Applied sciences

Archives of Mining Sciences

Content

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2

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Abstract

To produce the lime required for the Bayer process, two parallel flow regenerative shaft kilns (PFR) were used in the Iran Alumina plant located in Jajarm, North Khorasan Province, Iran. In this study, the calcination conditions of limestone were modelled in a laboratory furnace by considering three factors of limestone size, temperature and calcination time using the Box-Behnken method. The calcination model of limestone was obtained using a quadratic equation. Due to the importance of limestone dust in the performance of industrial kilns, conditions of calcification and its reactivity with water were examined at three temperature ranges of 800, 1000, and 1200°C, by two methods of titration and standard ASTM C110. The results indicated a decrease in reactivity of lime relative to the increased temperature of calcination and the lack of forming the burnt lime particles that stick together (blocking). Finally, the ratio of input limestone (kg) to fuel (m3) was reduced from 16.4 to 15.3 to increase the average temperature of the burning zone to 1000°C. Also, excess air was reduced from 40 to 20%. In this condition, the lime quality was increased by about 6% in the kilns.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hosseinali Mirzaei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Noaparast
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hadi Abdollahi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

Industrial size pipe loop tests were conducted to determine the effect of paste mass concentration, cement content, conveying pipe diameter and conveying volumetric flow rate, on the pipeline pressure loss of paste slurry. The tests were conducted to determine the pressure losses in the backfill system at a Copper Mines major ore body. Results show that the pressure loss of paste slurry increases with the increase in mass concentration, and when the mass concentration exceeds 70%, the pressure loss will increase sharply and would be an exponential function of paste mass concentration; as the cement content increases, the pressure loss would decrease at first and then increase with the maximum pressure loss at 11% cement content; the pressure loss increases with the increase in conveying the volumetric flow rate accordingly, while the growth rate of pressure loss will increase after the volumetric flow rate exceeds 50 m 3/h; the pressure loss of paste slurry decreases sharply with the increase in pipe diameter, i.e., the larger pipe diameter, the smaller pressure loss; lastly, the paste conveying parameters were determined as mass concentration of lower than 70% (pressure loss: 2.55 MPa/km), cement content of 5% to 11%, inside diameter of conveying pipe of 150 mm and the maximum allowable pipeline pressure of 6 MPa.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Minggui Jiang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kai Fan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zeng Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sino-German Blue Mining and Utilization of Special Underground Space, China
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Abstract

The Euler multiphase flow and population equilibrium model were used to simulate the three-phase flow field in the bubble expansion stage of the outlet curved pipe section. The influence of the ratio of the bending diameter and the volume fraction of the gas phase on the pressure loss is revealed, and the safety range of the optimum bending diameter ratio and the volume fraction of the outlet gas phase is determined. The results show that the three-phase flow in the tube is more uniformly distributed in the vertical stage, and when the pipe is curved, the liquid-phase close to the pipe wall gathers along the pipe flank to the outside of the pipe, the solid phase is transferred along the pipe flank to the inside of the pipe, and the gas phase shrinks along the pipe flank to the inner centre. The maximum speed of each phase of the three-phase flow in the elbow is at the wall of the tube from 45° to 60° inside the elbow, and the distribution law along the axial direction of the pipe is about the same as the distribution law of volume fraction. The pressure loss of the elbow decreases with the increase of the bend diameter ratio, when the bend diameter ratio increases to 6, the pressure loss of the pipe decreases sharply, and the pressure loss decreases slowly with the increase of the bend diameter ratio. When the gas phase volume score in the elbow reaches 70%, there will be an obvious wall separation phenomenon, to keep the system in a stable working state and prevent blowout, the gas phase volume score should be controlled within 60%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Chen
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Hai-liang Xu
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Bo Wu
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Fang-qiong Yang
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hunan University of Humanities, Department of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
  2. Central South University, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
  3. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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Abstract

The dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic leg are essential for determining the safe working range of roof supports operating in seams threatened by rock mass tremors. The systematic increase in the support of the hydraulic legs due to deteriorating geological-mining conditions has increased their diameters, which currently exceed 0.32 m for the 1st hydraulic stage. Evaluation of the dynamic properties of the roof support and the hydraulic legs are carried out by the Central Mining Institute through calculation methods as an implementation of the Regulation of the Minister of Energy on occupational safety and health. However, the issue of validating the calculations concerning natural scale studies still needs to be addressed. There are significant limitations in this area due to the technical and metrological capabilities of the testing stations. This paper presents an attempt to evaluate bench testing of a hydraulic leg with 0.32 m of the 1st hydraulic stage diameter for the validation of computational and test methods. Results of previous studies affecting the evaluation of the research methods used are also cited. According to the authors, the optimal and economically justifiable direction is to undertake model tests using numerical analyses and to validate these results, based on the study of models of hydraulic legs that are in use at a reduced scale. The construction of testing stations to ensure adequate dynamic loading for the support of the largest diameter hydraulic legs is currently not economically viable. The problem presented, however, is important given the constantly deteriorating geological-mining conditions and the associated threat of rock mass tremors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kazimierz Stoiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Płonka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janina Świątek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute (GIG ), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, an old rotational landslide that has reactivated in the NW sector of an open-pit mine operated within the gneiss rock unit was evaluated for geological and hydrogeological properties. The pit slopes were susceptible to mass movement when there were variations in water inflows. Considering this fact, a conceptual numerical model concerning geostructural features, rainfall infiltration, and varying hydrological conditions was constructed. Initially, finite element (FE) groundwater seepage analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of water flow on stability in the dry and rainy seasons. The rainy season was simulated by vertical infiltration. Since the dewatering measures are of importance in open pit slope instability mitigation, pumping wells were designed to control water flow through the disturbed zone to improve the stability of the sector that can be triggered again with changing environmental conditions. The performance and organization of the pumping wells were also simulated in the FE model. This FE model was part of a dewatering plan. From this, the effect of the pumping rate from the wells on the stability of the sector was revealed. It was also found that there should be an increase in the pumping rate in the rainy season.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tümay Kadakci Koca
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
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Abstract

W strap is a crucial surface support component for underground coal mine roadways. In this study, the failure characteristics of the W strap in the field are discussed, and the loading characteristics of the strap and the faceplate are numerically and experimentally analysed. Afterwards, a loading apparatus capable of reappearing the loading environment of the strap in the field is fabricated. This loading device, combined support systems consisting of a bolt, faceplate and strap is tested under different simulated strata conditions. Failure patterns of the strap are evaluated by the 3D scanning method, and proper selection of a faceplate is explored. Results indicate that a domed faceplate can achieve a favourable supporting effect on strata, and thus it is favoured compared with a square domed faceplate. In addition, rock cavity and rock integrity beneath the strap are essential factors determining the servicing life of the overall supporting system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaowei Feng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fei Xue
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaotian Feng
3
ORCID: ORCID
Tongyang Zhao
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. China University of Mining and Technology, China
  2. Shaoxing University, Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, China
  3. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, China
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Abstract

The rheological behaviour of cemented paste backfill (CPB) has an important influence on the stability of its transportation in pipelines. In the present study, the time-dependent rheological behaviour of CPB was investigated to elucidate the effects of time and solid content. Experimental results showed that when CPB is subjected to a constant shear rate, the shear stress gradually decreases with time before finally stabilis ing. When the solid content was 60%~62%, a liquid network structure was the main factor that influenced the thixotropy of CPB, and the solid content had less influence. When the solid content was 64%~66%, a floc network structure was the main factor that influenced the thixotropy of CPB, and the solid content had a more significant influence on the thixotropy than the shear rate. The initial structural stability of CPB increased with the solid content, and this relationship can be described by a power function. Based on the experimental results, a calculation model of pipeline resistance considering thixotropy was proposed. The model was validated by using industrial experimental data. The current study can serve as a design reference for CPB pipeline transportation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yingjie Chang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Youzhi Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deqing Gan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xinyi Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuangcheng Du
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. North China University of Science and Technology, College of Mining Engineering, China
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Abstract

Contemporary mine exploitation requires information about the deposit itself and the impact of mining activities on the surrounding surface areas. In the past, this task was performed using classical seismic and geodetic measurements. Nowadays, the use of new technologies enables the determination of the necessary parameters in global coordinate systems. For this purpose, the relevant services create systems that integrate various methods of determining interesting quantities, e.g., seismometers / GNSS / PSInSAR. These systems allow detecting both terrain deformations and seismic events that occur as a result of exploitation. Additionally, they enable determining the quantity parameters that characterise and influence these events. However, such systems are expensive and cannot be set up for all existing mines. Therefore, other solutions are being sought that will also allow for similar research. In this article, the authors examined the possibilities of using the existing GNSS infrastructure to detect seismic events. For this purpose, an algorithm of automatic discontinuity detection in time series “Switching Edge Detector” was used. The reference data were the results of GNSS measurements from the integrated system (seismic / GNSS / PSInSAR) installed on the LGCB (Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt) area. The GNSS data from 2020 was examined, for which the integrated system registered seven seismic events. The switching Edge Detector algorithm proved to be an efficient tool in seismic event detection.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Tomaszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Rapiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lech Stolecki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Śmieja
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Institute of Geodesy and Civil Engineering, 2 Oczapowskiego Str., Olsztyn, 10-900, Poland
  2. KGHM CUPRUM Sp. z.o.o. Research and Development Centre, gen. W. Sikorskiego Street 2-8, Wrocław, 53-659, Poland
  3. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Chair of Mechatronics, 2 Oczapowskiego Str., Olsztyn, 10-900, Poland
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Abstract

The stability of longwall mining is one of the most important and the most difficult aspects of underground coal mining. The loss of longwall stability can threaten lives, disrupt the continuity of the mining operations, and it requires significant materials and labour costs associated with replacing the damages. In fact, longwall mining stability is affected by many factors combined. Each case of longwall mining has its own unique and complex geological and mining conditions. Therefore, any case study of longwall stability requires an individual analysis. In Poland, longwall mining has been applied in underground coal mining for years. The stability of the longwall working is often examined using an empirical method. A regular longwall mining panel (F3) operation was designed and conducted at the Borynia-Zofiówka-Jastrzębie (BZJ) coal mine. During its advancement, roof failures were observed, causing a stoppage. This paper aims to identify and determine the mechanisms of these failures that occurred in the F3 longwall. A numerical model was performed using the finite difference method - code FLAC2D, representing the exact geological and mining conditions of the F3 longwall working. Major factors that influenced the stability of the F3 longwall were taken into account. Based on the obtained results from numerical analysis and the in-situ observations, the stability of the F3 longwall was discussed and evaluated. Consequently, recommended practical actions regarding roof control were put forward for continued operation in the F3 longwall panel.
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Authors and Affiliations

Phu Minh Vuong Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwester Rajwa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Płonka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Waldemar Stachura
2

  1. Central Mining Institute (GIG), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
  2. Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa SA, Poland
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Abstract

The article describes the behaviour of the flysch rock massif (Carpathian flysch) during the drilling of three tunnels in the preliminary lining. These tunnels were excavated in: “Naprawa”, “Laliki”, and “Świnna Poręba”. The distance between these tunnels in a straight line was 50 km to 90 km. The results of the displacement of the contours of these tunnels and their convergence were analysed in detail. These values were compared with the indices used to assess the behaviour of the rock mass in the tunnel environment (Zasławski index and Hoek index) and the adopted limit values of displacements and deformations. On this basis, a critical analysis of the selection of initial supports in the completed tunnels was made, showing errors at the design stage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland

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Archives of Mining Sciences (AMS) is concerned with original research, new developments and case studies in all fields of mining sciences which include:

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[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer . Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2.

Books:

[4] K.U. Kainer (Ed.), Metal Matrix Composites, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006).

[5] K. Szacilowski, Infochemistry: Information Processing at the Nanoscale, Wiley (2012).

[6] L. Reimer, H. Kohl, Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation, Springer, New York (2008).

Proceedings or chapter in books with editor(s):

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major, P. Zięba (Eds.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Internet resource:

[8] https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/crystallographic-databases, accessed: 17.04.2017

Academic thesis (PhD, MSc):

[9] T. Mitra, PhD thesis, Modeling of Burden Distribution in the Blast Furnace, Abo Akademi University, Turku/Abo, Finland (2016).


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