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Oceanologia

Oceanologia

ISSN
ISSN 0078-3234
Publishers
Instytut Oceanologii PAN, Komitet Badań Morza PAN

Editor-in-chief:

Janusz Pempkowiak

Redaktorzy Tematyczni:

Alicja Kosakowska, Stanisław Massel, Jan Marcin Węsławski, Marek Zajączkowski, Tymon Zieliński

Rada Redakcyjna:

Jerzy Dera (Sopot), Howard R. Gordon (Miami), Genrik S. Karabashev (Moscow), Zygmunt Kowalik (Fairbanks), Matti Leppäranta (Helsinki), Gennady G. Matishov (Murmansk), Sergej Olenin (Klaipeda), Anders Omstedt (Gothenburg), Janusz Pempkowiak (Sopot), Marcin Pliński (Gdynia), Xosé Antón Álvarez Salgado (Vigo), Tarmo Soomere (Tallinn), Hans von Storch (Geestacht), Dariusz Stramski (La Jolla), Jürgen Sündermann (Hamburg), Piotr Szefer (Gdańsk), Antoni Śliwiński (Gdańsk), David Turner (Gothenburg),  Bogdan Woźniak , J. Ronald V. Zaneveld (Philomath).

Executive editor:

Agata Bielecka

Technical editor:

Joanna Morawska

Cover design:

Edward Kostka

 

Institute of Oceanology PAS
Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland
Tel: (+ 48 58) 7311 917, e­mail: editor@iopan.gda.pl
WWW home page: http://www.iopan.gda.pl

 

 

 

 

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Content

Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4

1 Impact of climate change on the coastal water temperature of lagoons in the southern Baltic Sea in the period 1951–2020
Bożena Pius
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-18
Keywords: Lagoons of the southern Baltic Sea Water surface temperature (WST) Climate warming Trend analysis Warming of the lagoons
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Abstract

The study examines long-term trends in water surface temperature (WST) in the Vistula and Szczecin Lagoons within the southern Baltic Sea from 1951 to 2020. Based on in situ data, temperature variability was assessed using both parametric linear regression and the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. The results reveal a statistically significant increase in water temperatures, particularly during spring and winter. The average warming rate reached 0.23°C and 0.26°C per decade in the Vistula and Szczecin Lagoons, respectively. A strong correlation (�� = 0.60 − 0.93) was observed between air and surface water temperature. Extreme temperature events are becoming more frequent, with the lowest percentile values rising markedly over time. Winter temperatures exceeding 3°C are now common, and ice cover has diminished or disappeared. These trends highlight the regional impacts of climate change on coastal lagoon ecosystems and their seasonal dynamics. The findings provide valuable insights for future monitoring and management of vulnerable brackish water environments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bożena Pius
1
  1. Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Hydrology, Cryology and Water Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87–100, Toruń, Poland
2 Mutual influence of wind-driven flow and the wave bed boundary layer in the remote foreshore of a non-tidal sea
Magdalena Stella-Bogusz , Rafał Ostrowski , Grzegorz R. Cerkowniak
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-11
Keywords: Modified logarithmic velocity distribution Bed shear stresses Wave and wave-current bed boundary layers Wind-driven current
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Abstract

A new model of the wind-driven current is presented. The solution comprises the stationary flow and wave-driven nearbed oscillatory velocities. The wave-related bed boundary layer causes additional shear stresses that affect the wind-driven current. Both the wave boundary layer (WBL) and the wave–current boundary layer (WCBL) are considered. The bed boundary layer produces a modified logarithmic velocity distribution in the wind-driven current model. The results of modelled profiles are verified by measurement data of wind, wave and current characteristics. All measurements are conducted in the vicinity of the Coastal Research Station (CRS) in Lubiatowo, where wave and current data were collected approximately 2.8 km (1.5 NM) from the coastline, at depth ca. 17 m, whereas the wind parameters were measured on land near the Station. The investigation area hydrodynamics is typical of the south Baltic Sea coast. Reduction of flow velocities near the seabed, particularly distinct under the wave-dominated regime, is the main feature of the new model. The new modified logarithmic profile defining velocity vertical distributions shows good agreement with the measurements. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the wave-induced nearbed turbulence strongly affects the wind-driven current, while the wind-driven current has an insignificant influence on the bed boundary layer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Stella-Bogusz
1
Rafał Ostrowski
1
Grzegorz R. Cerkowniak
1 2
  1. Institute of Hydro-Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kościerska 7, 80–328 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. University of Gdańsk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81–378 Gdynia, Poland
3 Diel patterns of fish activity in the Vistula Lagoon’s littoral zone: integrating acoustic and net fishing methods
Beata Schmidt , Ryszard Kornijów
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-9
Keywords: Vistula Lagoon Sonar ARIS Horizontal fish migrations
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Abstract

The study investigated summer diel variability in fish abundance and movement within a highly eutrophic Baltic lagoon, with a focus on horizontal migrations between reed beds and open water. A combination of multibeam ARIS sonar and traditional net fishing was employed, allowing for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of fish behaviour alongside assessments of species composition and size structure. The dominant species caught included roach, bleak, silver bream, and juvenile perch. Acoustic recordings revealed consistently higher fish activity during the day compared to the night, with activity elevated during the full moon relative to the new moon. Morning migrations to open water were observed, whereas mass evening migrations back to the reed beds occurred only once. The study suggests the presence of reverse migration patterns, potentially driven by improved visibility at night and predation pressure from sander.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Schmidt
1
Ryszard Kornijów
1
  1. Department of Fisheries, Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
4 Dynamics of ice phenomena on the lake shores based on ice scars method – study from the Southern Baltic Sea coast
Józef P. Girjatowicz , Tomasz A. Łabuz , Małgorzata Świątek
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-16
Keywords: Piled ice Ice scars Coastal lakes Shore erosion Baltic Sea’s coast
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Abstract

This paper analyses how ice pile-ups affect lake shores, how far ice thrusts reach and the height of ice pilings, while also determining the regions that are most vulnerable to the destructive impact of ice on reservoirs located in a coastal zone. This was achieved by a field survey examining ice scars on trees growing along the lakes of the southern Baltic Sea. The ice scars were mainly measured in terms of elevation and length, the distance of the damaged trees from the shore, geographic coordinates, the geographic direction the scars were facing and the elevation of the ground above the water level. A t-test was used to determine whether the tree scars on the individual lakes varied from the average in elevation or distance from the shore. The furthest traces of ice pile-ups observed on trees were 38 m inland, while the maximum height of the ice piles was 3.8 m. These maximum scores were found at lakes located further east, on their northeastern shores, probably because the most frequent and strongest winds tend to be westerly. Based on the research findings, some conclusions can be drawn about the dynamics of ice phenomena, especially in areas where systematic observations of this type were not carried out. The results can be used to design shore protection and may be relevant for investment plans for municipal housing, transport and recreational infrastructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Józef P. Girjatowicz
1
Tomasz A. Łabuz
1
Małgorzata Świątek
1
  1. Institute of Marine and Environmental Science, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16, 70–383 Szczecin, Poland
5 Decadal change of benthic macroinvertebrates driven by multiple stresses in the Changjiang Estuary in summer
Yanbin Tang , Bin Wang , Dewang Li , Xiao Ma , Zhibing Jiang , Yibo Liao , Qinghe Liu , Rongliang Zhang , Jiangning Zeng , Jianfang Chen , Chenghua Li , Lu Shou
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-15
Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrate Large estuary Diluted water Anthropogenic activity El Niño
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Abstract

Both human activities and climate change have influenced benthic macroinvertebrates in the Changjiang Estuary since the Anthropocene. As a result, we investigated long-term variations in benthic macroinvertebrates and related them to changes in depth, salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen in bottom water off the Changjiang Estuary from 10 summer cruises during 2006–2021. The bi-monthly multivariate ENSO index and summer runoff rate of Changjiang were used to estimate the climate change during this period. The abundance and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates increased significantly from 2006 to 2014 owing to a series of environmental protection measures. An intensive El Niño event, coupled with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), promoted diluted water discharge and hypoxia in summer in the Changjiang Estuary since 2015. We noted changes in the macrobenthic community following these events, including a dramatic decrease in abundance and biomass, alterations in dominant species and a decline in benthic diversity. Correlation analysis, canonical correspondence and redundancy analysis revealed that depth, salinity and dissolved oxygen were the main factors influencing the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates. Owing to the ubiquitous pressure caused by human activities and climate change in estuaries, we make an appeal that international cooperation is required to protect estuarine ecosystems under the scenario of global climate change.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanbin Tang
1 2 3
Bin Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dewang Li
1 2
Xiao Ma
2 4
Zhibing Jiang
1 2
Yibo Liao
1 2
Qinghe Liu
1 2
Rongliang Zhang
1 2
Jiangning Zeng
1 2
Jianfang Chen
1 2 4
Chenghua Li
3
Lu Shou
1 2
  1. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
  2. Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhoushan 316022, P. R. China
  3. School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
  4. State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012,P. R. China
6 Long-term variability of sound speed conditions in Hornsund fjord, Svalbard, between 2001 and 2019
Pavani Vithana Madugeta Vidanamesthrige , Natalia Gorska , Oskar Głowacki
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-18
Keywords: Hornsund Glacier melting Shelf-fjord water exchange Underwater sound Marine mammals
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Abstract

The glacierised Arctic fjords are particularly sensitive to oceanic and atmospheric warming caused by climate shifts; the melting of glaciers and icebergs is one of the major indicators of this sensitivity. The meltwater delivery to the ocean changes the thermohaline structure of the water column, which not only affects water mixing but also controls the sound speed conditions; the latter is crucial for the variability of underwater sound propagation. Finally, changes in sound propagation conditions affect marine animals that rely on sound for their key biological functions, such as communication, navigation, and mating. Here, we investigate the long-term variability of sound speed conditions in the Hornsund fjord, Svalbard, together with its governing factors. We calculated the vertical sound speed profiles using temperature and salinity data collected along the fjord centerline from 2001 to 2019. Spatial and temporal variability in sound speed conditions are observed. We identify two major types of sound channels: (i) near-surface sound channel and (ii) deep sound channel. Potential physical mechanisms that govern the presence and position of these sound channels are discussed, including glacier melting, shelf-fjord water exchange, and atmospheric heat flux. In recent years, the climate-driven transformation of Hornsund has led to the disappearance of deep sound channels due to the intensified inflow of Atlantic Water, and an increased presence and extent of near-surface sound channels resulting from elevated freshwater input from melting glaciers. We suggest that climate warming-induced changes in sound speed conditions in Hornsund are likely to have far-reaching consequences for underwater sound pollution, potentially impacting the well-being of marine animals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pavani Vithana Madugeta Vidanamesthrige
1
Natalia Gorska
1
Oskar Głowacki
2
  1. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
  2. Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452 Warszawa, Poland
7 Perspectives of seasonal hydrography and water masses in Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf
Mohamed Asharaf , V.M. Aboobacker , C.P. Abdulla , Thadickal V. Joydas , Karuppasamy P. Manikandan , M. Rafeeq , Abdulaziz Al-Suwailem , P. Vethamony
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-16
Keywords: Seasonal hydrography Intrusion of IOSW Stratification Vertical homogeneity Arabian Gulf
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Abstract

The hydrographic characteristics and water mass features of the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf (Persian Gulf) are less documented compared to neighboring regions. This study analyzed vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, and density collected from five transects with 555 stations in Saudi waters during five seasons. Although the data were collected during 2002–2003, they reveal notable hydrographic variability and features associated with Saudi waters. The sea surface temperature during late autumn and winter shows strong horizontal fluctuations between the northern and southern belts of the Saudi coast, while a high temperature plume is formed in the central coast during early summer. The central and northern coasts of Saudi Arabia have high concentrations of salinity induced by shallow embayments, while the impact of brine is limited to small areas in the vicinity of the outfalls. The presence of three water masses, namely, Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW), Arabian Gulf Water (AGW), and Bay Systems-induced Water (BSW), has been evident in this region; however, they co-occur only during spring, early summer, and summer in central and northern transects. The autumn and winter are characterized by the presence of AGW and BSW in all transects, while the IOSW was absent due to the mixing and by the opposing effects of shamal winds, which diminishes the inflow of IOSW. Nonetheless, the early summer and summer, with strong thermal stratification, exhibit the progression of IOSW up to the northern end of the Saudi waters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Asharaf
1
V.M. Aboobacker
2
C.P. Abdulla
2
Thadickal V. Joydas
1
Karuppasamy P. Manikandan
1
M. Rafeeq
2
Abdulaziz Al-Suwailem
1
P. Vethamony
2
  1. Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research & Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,P. B. No. 391, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
  2. Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.B. No. 2713, Doha, Qatar
8 Statistical downscaling of global climate projections over the Egyptian Red Sea coast
Mohamed Shaltout , Ahmed Abdelhamid , Ahmed Adel , Mohamed Gad , Mohamed Elbessa
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-21
Keywords: Red Sea Statistical downscaling Ensemble mean SSPs Climate conditions
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Abstract

The long-term variability in atmospheric parameters plays a crucial role in shaping regional climate change. This study investigates the current and future characteristics of different surface atmospheric properties over the period 2011–2100 along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. First, the observed data were used to describe the short-term variability of weather conditions (2011–2021). Second, a bias correction statistical model based on the cumulative distribution functions (CDF) technique was developed by matching the four climate models [GFDL-ESM4; IPSL-CM6A-LR; MIROC6; MRI-ESM2-0] individually with daily observations over a 12-year overlapping period. Third, the resulting bias-correction models were applied to statistically downscale future projections of the studied atmospheric parameters under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios. After bias correction, the outputs of each used climate model were averaged to calculate the ensemble mean for the period 2015–2100, improving accuracy and validity along ERSC at each of the five studied stations. Our results indicate that, following bias correction the future scenarios of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) show that the Egyptian Red Sea coast will experience significant changes with a wide range of uncertainty, with trends ranging from −0.14 to 2.91°C century−1, −0.021 to 0.069 m s−1 century−1, and −1.95 to 0.67 hPa century−1 for surface air temperature, wind speed, and sea level pressure, respectively
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Shaltout
1
Ahmed Abdelhamid
1
Ahmed Adel
1
Mohamed Gad
1 2
Mohamed Elbessa
1 3
  1. Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  2. National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Cairo, Egypt
  3. College of Maritime Transport and Technology (CMTT), Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Abu-Qir, Alexandria, Egypt
9 Benthic diatom communities in deeper areas of the German Baltic Sea
Marjan Janßen , Israel Barrantes , Mirko Dressler , Karin Glaser , Ulf Karsten
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-13
Keywords: Microphytobenthos Diatoms Baltic Sea
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Abstract

The Baltic Sea is a shallow, semi-enclosed brackish ecosystem in northern Europe, which is strongly affected by climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances such as mobile bottom trawling. The resulting drag forces exerted by such fishing practice physically disturb the sea bed and impact all benthic organisms such as microphytobenthic communities, which represent key primary producers in marine soft-bottom ecosystems. Despite their ecological importance, little is known about the composition and productivity of these benthic communities in deeper areas of the German Baltic Sea. Therefore, this study investigates the occurrence and diversity of benthic diatoms in such unstudied areas, focusing on the Baltic Sea regions Fehmarnbelt, Rönnebank, and Oderbank. Sediment cores were collected from depths down to 36 meters, processed ex-situ and the biodiversity of benthic diatoms evaluated using morphological traits via light microscopy and high-throughput sequencing. The data provide novel insights on the occurrence of benthic diatom communities in deeper areas of the Baltic Sea and these microalgae seem to be suitable bioindicators to document any sediment disturbance by natural or anthropogenic forces.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marjan Janßen
1
Israel Barrantes
2
Mirko Dressler
3 4
Karin Glaser
5
Ulf Karsten
1 6
  1. Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D–18051 Rostock,Germany
  2. Institute for Biostatistic and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, D–18057 Rostock,Germany
  3. Physical Geography, Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Str. 16, 17487 Greifswald,Germany
  4. Institute for Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Straße 44/44, D–18051 Rostock, Germany
  5. Karin Glaser, Faculty for Chemistry, Physics and Biosciences, Institute for Biosciences, Department of Biology/Ecology, TUBergakademie Freiberg, D–09599 Freiberg, Germany
  6. Interdisciplinary Faculty, Department of Maritime Systems, University of Rostock, D–18051, Rostock, Germany
10 First record of Moerisia cf. inkermanica Paltschikowa-Ostroumowa, 1925 (Hydrozoa, Moerisiidae) in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea)
Michał Olenycz , Marcin Kalarus
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-8
Keywords: Hydromedusae Non-native species Species introduction Ballast water
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Abstract

The hydromedusa Moerisia cf. inkermanica Paltschikowa-Ostroumowa, 1925, native to the Pontocaspian region, was recorded for the first time in the Gulf of Gdańsk, in the waters of the Port of Gdańsk. In August 2024, 78 specimens (2–12��mm) were collected at three research stations. This observation constitutes the second Baltic record of the species and the first in the southern Baltic Sea. While ballast water discharge is the most likely vector for the introduction of the species, the ban on untreated ballast water discharge, which came into effect in 2020, suggests an emerging local population that warrants further investigation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Olenycz
1
Marcin Kalarus
1
  1. Gdynia Maritime University, Roberta de Plelo 20, 80–548, Gdańsk, Poland
11 Does mesh size matter? Influence of mesh size on estimation of meiofauna abundance, biomass and on size spectra
Barbara Górska , Katarzyna Grzelak , Bodil A. Bluhm , Silvia Hess , Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk
Oceanologia | 2025 | Vol. 67 | No 4 | 1-10
Keywords: Meiofauna Biodiversity Processing methods Size spectra
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Abstract

For muddy-bottom meiofauna analyses, samples are typically sieved on 32 µm sieves for animal extraction. However, some studies use a 63 µm sieve to reduce fine sediment overload. Such variation in sieving protocols hampers comparisons across studies. We quantified and compared the effects of mesh size (63 versus 32 µm) on meiofauna abundance, biomass, community composition, and size spectra in muddy sediments. Between 8 and 21% of individuals (mostly nematodes) were missed in the 63 µm mesh-based analyses (compared to 32 µm). However, the larger mesh size did not affect biomass estimations or the construction of size spectra. For muddy sediments, a 63 µm sieve can be used interchangeably with a 32 µm sieve for meiofauna biomass estimation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Górska
1
Katarzyna Grzelak
1
Bodil A. Bluhm
2
Silvia Hess
3
Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk
1
  1. Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81–712 Sopot, Poland
  2. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Stakkevollan, N–9037 Tromsø, Norway
  3. University of Oslo, PO Box 1047 Blindern, NO–0316 Oslo, Norway

Instructions for authors

INTRODUCTION

Criteria for manuscripts

The Editorial Board of Oceanologia takes under consideration for publication original articles with the understanding that neither the manuscript nor any part of its essential substance, tables or figures have been published previously in print form or electronically and are not under consideration by any other publication or electronic medium. Copies of any closely related manuscripts should be submitted to the Editor along with the manuscript that is to be considered by Oceanologia. Each submission packet should include the statement signed by the first author that the work has not been published previously or submitted elsewhere for review and a copyright transfer.

The journal Oceanologia publishes original papers on fundamental aspects of marine research with the emphasis on northern European seas. Papers dealing with processes in the marine environment are preferred to purely descriptive ones; they should contribute to the understanding of the functioning of marine ecosystems, including their abiotic aspects. Please note that purely descriptive articles/ papers do not meet the aims of Oceanologia. All scripts received will be reviewed by the editors and at least two independent experts. The scripts should be written in good, scientific English: American or British. Every effort will be made to expedite publication.

Page charges

No charges will be imposed for papers up to 20 pages long including figures, tables and references (some 40 pages of typescript, double spaced, including references, tables, figures and appendicies). For longer articles please contact hte editorial office at oceano@elsevier.com.

For papers exceeding 20 pages, an excess-page charge per printed page will be made: 50 EUR net for pages 21 et seq. The author(s) will be informed whether or not his/her/their paper has been accepted for printing and will be billed for the excess-page charge (if any).

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For information on Ethics in publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see https://www.elsevier.com/publishingethics and https://www.elsevier.com/journal-authors/ethics.

Conflict of interest

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