Humanities and Social Sciences

Central and Eastern European Migration Review

Description

Central and Eastern European Migration Review is published bianually by the Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw and the Polish Academy of Sciences as an online, open-access journal. Materials presented in the journal include original research articles and research reports. Priority is given to research addressing the CEE region perspective and comparative analyses. However, studies based on original empirical data devoted only to some country-cases also befit the scope of the journal. The language of the contributions is English. Before publication, each submitted paper is subject to a double-blind peer review by at least two independent experts. We invite sociologists, economists, demographers, political scientists, lawyers, psychologists, historians and anthropologists to submit their works.

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 1.7

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1682

Publishers

Polska Akademia Nauk, Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami UW

RADA PROGRAMOWA:

Marek Okólski (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej)
Olga Chudinovskikh (Moscow State Lomonosow University, Higher School of Economics)
Barbara Dietz (Institute for East and Southeast European Studies in Regensburg, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA))
Boris Divinský (Bratislava)
Dušan Drbohlav (Charles University in Prague)
Elżbieta Goździak (Georgetown University, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza)
Agnes Hars (KOPINT-TARKI Economic Research Institute Ltd)
Romuald Jończy (Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu)
Paweł Kaczmarczyk (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Olga Kupets (National University of ‘Kyiv-Mohyla Academy’)
Solange Maslowski (Charles University in Prague)
Ewa Morawska (University of Essex)
Mirjana Morokvasic (University Paris X-Nanterre, Institute for Social Sciences of Politics in Paris)
Jan Pakulski (University of Tasmania, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia)
Dorota Praszałowicz (Uniwersytet Jagielloński)
Krystyna Romaniszyn (Uniwersytet Jagielloński)
John Salt (University College London)
Dumitru Sandu (University of Bucharest)
Krystyna Slany (Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza)
Dariusz Stola (Polska Akademia Nauk, Collegium Civitas)
Cezary Żołędowski (Uniwersytet Warszawski)

REDAKCJA:

Aleksandra Grzymała-Kazłowska (Uniwersytet Warszawski) - redaktor naczelny
Piotr Koryś (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Yana Leontiyeva (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic)
Magdalena Lesińska (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Stefan Markowski (University of New South Wales in Australia)
Justyna Nakonieczna (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Joanna Nestorowicz (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Aneta Piekut (University of Sheffield)
Paolo Ruspini (International Migration University of Lugano)
Brygida Solga (Politechnika Opolska)
Paweł Strzelecki (Szkoła Główna Handlowa)
Anne White (University of Bath)
Renata Stefańska (Uniwersytet Warszawski) - sekretarz Redakcji

Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
ul. Banacha 2b
02-097 Warszawa
tel.: 22 659 74 11

Central and Eastern European Migration Review is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Volumes
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Content

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1

1 Editorial

Aleksandra Grzymała-Kazłowska

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 5-6

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Grzymała-Kazłowska

2 Beyond Integration: A Re-Evaluation of Migrant and Host Society Relations

Doga Atalay , Umut Korkut , Marcus Nicolson , Peter Scholten , Maggie Laidlaw

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 7–12

Keywords: migration integration narratives nationalism social inclusion

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Abstract

This CEEMR special section examines encounters and interactions between migrants as newcomers and their hosts. Our exploration derives from harnessing, first, a sense of belonging and, second, social interactions as two interrelated processes of encounter. To the extent that the host develops a sense of belonging with the newcomers and cultivates social interaction with them as the others, the newcomers would become visible and encounters followed by meaningful interactions with them would be possible. To look at this from another perspective, the newcomers develop a sense of belonging with their hosts as they encounter them and engage in social interactions with them in their everyday. We note that there is ample research that takes a critical stance on integration and inclusion already but there is still space to explore encounters and interactions in greater detail and why they matter for newcomers and host societies to establish intimacies with each other.

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Authors and Affiliations

Doga Atalay

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Umut Korkut

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Marcus Nicolson

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Peter Scholten

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Maggie Laidlaw

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Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom
EURAC Institute for Minority Rights, Italy
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands

3 The Ruptures and Continuities in Hungary’s Reception Policy: The Ukrainian Refugee Crisis

Umut Korkut , Roland Fazekas

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 13–29

Keywords: migration refugee crisis Russian aggression Ukraine reception policies Hungary

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Abstract

This article reflects on the role that Hungary has played with respect to the Ukrainian refugee crisis. It elaborates on two issues. The first is Hungary’s relatively amicable relationship with Russia and how the Hungarian political elite has approached the Ukrainian crisis in view of its domestic political goals. The second is the migration policy that Hungary adopted when faced with the arrival of irregular Middle Eastern refugees and the mitigations in this policy to respond to the Ukrainian arrivals. The paper discusses the evolution in the governance of migration in Hungary and the actors and the politics underpinning the Hungarian reception policy from the perspective of these two issues. In this context, it draws on the literature on leadership and how the latter affects political contexts and social realities, particularly with respect to migration politics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Umut Korkut

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Roland Fazekas

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Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom

4 Challenging (Internal) Integration: Debating Internal Displacement and Integration in Greek-Cypriot Refugees’ Oral Histories

Christakis Perstianis

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 31–47

Keywords: internal displacement Greek-Cypriot refugees oral history refugee integration resettlement objective indicators

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Abstract

The turn of the century has brought the issue of internal displacement to the forefront of the international agenda, recognising it as a matter of global concern. Scholarly research has also taken an interest, examining important aspects such as the integration of internally displaced persons into their resettlement areas. This paper examines the case of Greek-Cypriot ‘refugees’, a population which has experienced internal displacement for the past 50 years. Despite enjoying certain privileges granted by the Greek-Cypriot government and sharing a common language, religion and cultural practices with the non-displaced population, oral narratives collected and analysed in this study reveal a complex interaction with non-refugees during resettlement. These narratives highlight the challenges of internal displacement and emphasise that a shared ethnicity alone is insufficient to ensure social inclusion. In order to comprehend these complexities, the paper sought to engage with theories of refugee integration, with this engagement revealing the limitations of indicator-oriented conceptualisations in cases of internal displacement. The way in which these oral narratives contradict an observable indicator such as ethnicity is a point which we should take into serious consideration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Christakis Perstianis

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ORCID:

European University, Cyprus

5 Volunteering as a Means of Fostering Integration and Intercultural Relations. Evidence from Six European Contexts

Andrea Carlà , Heidi Flarer , Marie Lehner , Astrid Mattes , Ursula Reeger

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 49–63

Keywords: migrants volunteering youth integration intercultural understanding belonging

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Abstract

Migrant integration remains a continuous challenge in many EU countries, as shown by the retreat from multiculturalism and the concerns regarding Muslim migrants. In recent years, the increase in asylum-seekers has added further complexities to the issue. Meanwhile, volunteering is considered to be an important aspect of today’s society and a thermometer of civic well-being. Bringing together the field of migration studies and research on volunteering, we investigate whether volunteering would foster processes of integration and intercultural relations. We do so by presenting an innovative empirical study based on interviews and self-administered questionnaires conducted at two points in time over a period of about a year in a specific setting that brought together EU and third-country nationals in volunteering activities in six European contexts. Thus, we are able to provide an in-depth account of volunteering experiences and their effects on intercultural relations and processes of integration. The research highlights how volunteering fosters social interactions, intersecting with dynamics of inclusion. It is a valuable tool that strengthens the community as well as the process of social integration, helping to overcome the tensions and conflicts that persist in European societies. At the same time, we argue that volunteering cannot make up for all integration challenges since the process of societal integration requires a more comprehensive approach which includes tackling discrimination in structural integration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrea Carlà

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Heidi Flarer

Marie Lehner

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Astrid Mattes

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Ursula Reeger

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Eurac Research, Italy
Independent researcher, Austria
University of Vienna, Austria
Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria

6 Public Libraries and Spaces of Micro Connection in the Intercultural City

Melike Peterson

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 65–79

Keywords: public libraries intercultural encounters micro connection shared spaces belonging multi-ethnic societies

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Abstract

Everyday spaces represent central platforms that provide opportunities for encounters marked by ethnic and cultural diversity, where transformations can be negotiated that rethink living together. The significance of these ‘third places’ has been extensively researched. Yet, some spaces such as public libraries continue to be largely overlooked by geographers. Public libraries also remain under-appreciated within wider society despite their obvious social functions. Central here is that public libraries can be understood as dynamic and ‘lived spaces’ that enable the emergence of transient connections and relationships. Such spaces are increasingly sparse within modern cities. This paper explores the potential of everyday spaces of encounter, specifically public libraries, to facilitate the unfolding of ‘light’ connections and relationships, nurturing more inclusive forms of urban togetherness and belonging in multi-ethnic societies and the significance that people attribute to these often mundane encounters and micro connections. In so doing, this paper combines findings from two research projects that investigate mixed or intercultural encounters in public libraries in Bremen (Germany) and Glasgow (Scotland).

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Authors and Affiliations

Melike Peterson

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ORCID:

University of Bremen, Germany

7 What Do Citizens Do? Immigrants, Acts of Citizenship and State Expectations in New York and Berlin

Robin A. Harper

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 81–102

Keywords: citizenship civic engagement integration naturalisation citizen-making defensive citizenship performative citizenship

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Abstract

Governments make assumptions about immigrants and then craft policies based on those assumptions to yield what they hope will be effective naturalisation outcomes: state security and trustworthy citizens. This study examines the thoughts, experiences and opinions about citizenship and civic engagement, drawing on a dataset of 150 one-hour interviews with permanent residents and naturalised citizens in New York and Berlin in 2004–2010 and again 2016–2020. It includes those who have naturalised or hold immigration statuses necessary for naturalisation (i.e., those who can and will naturalise, those who can but will not naturalise and those rejected for naturalisation or who do not meet eligibility requirements). I explore how immigrants participate as citizens and privileged non-citizens. My findings include the fact that immigrants define civic engagement – what ‘citizen’ participation means and who participates – more broadly and narrowly than anticipated. Immigrant perceptions of naturalisation and what becoming a citizen meant to them, and how naturalisation personally affected modes of participation. Defensive citizenship stimulated naturalisation but was deemed insufficient in contemporary New York and Berlin to protect immigrants and their engagement. State-designed naturalisation processes ignore immigrants’ perspectives and performative modes of citizenship and, thus, ineffectively select the citizens states say they want.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robin A. Harper

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York College, CUNY, USA

8 Volpower Panel of Integration Discussion

Adrian Favell , Jon Fox , Kesi Mahendran , Jenny Phillimore , Peter Scholten , Umut Korkut , Doga Atalay , Marcus Nicolson

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 103–113

Keywords: migration integration narratives nationalism social inclusion

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Abstract

This discussion was held in April 2020 as a part of the Volpower Academic Workshop: Challenging Integration through Everyday Narratives. This is a creative effort to involve a live discussion and reflection on the theme and studies of integration in this special section. It brings together Adrian Favell, Kesi Mahendran, Jenny Phillimore, and Jon Fox as established scholars and critiques of policy and research in the integration field in discussion with each other while queried by Peter Scholten.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adrian Favell

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Jon Fox

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Kesi Mahendran

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Jenny Phillimore

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Peter Scholten

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Umut Korkut

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Doga Atalay

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Marcus Nicolson

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University College Cork, Ireland
University of Bristol, United Kingdom
The Open University, United Kingdom
University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom
EURAC Institute for Minority Rights, Italy

9 Editorial Introduction: Migration Dynamics, Trajectories and Policies in the Context of Russian Full-Scale Aggression against Ukraine

Oksana Mikhaieva , Marta Jaroszewicz

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 115–126

Keywords: Ukraine Russian aggression forced migration migration policies

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Abstract

This short introduction presents the context and background information to the CEEMR special section analysing the migration dynamics, trajectories, everyday reality and policies in the context of Russian full-scale aggression against Ukraine. The special section contains the first group of articles dealing with the unprecedented migration consequences of military aggression against Ukraine, including air strikes on many Ukrainian cities, the use of indiscriminate weapons, killing and deportations as well as the economic consequences of protracted armed conflict. The intensity of the migration movement should also be explained by the quick opening by neighbouring countries of their borders to the incoming refugees. The exceptionality of the situation and high uncertainty about further developments led us to conclude that this special section should not follow any prior conceptual background but should be open to different perspectives and approaches in studying migration from/in/to Ukraine.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oksana Mikhaieva

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Marta Jaroszewicz

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DAAD Visiting Professor, Faculty of Cultural Studies European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw, Poland

10 Refugees, IDPs or just Ukrainians? Local Online Media and Perceptions of Donbas Internally Displaced Persons (2014–2018)

Nataliia Steblyna

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 127–157

Keywords: Ukrainian migrants Ukrainian mass media IDPs news sources internet-journalism

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to define, through content and frame analysis, the peculiarities in the representation of Ukrainian internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine’s local media and to compare this case with previous findings about the general peculiarities of perceptions of IDPs in the mass media. Two Ukrainian news sites were studied (2014–2018), giving a total 328 news items. My study revealed that the mass media do not differentiate between the terms ‘refugee’ and IDP and describe these latter as passive people (174 mentions as opposed to 77 mentions for active people). However, in the Ukrainian case, IDPs were in the top three of the most popular sources at the beginning of the resettlement (2014–2015). Later, the coverage became an episodic one, with publications about the topic typically having only one source – officials. The mass media preferred such frames as: ‘generalisation’, ‘victim’ and ‘help-receiver’. The ‘threat’ frame was less often used; however, some aggressive and manipulative phrases were disseminated. A ‘criminal’ frame was not at all popular. Thus, the local press may be an important forum for IDPs; Ukrainian journalists were interested in their stories although the coverage needs some improvement (a more ‘active’ angle, clear reference to IDPs as IDPs and not refugees and stories of socialisation etc.).

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Authors and Affiliations

Nataliia Steblyna

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Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University, Ukraine

11 The Situation of Forced Migrants from Ukraine in Europe after Russian Military Aggression and the Problems of Ukraine’s Migration Policy in These New Conditions

Oleksii Pozniak

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 159–181

Keywords: Ukraine forced migrants from Ukraine Russian war against Ukraine forced migrants from Ukraine in Europe migration policy

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Abstract

This article assesses the situation of forced migrants from Ukraine in European countries. I use data from the Statistical Bureaux and sociological institutions of Ukraine and recipient countries and from international organisations. Semi-structured interviews with experts were conducted in order to expand the information base of the research and obtain more substantiated analytical results and the trends of forced migration from Ukraine since 24 February 2022 were investigated. An attempt was made to explain the difference between the data from various sources regarding the migration of Ukrainians caused by the Russian war against Ukraine. The hierarchy of problems of forced migrants from Ukraine is determined on the base of in-depth interviews of experts. An attempt was made to estimate the impact of the forced migration of Ukrainians on local markets of goods and services. The recommendations for minimising the irreversible migration losses of the population of Ukraine are developed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oleksii Pozniak

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Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine

12 Following the EU Response to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine? The Implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive in Poland

Maja Łysienia

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 183–200

Keywords: temporary protection implementation Ukraine Poland EU law

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Abstract

In 2022, upon the unexpected activation of the Temporary Protection Directive (TPD) by the Council Implementing Decision 2022/382, the Member States had to revive the EU law that had not been used for over 20 years. Poland adopted a new law that was aimed at offering extended rights to Ukrainian nationals and their family members. Other persons enjoying temporary protection under EU law were offered general protection available in Poland since 2003. This contribution sets out to answer the question of whether Poland followed the TPD and the Council Implementing Decision 2022/382 in its two-way response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The article is based on a comparative analysis of Polish and EU law, doctrinal views concerning temporary protection and available information about domestic practice. It focuses on the following areas of interest: eligibility for temporary protection, residence permits, accommodation, family reunification, returns and measures after temporary protection ends, and remedies. The analysis conducted showed that Polish law on temporary protection is not fully compatible with the respective EU law. In the selected areas of interest, Poland either did not thoroughly follow the Council Implementing Decision 2022/382 or did not meet the minimum standards arising from the TPD.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maja Łysienia

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ORCID:

Association for Legal Intervention and Warsaw Bar Association, Poland

13 ‘Mixing Different Traditions and Picking What’s Best’: Characteristics and Migration Experiences of Polish High-Tech Professionals in Silicon Valley

Marzena Sasnal

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 201–224

Keywords: migration of the highly skilled high-tech professionals Polish migrants in the United States Silicon Valley transnationalism

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Abstract

Growing demand for a highly skilled workforce in a knowledge- and technology-based economy stimulates the recruitment of international professionals, resulting in their increased participation in the total volume of international migrants. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to their integration strategies and migration trajectories. Drawing on 46 interviews with Polish high-tech professionals, this article explores their characteristics and migration experiences in Silicon Valley. Grounded theory, a biographical method, a transnational approach and the concept of social anchoring guided my data collection, analysis and interpretation. The study results indicated that high-tech professionals were well prepared for immigration to the United States and were able to integrate effectively into the multicultural environment of Silicon Valley by adopting the rules of the host society ‘only as much as necessary’ without rejecting their previous cultural affiliations. Working at the level of competence and professional experience from the moment of arriving in the United States facilitated their structural adaptation to American society. The study contributes to the existing body of literature in migration research by offering a nuanced insight into motivations, identities and values of modern highly skilled migrants and providing new ways of understanding their decision-making processes on migration and settlement.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marzena Sasnal

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Stanford University, United States, University of Wroclaw, Poland

14 Detecting Urban Resilience. Foreign Residents’ Perceptions and Experiences of Public Services in a Globalising City: A Case Study of Krakow

Karolina Czerska-Shaw , Paweł Kubicki

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 225–243

Keywords: globalising city migration transition semi-periphery public services resilient city COVID-19

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Abstract

In tennis, the sweet spot on a racket marks the point at which a ball can be hit with the greatest power for the least effort. Public services in the globalising city of Krakow found themselves in precisely such a position before the large-scale forced migration inflows as a result of Russian aggression against Ukraine in February 2022. An analysis of the evaluations of public services by foreign residents in Krakow during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021) reveals, on the one hand, the overall satisfaction of users yet, on the other, significant differences in expectations and experiences amongst categories of foreign residents coming from global core, semi-peripheral and peripheral regions. The findings shed light on the nature of urban resilience in globalising cities like Krakow, which is encountering migration transitions, as well as the uneven nature of globalisation between services that have been internationalised and those which have not. The results expose considerable gaps in the process of the multi-faceted adaptation of city public services to meet the expectations of their dynamically changing population. The findings are particularly significant in the context of intensive forced migration inflows from Ukraine, critically reflecting on the resilience of public services on the eve of major shifts in population flows into the city.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Czerska-Shaw

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Paweł Kubicki

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Institute of European Studies, Jagiellonian University, Poland

15 When Distrust Meets Hope: Georgian Migrant Women in Greece

Weronika Zmiejewski , Florian Mühlfried

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 245–263

Keywords: hope distrust migration Greece Caucasus

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Abstract

For many women situated in post-socialist countries, the end of communism entailed the loss of state protection and social security. This often resulted in migration, underpinned by the hope for a better future and facilitated by trust in social networks. Trust and hope are often highlighted in the social-science literature as being indispensable means for navigating migration. What this perspective lacks, however, is an eye for the detrimental effects of the work of hope and for the beneficial effects of the work of distrust. For it can be hope that relates a subject to its exploiter and/or exploitative circumstances and it can be distrust that provides an escape route and increases agency. This article considers the illusive dimension of hope and the mobilising effect of distrust by referring to the experiences of Georgian migrant women in Thessaloniki (Greece). It shows how hope occasionally emanates out of distrust and how the combination of the two allows for new perspectives of action.

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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Zmiejewski

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Florian Mühlfried

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Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
Ilia State University, Georgia

16 Predicting a Migration Transition in Poland and its Implications for Population Ageing

Agnieszka Fihel , Anna Janicka , Marek Okólski

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2023 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 265–292

Keywords: population ageing international migration migration projection demographic transition migration transition Poland

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Abstract

Poland, traditionally a country of emigration, started to record a positive migration balance in recent years. However, thus far, no forecast has indicated the possibility of Poland’s transition from a net sending to a net receiving regime. This study indicates the theoretical underpinnings of such a change and provides an international migration projection. To this end, we refer to the historical experiences of other European countries, more advanced in terms of the Demographic Transition (DT), Second Demographic Transition (SDT) and Migration Transition. We develop a deterministic migration projection of four types of flow (the in- and out-migration of nationals and foreign citizens) up until 2060, combined with the United Nations’ Bayesian probabilistic models of fertility and mortality projections. The results show that Poland will evolve from having a net sending to having a net receiving status around 2030–2034. The combined effect of migration flows on population ageing will not be significant but, in the long run, when considered separately, the four types of flow will have non-negligible, though opposite, effects: the outflows will contribute to population rejuvenation, while the inflows will accelerate population ageing.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Fihel

1 2

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Anna Janicka

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Marek Okólski

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Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw, Poland
Institut des Migrations, Paris, France
Centre of Migration Research, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland

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