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Bioreactor study of the metabolic repertoire and morphology of actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970 under various initial concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources

Marcin Bizukojć Anna Ścigaczewska Tomasz Boruta Agnieszka Ruda Aleksandra Kawka

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e56 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2023.147414

Keywords actinomycetes batch bioreactor secondary metabolites Streptomyces rimosus microbial morphology

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Abstract

This work aims at investigating the influence of the initial concentrations of carbon (glucose) and organic nitrogen (yeast extract) sources on Streptomyces rimosus ATCC10970 secondary metabolism in the stirred tank bioreactors. Additionally, glucose utilisation, biomass formation, pH, redox potential and dissolved oxygen levels, and the morphological development of S. rimosus pseudomycelium were studied. Eighteen secondary metabolites were detected by mass spectrometry and identified with the use of the authentic standard, or putatively with the use of literature and database of secondary metabolites. Varied initial yeast extract concentration acted much stronger on the formation of secondary metabolites than glucose did. For example, oxytetracycline was not biosynthesised at high yeast extract concentration while the formation of three other metabolites was enhanced under these conditions. In the case of glucose its increasing initial concentration led to higher secondary metabolite levels with the exception of an unnamed angucycline. High initial yeast extract concentration also drastically changed S. rimosus pseudomycelial morphology from the pelleted to the dispersed one. Ultimately, the cultivation media with the varied initial levels of carbon and nitrogen sources were proved to have the marked effect on S. rimosus secondary metabolism and to be the simplest way to either induce or block the formation of the selected secondary metabolites.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Bizukojć

1

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ORCID:

Anna Ścigaczewska

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Tomasz Boruta

1

e-mail:

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Agnieszka Ruda

1

Aleksandra Kawka

1

Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering,Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wólczańska 213, 93-005 Łódź, Poland

Study of starch hydrolysis by α–amylasefrom porcine pancreas with deactivation of enzyme

Justyna Miłek Ireneusz Grubecki Wirginia Tomczak

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e57 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.148551

Keywords α–amylase from porcine pancreas starch hydrolysis activation energy deactivation energy

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Abstract

The demand of energy and the search for alternative energy sources are the reason why scientists are interested in starch hydrolysis. The aim of the work was to experimental study of the hydrolysis of starch by α–amylase from porcine pancreas with α–amylase deactivation. Based on the experiments data, the parameters of starch hydrolysis by α– amylase with deactivation of enzyme was estimated. A mathematical model of temperature impact on the activity of α–amylase from porcine pancreas was used. It has been estimated that the activation energy E_a and the deactivation energy E_d were equal to 66 ± 4 kJ/mol and 161 ± 12 kJ/mol, respectively. Additionally, specific constant of starch hydrolysis k ₀ and specific constant of α–amylase deactivation k _d0 were calculated. The optimum temperature T_opt equal to 318 ± 0.5 K was obtained from mathematical model. The obtained values of E_a, E_d, k ₀ and k _d0 parameters were used to the model starch hydrolysis by α–amylase from porcine pancreas at 310 K and 333 K.

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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Miłek

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Ireneusz Grubecki

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Wirginia Tomczak

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ORCID:

Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Semianryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

Algal biochar in dairy wastewater treatment

Karolina Dziosa Monika Makowska

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e58 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.148552

Keywords algae biomass biochar dairy wastewater Chlorella sp. sorption

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Abstract

The article presents a novel solution based on dairy wastewater sorption on a biochar substrate obtained through thermal decomposition of Chlorella sp. algae biomass. The algal biomass obtained in the culture medium containing wastewater from dairy production was separated from the culture medium through sedimentation and centrifugation and then freeze-dried. After freeze-drying, the dry biomass was pyrolysed at 600 °C in a CO ₂ atmosphere.The EDS analysis showed that the oxygen-tocarbon (O/C) and nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios in the obtained material averaged 0.24 and 0.54 respectively. The arrangement and structure of the obtained biochar was evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The observed spectra revealed the presence of D bands located at 1346–1354 cm ^-1 and corresponding to disordered carbon structures, as well as G bands located at 1585–1594 cm ^-1 and corresponding to tensile vibrations. The D/G intensity ratio was determined at 0.28. The next phase of the research involved sorption of dairy wastewater from cleaning processes containing 1 g of the obtained biochar using solid phase extraction. The study results confirmed high sorption efficiency of the obtained algal biochar. Turbidity was reduced by 93%, suspension by 88%, sulphates by 61%, chlorides by 80%, and organic carbon by 17%. The research confirmed the possibility of using wastewater from dairy production as a natural culture medium for Chlorella sp. algae cultivation to manufacture valuable biochar, which could be used as a sorption bed in the treatment of dairy wastewater from cleaning processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Dziosa

1

Monika Makowska

1

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Sustainable Technologies, Bioeconomy andEcoinnovation Centre, Pułaskiego 6/10, 26-660 Radom, Poland

From 3G biofuels to high value-added bioproducts

Stanisław Ledakowicz Anna Antecka Pawel Gluszcz Anna Klepacz-Smolka Damian Pietrzyk Rafal Szelag Radoslaw Slezak Maurycy Daroch

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e59 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.148553

Keywords microalgae biorefinery biofuels value-added products phycocyanin

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Abstract

The paper focused on the co-production of high-value-added product thermostable C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and biomass, further utilized in pyrolysis. The photobiosynthesis of CPC was carried out by the thermophilic cyanobacteria Synechococcus PCC6715 cultivated in the helical and flat panel photobioreactors (PBR). Despite the application of different inorganic carbon sources, both PBRs were characterized by the same growth efficiency and similar C-PC concentration in biomass. To release the intracellular C-PC the biomass was concentrated and disintegrated by the freeze-thaw method. The crude C-PC was then further purified by foam fractionation (FF), aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE), membrane techniques (UF) and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Each of the tested methods can be used separately; however, from a practical and economic point of view, a three-stage purification system (FF, FPLC and UF) was proposed. The purity ratio of the final C-PC was about 3.9, which allows it to be classified as a reactive grade. To improve the profitability of 3G biorefinery, the solid biomass residue was used as a substrate to pyrolysis process, which leads to production of additional chemicals in the form of oils, gas (containing e.g. H ₂) and biochar.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Ledakowicz

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e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Antecka

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e-mail:

ORCID:

Pawel Gluszcz

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e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Klepacz-Smolka

1

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ORCID:

Damian Pietrzyk

1

Rafal Szelag

1

Radoslaw Slezak

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Maurycy Daroch

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ORCID:

Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China

Isolation and characterization of new bacterial 1 strains degrading low-density polyethylene

Elżbieta Szczyrba Tetiana Pokynbroda Nataliia Koretska Agnieszka Gąszczak

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e60 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.148554

Keywords LDPE biodegradation bacterial isolates FTIR SEM

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Abstract

Plastics have become indispensable in everyday life due to their properties. For this reason, the accumulation of polymer waste in the natural environment is becoming a serious global problem. The aim of the research was to isolate microorganisms capable of biodegrading plastics. The studies focused on the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene as the most common polymer. Seven and five bacterial strains were isolated from the landfill and compost, respectively. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates were determined. These isolates were able to survive in an environment where the only carbon source was LDPE, but no increase in biomass was obtained. However, analysis of the spectra obtained by the ATR-FTIR method showed the formation of chemical changes on the polymer surface. Bacterial biofilm formation was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The toxicity of plastic biodegradation products in a liquid environment was tested and their safety for plants was confirmed. However, these biodegradation products have acute lethal toxicity for the Daphnia magna.
LDPE films were pre-treated with H ₂O ₂, HNO ₃, or heat. The biodegradation of HNO ₃-treated LDPE by isolated bacteria was the most significant. The weight loss was approximately 8%, and 6%, for landfill and compost-isolated bacterial strains, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Szczyrba

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ORCID:

Tetiana Pokynbroda

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Nataliia Koretska

2

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ORCID:

Agnieszka Gąszczak

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Instytut Inżynierii Chemicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk, ul. Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels of the Institute of Physical-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry named after L.M. Lytvynenko of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Naukova str, 79060, Lviv, Ukraine

The potential of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 for phenol degradation under exposure to heavy metal

Agnieszka Gąszczak Elżbieta Szczyrba Anna Szczotka

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e64 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149459

Keywords phenol heavy metal biodegradation kinetic equations synergism

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Abstract

The large diversity of chemical substances present in air, water, or soil makes it necessary tostudy their mutual impact on the effectiveness of microbiological decomposition ofcontaminants. This publication presents the results of the studies aimed at evaluating the effect of two biogenic heavy metals - zinc and copper - on the phenol biodegradation by the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain. The tests were carried out for concentrations ofmetals significantly exceeding the legally permitted wastewater values: for zinc up to13.3 g·m ^-3, and copper up to 3.33 g·m ^-3. In the tested metal concentration range, phenol biodegradation by the S. maltophilia KB2 strain was not significantly influenced by theintroduced dose of zinc. While the presence of copper inhibited both biomass growth andsubstrate degradation. Kinetic data of metal and phenol mixtures were analyzed and very goodcorrelations were obtained for the proposed equations. An equation consistents with the Hanand Levenspiel model was proposed for the system S. maltophilia KB2-phenol-copper, whilean equation consistents with the Kai model for the system St. maltophilia KB2-phenol-zinc. The simultaneous presence of Zn and Cu ions in the culture resulted in a stronger inhibition ofphenol biodegradation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gąszczak

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Elżbieta Szczyrba

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Anna Szczotka

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Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

UAS and a virtual environment as possible response tools to the incidents involving uncontrolled release of dangerous gases – a case study

Anna Rabajczyk Jacek Zboina Maria Zielecka Radosław Fellner Piotr Kaczmarzyk Dariusz Pietrzela Grzegorz Zawistowski

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e65 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149460

Keywords unmanned aerial system (UAS) Ammonia emergency situations ALOHA

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Abstract

Various types of events and emergency situations have a significant impact on the safety of people and the environment. This especially refers to the incidents involving the emission of pollutants, such as ammonia, into the atmosphere. The article presents the concept of combining unmanned aerial vehicles with contamination plume modelling. Such a solution allows for mapping negative effects of ammonia release caused by the damage to a tank (with set parameters) during its transport as well as by the point leakage (such as unsealing in the installation). Simulation based on the ALOHA model makes it possible to indicate the direction of pollution spread and constitutes the basis for taking action. And, the use of a drone allows to control contamination in real time and verify the probability of a threat occurring in a given area.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Rabajczyk

1

Jacek Zboina

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Maria Zielecka

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Radosław Fellner

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Piotr Kaczmarzyk

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Dariusz Pietrzela

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Grzegorz Zawistowski

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Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection, National Research Institute, Nadwiślańska 213, 05-420 Józefów, Poland
Fire University of Warsaw, Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland

The influence of inoculum source and pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in the dark fermentation process

Marlena Domińska Katarzyna Paździor Radosław Ślęzak Stanisław Ledakowicz

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e63 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149458

Keywords dark fermentation hydrogen inoculum pretreatment food waste

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Abstract

The production of biohydrogen from food waste (FW) by dark fermentation (DF) is a promising technology for commercialisation, as it is both a clean fuel and a suitable means of sustainable waste management. The described experiments compared the biohydrogen production yields obtained after the use of inoculum from two different sources: digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lodz and sludge from the anaerobic treatment of dairy industry wastewater (DIW) (unconcentrated and double-concentrated). In addition, the effect of different temperatures (70, 90 and 121°C) of inoculum pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in DF was tested. The process was carried out batchwise at 37°C. The highest yield of hydrogen production was obtained after the inoculum pretreatment at 70°C. In addition, a higher amount of hydrogen could be obtained by using sludge from the WWTP as the inoculum (96 cm3 H2/gTVSFW) than unthickened sludge from the DIW (85 cm ³ H ₂/g _TVSFW). However, after thickening the sludge from the dairy industry, and at the same time balancing the dry matter of both sludges, the hydrogen production potential was comparable for bothsludges (for the WWTP sludge – 96 and for the DIW sludge – 93 cm ³ H ₂/g _TVSFW). The kinetics of hydrogen production was described by modified Gompertz equation, which showed a good fit (determination coefficient R2 between 0.909 and 0.999) to the experimental data.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marlena Domińska

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e-mail:

ORCID:

Katarzyna Paździor

1

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Radosław Ślęzak

1

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Stanisław Ledakowicz

1

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ORCID:

Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

Separation and purification of phycobiliproteins from Thermosynechococcus PCC 6715 by foam fractionation and aqueous twophase extraction

Anna Antecka Rafał Szeląg Stanisław Ledakowicz

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e62 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149457

Keywords phycobiliproteins purification aqueous two-phase extraction foam fractionation

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Abstract

The use of foam fractionation followed by aqueous two-phase extraction has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional liquid chromatography, hitherto irreplaceable in the purification of phycobiliproteins. The crude extracts of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were obtained after Thermosynechococcus PCC 6715 biomass disintegration. The FF process with air flow of 2.4 L·h ^-1 resulted in purification factors up to 1.47 and partitioning coefficients of about 39, and did not require the addition of surfactants. A temperature of 35˚C allowed for the highest partitioning coefficient of 67.6 and yield of 76%; however, the purity of C-PC in condensate at this temperature was lower than at 25˚C. ATPE was tested in 20 different systems consisting of polyethylene glycol and phosphate or citrate salts, of which PEG1500-citrate gave the highest purification factor value of 2.31. Conversely, a partitioning coefficient of 2416 and 1094 were obtained for the PEG1500-phosphate and PEG3000-phosphate systems, respectively. Interestingly, the use of FF condensate in subsequent ATPE step resulted, for the first time, in the separation of the polymer phase into two fractions, one contained C-phycocyanin and the other allophycocyanin. It can be concluded that the use of a two-step system of FF and ATPE is a viable way to separate phycobiliproteins.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Antecka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Szeląg

1

Stanisław Ledakowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland

Influence of yeast size on the kinetics of cell disruption in an ultrasonic homogenizer

Anna Kacprowicz Marek Solecki

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e61 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149456

Keywords microorganisms disintegration process Ultrasounds process kinetics

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Abstract

The results of studies on the disintegration kinetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. The process was carried out in a 500 W ultrasonic homogenizer equipped with a spherical working chamber with a volume of 100 cm ³. The concentration of the suspension of microorganisms was 0.05 g d.m./cm ³. The continuous phase was water solution containing 0.15 M NaCl and 4 mM K ₂HPO ₄. The kinetics of cell disruption were studied by the direct method. The theory of random transformation of dispersed matter was used to analyze the process. There was significant variation in the size of yeast cells. The range of changes in the values of parameters describing the size of microorganisms was divided into size classes. The kinetics of cell disruption in individual classes was described by a first-order linear differential equation. During the implosion of cavitation bubbles, the transformation volume of individual microorganisms is generated. It has been shown that as the volume of cells in subsequent size classes increases, their transformation volumes do not increase significantly. The safe volume for cells remains unchanged. As the size of the microorganisms increased, there was no increase in the constant rate of cell disruption.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Kacprowicz

1

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ORCID:

Marek Solecki

1

e-mail: marek.solecki@p.lodz.pl

ORCID:

Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland

Influence of Cold Work on the Efficiency of Vibratory Machining

D. Bańkowski S. Spadło

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149265

Keywords Vibratory machining Brass Recrystallization Crushing Burrs removing

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Abstract

The aim of the article was to determine the impact of crushed condition (work hardening) on the effectiveness of the vibratory machining. The vibratory machining processing was carried out in two steps. The first step consisted of mechanical abrasion and remove oxides from the surface of the workpieces with abrasive media. While in the second step, smoothing - polishing with metal media was performed. Vibratory polishing also strengthened the treated surfaces. The test results were compared for samples in the crushed state (work hardening, plastic processing) and samples subjected to recrystallization annealing heat treatment. Mass losses, changes in the geometric structure of the surface and changes in the hardness of the machining surfaces were analyzed. Samples subjected to recrystallization, as compared to the samples in the state after work hardening-plastic working, are characterized by a slightly higher arithmetic mean surface roughness and lower surface hardness than for analogous processes for samples not subjected to heat treatment. Heat treatment of annealing allows to remove the effects of crushing and thus it is possible to obtain larger mass losses. Smaller burrs dimensions were obtained for samples after the heat treatment – annealing than after work hardening.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Bańkowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Spadło

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kielce University of Technology, Poland

The Analysis of Influence of Compression Forces on the Strength of MM „Stahl 1018” Composite with the use of SolidWorks

A. Arustamian D. Kalisz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149268

Keywords Composite MM Stahl1018 SolidWorks Computer simulation Mechanical strength

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Abstract

Composite Multimetal Stahl 1018 has been used in the process of preserving worn surfaces of materials operating in extremely difficult conditions. This work presents the results of simulation of the mechanical properties of steel samples in contact with the MM "Stahl 1018" composite. Tests were carried out for various models with with one- and two-sided contact sample models with the composite. Theoretical tests were conducted in the "SolidWorks 2019" environment. It was found that the maximum strength of the specimen layer made of MM "Stahl 1018" material, which closely adheres to the surfaces of steel bases on both sides (444 MPa) is higher than that of the material layer in one-sided contact (358 MPa), for specimens with a height of 4.5 mm and at 80 °C. Simulations also revealed a significant increase in the maximum stress in the composite MM "Stahl 1018" for specimens in the so-called free state from 285 MPa to 358 MPa with the increasing temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C, for specimens 4.5 mm high.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Arustamian

D. Kalisz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

Analysis of Influence of Sand Matrix on Properties of Moulding Compounds Made with Furan Resin Intended for 3D Printing

D.R. Gruszka R. Dańko M. Dereń A. Wodzisz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149267

Keywords Furfuryl resin Foundry engineering Sand moulds and cores 3D printing Binder jetting

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Abstract

Binder jetting (BJ) sand printing is a 3D printing process in which a sand mould or sand core is produced from an STL file. A single layer of a sand matrix consisting of one or more grains in height of sand is applied to a worktable, and then a liquid resin or binder is applied to bond the grains together. This process is repeated until the final result matches the CAD model. The sand matrix is the main component of ceramic cores and moulds. The present study aims to demonstrate the influence of the matrix used on the properties of the resulting moulding sand. Three types of sand matrices were selected for the study. The first was a quartz matrix for 3D printing with binder jetting; this is characterised by a sharp geometry that allows for proper layering during printing. Ordinary quartz sand was also used for the study; this type of sand is usually used for the production of sand cores in the hotbox process, among other things. The shape of this sand is irregular. The last matrix to be tested was Cerabeads sand; this was selected because its spherical geometry clearly distinguishes it from the other two matrices. The matrices were analysed for their grain sizes. Scanning electron microscope images were also taken to compare the geometries and chemical compositions of the respective matrices. In presented research utilises a sand matrix for the production of self-curing compounds with furan resin dedicated for binder jetting 3D printing. The moulding masses were produced in a laboratory circulation mixer. The laboratory moulds were produced with wooden core boxes and pre-compacted by vibration. The samples from the matrix for the 3D printing were produced using the binder jetting method. The samples were produced to determine the flexural strength, tensile strength, gas permeability, hot distortion, and apparent density. It was not possible to carry out tests for the Cerabeads sand, as the obtained moulds were too brittle to perform adequate tests. Tests with the other matrices have shown that the shape and size of the matrix affect the apparent density and gas permeability.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

D.R. Gruszka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Dańko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Dereń

1

A. Wodzisz

1

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland

Effect of Matrix Type on Properties of Moulding Sand with Barley Malt

B. Samociuk D. Nowak D. Medyński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149266

Keywords Moulding sands Barley malt Properties of moulding sands

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Abstract

The aim of the following work was to determine the possibility of using barley malt as a binder in moulding sands technology. The moulding sands prepared on the basis of three kinds of sands, i.e. quartz, olivine and chromite sands were analyzed. In order to determine the properties of moulding sands, typical determinations were made, i.e. moisture content, flowability, permeability, strength properties and abrasion wear. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to use barley malt as an independent binder for masses made of quartz, olivine and chromite sands.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Samociuk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Nowak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Medyński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Collegium Witelona Uczelnia Państwowa, Poland

Exploration and Improvement of Room Temperature Properties for Organosilicon Slag Riser

Jljun Lu Zhuofan Zhong Hu Yongluan Di Wu Huafang Wang

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149269

Keywords Organosilicon slag Resol resin Drying Process Compressive Strength Air permeability

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Jljun Lu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhuofan Zhong

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hu Yongluan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Di Wu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Huafang Wang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

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