from control in all pairing methods. It differed significantly (p > 0.0003) among the strains in all pairing methods. Growth suppression also differed significantly among (p>0.0001) and within (p > 0.018) pairing methods. Growth suppression was best when antagonists were inoculated before pathogen. Suppression mechanisms include mycoparasitism and competition for space and nutrients. T. pseudokoningii strains 3 and 4 had the best (p = 0.05) growth suppression of F. verticillioides and could be used as biocontrol agents for endophytic F. verticillioides in maize plant. This experiment was conducted in the search for resedent microorganisms that might be capable of checking F. verticillioides within maize plant by competitive exclusion in subsequent experiment.
Dynamic Mine disasters can be induced by the instability and failure of a composite structure of rock and coal layers during coal mining. Coal seam contains many native defects, severely affecting the instability and failure of the compound structure. In this study, the effects of coal persistent joint on the strength and failure characteristics of coal-rock composite samples were evaluated using PFC2D software. The results show that with the increase of included angle α between the loading direction and joint plane direction, the uniaxial compressive stress (UCS) and peak strain of composite samples first decrease and then gradually increase. The elastic moduli of composite samples do not change obviously with α. The peak strain at α of 45° is the lowest, and the UCS at α of 30° is the smallest. This is inconsistent with theoretical analysis of lowest UCS at α of 45°. This is because that the local stress concentration caused by the motion inconformity of composite samples may increase the average axial stress of upper wall in PFC2D software. Moreover, the coal persistent joint promotes the transformation from the unstable crack expansion to the macro-instability of composite samples, especially at α of 30° and 45°. The majority of failures for composite samples occur within the coal, and no obvious damage is observed in rock. Their failure modes are shear failure crossing or along the coal persistent joint. The failure of composite sample at α of 30° is a mixed failure, including the shear failure along the persistent joint in coal and tensile failure of rock induced by the propagation of coal persistent joint.