Applied sciences

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie

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Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2025 | vol. LIII

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Abstract

This article discusses the morphological transformations of Kraków’s Zabłocie — an area that has undergone an intensive transformation in recent decades from a post-industrial district to a dynamically developing part of the city, attracting not only new residents but also the innovative and creative sectors. The changes in the urban structure and spatial functions are analysed, with particular emphasis on the impact of real-estate development processes on the morphological layout of this part of Kraków. The study is based on spatial analyses and a review of planning documents — both current and historical — that shape or conflict with actual development processes. This study of Zabłocie highlights the challenges of balancing the interests of developers, heritage protection, and spatial order under conditions of dynamic urbanization and increasing pressure from new urban functions. The article also highlights the potential role of new planning documents as tools to better integrate development directions into the existing spatial structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ilona Morawska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Urban and Rural Development Planning Unit, Institute of Urban and Regional Development
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Abstract

Poland is a kind of open-air museum of fortifications of unique value. Fortified landscapes include fortresses, fortified cities, towers, defensive walls, castles or fortification complexes, together with spatially and functionally integrated technical infrastructure and natural elements co-creating the fortified landscape. As material documents of history, they are an important component of the cultural landscape and national heritage. One of such places is the benedictine abbey complex in Tyniec, entered on the list of Historic Monuments in 2017. The universally known and appreciated rank of the monastery hill in terms of history, culture and landscape is indisputable. The fortified monastery (mainly during the Konfederacja Barska (Bar Confederation) of 1771–1772) located on a picturesque hill in Tyniec, is today, however, a poorly legible and less recognizable fortress. The aim of the work is to attempt to record the fortified landscape of the monastery hill. The adaptive reuse of fortification complexes and the growing interest in cultural military tourism encourage an attempt to more broadly recognise this place from a fortress perspective. The research focused mainly on making the fortifications and the accompanying fort greenery more legible. The following methods were used to record the fortified landscape of the entire complex: historical study, landscape study, scenic study, panorama analysis method. The JARK-WAK architectural and landscape interior method was used to develop detailed analyses, which was the key to later valuation and formulation of guidelines, adaptation directions, protection and conservation principles. The methods used allowed for the creation of a landscape project of an educational and cognitive nature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wioletta Zalasińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Urban and Regional Development Urban and Rural Development Team
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Abstract

strategy, aimed at preserving cultural heritage, developing tourism, and modernizing urban spaces while maintaining their historical character. Al-Balad, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is distinguished by its unique architecture and rich history as a major port on the Red Sea trade route. However, years of neglect, the development of new districts, and infrastructural challenges have led to the deterioration of historic buildings and a decline in the residential population. In response to these challenges, intensive revitalization efforts have been undertaken in recent years, focusing on public spaces, their accessibility, functionality, and aesthetics. The aim of this study was to analyse the process of revitalizing public spaces in Al-Balad, with particular emphasis on functional and spatial changes in squares and the role of greenery in the context of climate change. The research employed methods of urban analysis, source documentation, and field observation to assess the current state of squares in terms of space utilization. The analysed squares and plazas were categorized into renovated areas and those requiring intervention, allowing for the identification of key challenges and recommendations for future design strategies. The results indicate the necessity of introducing greenery elements in squares currently lacking vegetation, which will enhance the comfort of public spaces and support their adaptation to the region’s climatic conditions. The study highlights the importance of integrating traditional and modern solutions with a focus on green infrastructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Jaszczak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ewelina Pochodyła-Ducka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdalla Elkhatib
1
Sultan Jazzar
3

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Landscape Architecture
  2. Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania, Bioeconomy Research Institute
  3. Council of Ministers’ Committee of Experts, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

This paper aims to identify the theoretical assumptions of the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategy and its impact on spatial planning. It presents an overview of the TOD’s factors and indicators from the perspective of a Polish researcher who describes and analyses a best-practices example of TOD implementation, selected by the authors together with an American proponent of Transit-Oriented Development. The paper also presents the results of preliminary analyses of the link between the TOD Index potential assessment method and the author’s own method for assessing physiognomic order. The method for assessing spatial order presented in this paper can be used to analyse the connection between a public transport hub and the centre of an urban settlement. The visual and functional quality of public spaces that constitutea pedestrian route that connectsa train station with a main public space is one of the most important elements that determines TOD’s success.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Kaźmierczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marc Weiss
2

  1. Poznań University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
  2. University of California, Berkeley, United States, College of Environmental Design
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Abstract

Śreniawitów Square is one of the most important components in the urban structure of Rzeszów. The space was not designed as a square, but gained its status following demolition. After several decades, it serves as a junction in the city›s road system, but does not fulfil the typical functions of a city square, despite the significant potential resulting from the history, topography and vicinity of significant buildings. The inefficient road system and high traffic load contributed to the disappearance of pedestrian traffic. The authors have made a comprehensive urban analysis of the place in question in historical, geographical, landscape and functional aspects. In addition, the analysis was set in the context of contemporary urban theories. Based on the conclusions drawn, they formulated a number of proposals aimed at making vehicle traffic more efficient, limiting the dedicated area, creating an interchange in public transport and making public space more attractive. The inversion of the use of space and the disclosure of the meanings encoded in it and the reminiscence of the old landscape were treated as equal design challenges. Although the study refers to a specific space in Rzeszów, the adopted method and holistic approach to the issue of functional and spatial transformation of the square can inspire people involved in urban design and cultural landscape protection also in other cities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Grzegorz Piekarski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture
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Abstract

The shortage of green spaces in densely built-up city centres contributes to the deterioration of public health and sanitary conditions, while also reducing the potential for water retention — an issue that frequently results in local flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. In line with the objectives of the European Green Deal, which aims by 2050 to restore biodiversity in degraded urban areas, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance resilience to climate change (The European Green Deal…, 2024), addressing the lack of biologically vital surfaces in highly urbanized environments remains a major challenge.
In such areas, the availability of traditional green infrastructure — such as parks or public squares — is limited. However, rooftops represent an alternative space that can be adapted for vegetation and ecological functions.
This study examines a densely urbanized section of a district in the city of Szczecin to assess the potential for rooftop greening on existing buildings. The findings indicate that rooftops account for 41.27% of the total analysed area, with 83.45% of that rooftop surface suitable for the installation of green roofs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Piesik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Zielona Góra, Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning
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Abstract

Contemporary academic libraries have evolved from traditional repositories of knowledge into multifunctional spaces that shape not only academic life but also their institutions’ social and urban environments. This article presents diverse strategies for integrating educational facilities with campus and urban structures. It analyses four academic libraries built in Wrocław between 2011 and 2017: the University Library, the Open Study Zone/Bibliotech at Wrocław University of Science and Technology, the Medical University’s Centre for Scientific Medical Information, and the Library of the Faculty of Architecture at Wrocław University of Science and Technology.
Based on a literature review, urban and historical studies, and in-situ research, the authors examine whether and how these libraries have contributed to revitalising neglected urban areas. Particular attention is given to the architectural relationship between the libraries and their immediate surroundings and their spatial role within campus structures. Although academic libraries primarily serve university communities, their influence extends beyond the campus scale and evolves depending on design strategies as well as spatial and functional contexts. Libraries can help structure academic space and, depending on the approach, shape the accessibility and quality of surrounding public areas.
The article contributes to the broader discussion on the role of higher education institutions in reshaping urban space and campus planning, highlighting their potential to transform contemporary cities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Świerzawski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Kleszcz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Kmiecik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ming Hu
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts
  2. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
  3. The Angelus Silesius University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Natural and Technical Studies
  4. University of Notre Dame, United StatesSchool of Architecture
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Abstract

The amended Spatial Planning and Development Act has been in force for two years. It introduced a number of changes to the planning system, ranging from new types of planning documents such as general plans, to detailed legislative and definitional obligations at the level of local spatial development plans. These changes were long-awaited by urban planning professionals, primarily because their overarching aim was to organize spatial development and restore the effectiveness of urban design within the planning system. This article presents the outcomes of the training session ‘Planning Anew’ organized on behalf of the Ministry of Development and Technology in cooperation with the Faculty of Architecture at the Poznań University of Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, and the Municipal Urban Planning Studio. As part of Module 2.1 titled ‘Urban Design in the Context of New Planning System Tools’, and in accordance with the Client’s objectives, the training focused on analysing ‘Methods of Incorporating Composition in Spatial Planning Documents’ and on the possibilities of translating the ‘language’ of urbanism into the legislative principles defined by the Act. Using detailed source materials, the participants prepared ‘drafts’ of local spatial development plans for selected parts of the cities of Cieszyn and Płock. The analyses and conclusions resulting from the conducted workshops — summarizing the outcomes of the work — have been collected and presented in this article.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Kostencka-Burek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznań University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

Urban areas worldwide face mounting challenges from high population densities, environmental pollution, climate change, and public health concerns, while traditional top-down planning methods prove increasingly inadequate to address these complex issues within a human rights framework. In response, urban leaders and local decision-makers have been compelled to develop innovative solutions that harness nature’s potential, leading to the emergence of nature-based tactics as sustainable solutions to urban problems. These environment-based strategies have gained recognition as ideal responses from sustainability perspectives, particularly given that legal frameworks significantly influence citizen behaviour in urban contexts. When environmental regulations are properly designed and implemented, they can positively shape public behaviour and enhance overall well-being in urban areas, raising important questions about whether existing laws adequately support environment-based policies and obligations. This research addresses these questions by systematically investigating Turkey’s legal and policy framework support for nature-based solutions through comprehensive qualitative document analysis of national legislation, climate strategies, and municipal implementations. The study’s primary objective extends beyond merely describing Turkish legal regulations to critically evaluate how effectively this framework aligns with internationally recognized nature-based solutions criteria, particularly those established by leading global standards. Through this analysis, the research reveals significant disparities between Turkey’s comprehensive legislative architecture and practical nature-based solutions deployment, examining the critical transition from regulatory frameworks to actual implementation. The findings provide valuable insights that transcend national boundaries, offering broader implications for global governance approaches and contributing to our understanding of policy coherence and implementation effectiveness in urban sustainability contexts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Azadeh Rezafar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Selda Kabuloğlu Karaosman
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Istanbul Arel University, Architecture
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Abstract

The structure of green areas is as diverse as the cities in which they are located. This research demonstrated a high degree of variation both among urban centres and in the configuration of green spaces that form part of their urban fabric. The aim of the study was to analyse the structure of urban green areas, assess their spatial continuity, and define the green space systems of individual cities. The methodology included spatial analysis through orthophoto map digitization using QGIS and the calculation of surface areas for six key land cover categories deemed most relevant. Based on the spatial distribution of these categories, the type and continuity of urban green space systems were determined. Indicators were calculated, and a final evaluation was carried out. The results revealed that each selected city has a distinct green space structure. The identified spatial arrangements were classified according to typologies described in the literature, with the mixed system emerging as the most common. The assessment of cities based on the adopted criteria showed, among other findings, that mixed and dispersed green space systems enhance accessibility due to their proximity to built-up urban areas. However, it is essential that these dispersed green areas be integrated into the largest possible interconnected network.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fabian Miszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiesława Gadomska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Land Management
  2. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

Contemporary Polish architecture features examples of the use of concrete as a very important material in formulating architectural ideas and formal interpretations. This is accompanied by a growing awareness of what concrete is and what its technological, artistic and aesthetic potentials are. The way to understand this phenomenon that has been going on for a hundred years is to look at construction projects that, through conscious rationalization of the idea of architecture, create a surprising, distinct visual language — both among houses and public use monuments built in Poland. This article presents several recent examples that constitute a unique and important transformation of Polish architecture using the technology of monolithic concrete and concrete prefabrication.

The research assumption of this study was to present recent buildings that constitute an exceptional transformation of Polish architecture using the technology of monolithic concrete and concrete prefabrication. The study’s aim was to analyse architectural examples that define concrete as an appropriate ideological medium for transforming an architectural concept into a physical image of the final form. The result of this analytical perspective is a compilation of the author’s ideas, illustrated with drawings and photos defining the state of technological knowledge in Polish concrete architecture.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Charciarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Chair of Architectural Design A-6
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Abstract

Architectural design is constantly developing in terms of quality and digitalization of the design process. Among many advanced methods, such as 2D design in a CAD environment or BIM modelling, there are also digital solutions that allow for the introduction of a code of parameters that define a building’s architecture. Such a design environment can be used, among others, in Revit Dynamo or Rhino 3D Grasshopper. This research verifies the planned method of fabrication by using selected numerically controlled equipment. In most examples, the designed elements, due to their complex geometry, are not possible to implement using traditional and commonly used technologies. Architectural elements designed in this way are manufactured using design data and appropriate machines and tools. The research methodology includes specialist software and tools enabling the production of a real, physical element. The main scope of the methodology is software and equipment. At the same time, the implementation of an architectural element would not be possible without the use of appropriate materials and reagents for their processing. The use of CNC technology and CAM data processing enables precise fabrication of designed elements using a process specially prepared for this purpose. The implementation of the detail, from the moment of design as a digital model to a physical model, reveals the positive aspects of the selected methods as well as imperfections resulting from the calibration of devices and selected materials. The research results confirm the validity of the planned fabrication activities, selected equipment, materials and reagents.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Kocki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Olszewski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chair of Temporary Architecture
  2. WSEI University in Lublin, Faculty of Transport and Computer Science
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Abstract

The aim of this research was to analyse the possibilities of using design workshops as an effective tool for diagnosing problems, seeking solutions, and implementing them in the process of improving the environmental conditions of a hospice building. The case analysed was the Good Samaritan Hospice in Lublin, which, due to its complexity, can be considered a representative example of stationary hospices established through adaptation, extension, or reuse of existing buildings. This article highlights the role of individual participants in the process, from the inception of the idea, through the organisation and conduct of a workshop, to the implementation of the first elements developed. Based on problem analysis, solutions consistent with contemporary trends in the design of palliative care facilities were developed. Our case study allowed for drawing general conclusions and identified a method for improving the quality of the architectural environment of existing facilities, namely design workshops.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Przesmycka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Strojny
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Adamiec
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
  2. John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences
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Abstract

This paper presents contemporary architectural interventions in the surroundings of historic buildings created in the process of port redevelopment in selected European cities — Lyon and Marseille. The examples are shown against the background of transformations and the development processes of the cities under analysis. A broad selection of contemporary completed projects at historic sites located in the former harbour fabric near historic buildings are discussed. Attitudes that shape approaches to interventions in the process of introducing modern buildings into historic fabric are presented. The research was based primarily on in situ studies, as well as online studies via Google Earth Pro, as well as on literature research and a review of planning documents. The sites analysed were key element of urban interventions. Their avant-garde form and style, characteristic of New Decorationism, creates a contemporary and innovative image of the city.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Anna Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich
1
ORCID: ORCID
Matylda Wdowiarz-Bilska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Dudek-Blaise
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian Academy, Faculty of Architecture Building and Applied Arts
  2. Krakow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, ICGOZ PK
  3. UMR/MAP, National Centre for Scientific Research, France
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Abstract

Concrete is a visually distinct material that can be freely shaped. Depending on the technology used, it is possible to achieve both different spans and structural strengths as well as numerous visual effects via its use. In the context of architectural and structural collaboration, concrete provides multidimensional possibilities. The object of this study is ‘architecture of meaning’, in relation to which not only the structural form, but also the material aspects, i.e., its characteristics and the way it is shaped, provide distinct semantic features.

The first part of the paper contains a general analysis of two selected concrete processing directions. The second part of the paper discusses the material’s characteristics in the context of technology and discusses the topic of a sculptural approach to concrete in the shaping of memorial sites. It is a case study focused on selected European examples that relate to the dramatic events that have taken place since the First World War. The objective was to determine the direction of concrete processing and define the scope of the modification of its original structure in the context of shaping commemorative spaces.

The study highlights the importance of matter in shaping the architecture of ideas and the quality of collaboration between architects and constructors in shaping commemorative architecture. Documenting the dependencies between the structural and semantic characteristics of the material in the context of selected processing technologies, is an essential element of this work. This indicates not only the formal but also the semantic message.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Maria Wierzbicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Konrad Kucza-Kuczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewelina Gawell
2
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Jagiełło-Kowalczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Architectural and Urban Design Department
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture of Living Environment
  3. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Residential Environment Shaping
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Abstract

This study explores the concept of invisible architecture — designs that seamlessly integrate with their surroundings — and aims to categorize representative solutions, identify material trends, and examine the relationships between function and form. Two main categories of visually invisible architecture were distinguished based on the surrounding landscape, including natural landscapes, such as lowland and highland ones, as well as urban landscapes: next to the buildings and next to green spaces. Further classification is based on the forms’ connection to the ground. This study also assessed the degree of ecological invisibility achieved through sustainable solutions, including the prevention of bird collisions against glass facades. In total, 24 examples of projects from the 21st century were analysed. It was found that cultural (50%) and recreational (42%) uses were predominant among these structures, with most being compact, low-rise forms. Reflective panels, most often made of steel, were used in 46% of the buildings, mirrored glass — in 17%, and green infrastructure solutions were implemented in 33% of the buildings. Only 17% of cases provided information on measures implemented to prevent bird collisions with facades. Overall, 71% of the cases incorporated ecological solutions, indicating that aesthetic (visual) invisibility does not always align with ecological considerations. Integrating these aspects, however, should be a key priority in landscape design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Życzkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiktoria Kalińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Department of Housing and Architecture of Public Buildings
  2. Independent Researcher, graduate of the Faculty of Architecture at Gdańsk University of Technology
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Abstract

This paper discusses the relations between three-dimensional space and sanctity, where space is understood as a Euclidean, realistic base of the reality of our lives and the notion of sanctity refers to the Sanctity of God.

The main purpose of this article is to juxtapose two interpretations of the notion of the sanctity of space — the widespread understanding of it as referable to any defined value manifested in three-dimensional reality, and its understanding following Catholic doctrine.

Hence, to illustrate the first of these interpretations, reference is made to the work of Mircea Eliade, whose academic output is oriented towards the search for themes common to different religious cultures.

In this reference, the degree of sanctification of space and the presence in this space of the Lord Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament, of the human being who can be holy with the Holiness of God and the community of the Holy Church of Christ are presented.

This juxtaposition reveals fundamental differences in both the understanding of the concept and its scope of application.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Agata Kantarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Krakow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present selected works from the SARP competition for the centre of Łódź from the 1960s. The competition marked a significant time frame, serving as a kind of beginning for the construction of the new city centre of Łódź. Although all the competition projects were created in the spirit of Modernism, the design solutions proposed by the architects clearly differed from each other. The article is an analysis of archival projects accessed through in-depth research covering a range of different sources (including archives, literature, studies, and industry and daily press). The article presents the way of thinking about the city by contemporary architects and urban planners. It also emphasizes that Modernism was not a homogeneous trend, and within its framework, projects could be created that were on the one hand similar, but on the other hand very diverse.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Krystkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering
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Abstract

The subject of this article is an overview of the architectural transformations of the parish church in Złoty Stok. The first mention of the church, which indirectly provides information about it, comes from a document from 1331. The church is mentioned again in a different document from 1497. Descriptions concerning the creation and transformation of the church refer to the findings of pre-war researchers, which were based on a general view of the plastered building. Conducted architectural research has enabled the stages of the building of the medieval church in the 14th and 15th centuries to be distinguished. The first part of the church to be built was a two-span chancel, with a single-nave main building being built in the next stage. The modern transformations of the church are related to the erection of its tower in 1545, and the reconstruction of the main building and the western gable in around 1561. In conclusion, the execution of the Gothic chancel and the Renaissance reconstruction of the nave are presented with regards to other Silesian examples. Stylistic trends from Europe are indicated as a model for the architectural solutions used in the studied church.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Legendziewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daria Weronika Dobrasiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

This article focuses on Czesław Thullie, an architect, educator, researcher, historian of architecture, as well as a theoretician and practitioner involved in rebuilding Poland after both world wars. He graduated from Lviv University of Technology and was forced to leave his hometown following the occupation of eastern Polish territories by the Soviet Union. Thullie was also one of the founders of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. The aim of this paper is to explore his diverse design and research work, which remains underappreciated and insufficiently studied academically. The research draws on archival materials, a comprehensive review of professional journals from Thullie’s active years, and information provided by his family. Additionally, reference is made to contemporary studies on the architecture of the Second Republic of Poland, to which Thullie contributed. Given the abundance of sources and the scope of this article, a detailed account of Thullie’s early career — up to the time he had to leave Lviv after the Second World War — is presented as part of his overall activity. The research has led to the recovery of most of Thullie’s pre-war writings and some of his designs. His body of work reflects a multifaceted engagement in teaching, design, and research on the history of architecture, as well as a committed effort to the preservation of national heritage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Tejszerska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

This article presents a study of the wooden belfry in Strzeszów — the largest among the bell towers in Trzeb- nica County — and situates it within the context of regional wooden belfries. Built at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the bell tower is notable for its continuous, solid wood construction and traditional mortise-and-tenon joinery. Drawing on archival documentation from 1967 and 1975, extensive in situ inspections conducted in 2022, and detailed photographic records, the study evaluates the historical significance, original construction, and subsequent renovation impacts on the belfry’s structural integrity. The analysis found that the interventions carried out in the 1970s — particularly the partial concreting of wooden sill beams and the removal of original timber braces — had adversely affected the tower’s historical authenticity and overall stability. These alterations led to significant deterioration in the wood and the loosening of critical joints, thereby reducing the structure’s resistance to wind and environmental factors. In response, the article outlines a detailed renovation strategy planned for 2025. This strategy includes the removal and replacement of corroded components, the re-establishment of traditional timber connections, and the reinforcement of the foundation. The recommendations aim to restore the tower’s original architectural character while ensuring long-term technical stability and heritage preservation. The findings underscore the necessity of continuous maintenance and context-specific conservation practices to safeguard such culturally significant structures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Wąsowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szarejko
2
Barbara Misztal
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture
  2. Polish Association of Construction Engineers and Technicians, Office Wrocław
  3. Wrocław University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Architecture
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Abstract

The rural landscape is undergoing significant transformation driven by ongoing socio-economic changes. Shifts in rural livelihoods and lifestyles have resulted in the alteration or disappearance of traditional farmsteads, including both residential and agricultural buildings — elements that formerly defined the rural character of the region. In particular, post-1945 systemic reforms have led to the degradation of historic palace-park complexes and manor farms, once integral components of the local landscape. As a consequence, there was a need to assess the current state of the rural landscape and identify those elements of it that can be the basis for building its identity. This study aims to identify the defining features of traditional Lower Silesian architecture and to locate areas of their concentration within selected priority landscapes of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The Method of Landscape Distinguishing Marks (LDM Method) was used in the analyses. The analyses were conducted as part of a broader landscape audit encompassing 348 rural settlements. The identification of landscape markers focused on elements within cores of villages (CoVs) that are visible from transportation routes, with particular attention given to their form, condition, and distinctive features. The findings enabled the identification of regional landscape identifiers and the characteristic, often unique, attributes of traditional architecture. Based on this, architectural microregions within Lower Silesia’s priority landscapes were delineated. The results provide a foundation for future planning and conservation efforts —not only for preserving historical structures but also for fostering a conscious continuation of the region’s landscape identity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Gubański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Podolska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Potyrała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Rubaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Filipiak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Landscape Architecture
  2. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Spatial Management and Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

The article analyzes the impact of urban greenery on its surroundings. The local scale (street section) study was carried out using 3D spatial data and 3D spatial analysis tools. Based on 2D design data (revitalization of a street section of Chmielna Street in the center of Warsaw), the distribution of new tree plantings in 3D urban space was simulated in a GIS environment. Subsequently, spatial analyses were conducted to assess visibility, sunlight exposure, and shading before and after revitalization. The results made it possible to propose a methodology for assessing the impact of the introduced urban greenery on the shading of the street itself and the accompanying buildings. It allows to demonstrate in detail how the shadowing and shading of building facades change and the significance of the size of planted trees for these parameters. The study takes into account the variability of sunlight availability throughout the year. The applicability of the proposed approach in developing different alternatives for designed changes was also indicated. Analyses for the state before and after revitalization were compared with an alternative version of the street transformation for the case if the planted trees were half the size assumed in the revitalization project analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Rosoł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Fijałkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems
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Abstract

Roadside crosses and shrines are an integral part of the cultural landscape of the rural areas of the south-eastern part of Podlaskie Voivodeship, which are inhabited mostly by communities identifying themselves as Orthodox or Belarusian. The purpose of the article is to carry out an inventory of the crosses and shrines (a total of 201 structures), located in the Czyże municipality, as well as to learn what significance they had in the past and today in the worldview of Orthodox Belarusians. The study includes both material aspects, i.e., location in space, construction, typology, materials used, state of preservation and methods of protection; as well as intangible aspects, such as the current devotional practices of local communities that include these small structures of religious devotion. Quantitative queries carried out in situ, as well as qualitative ones, consisting of interviews conducted with residents of border villages, were used as research methods. Taking into account the fact of successive cultural transformations, including the gradual obliteration of the spiritual layer and secularization of life, the proposed academic perspective will therefore serve to analyse whether, and to what extent, civilization changes have affected the modern Podlaskie countryside. The study also examines to what extent roadside crosses and shrines, and the intergenerational transmission of their memory, have retained the characteristics of immutability, permanence, constancy, and the maintaining of cultural identity in these villages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Sulima
1
Zuzanna Maria Dąbkowska
2
Naomi Marcelina Filipowicz
2

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Housing Architecture and Urban Planning
  2. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

The theory of landscape urbanism currently shapes global trends in urban space planning and design. It is characterized by a multi-layered and flexible approach to analysing the transforming landscape while considering its specific character and local identity. This is particularly evident in the four themes of landscape urbanism theory, as proposed by James Corner. In the context of landscape urbanism themes, an attempt was made to abstract such qualities of the urban landscape that build its character. Reference has been made to ‘fundamental qualities’. Understood ontologically, they are relatively general, constant and objective properties of an object, primary in relation to its other features. Fundamental qualities constitute the character of an object in a necessary and recognisable way. Considering the landscape as a set of elements, that we can perceive, understand and analyse on different levels, four fundamental qualities of the elements of such a set have been diagnosed: quantity, size, diversity and coherence. Assuming that the landscape is a multi-layered construct, these qualities could be identified and examined separately and in parallel in each of the landscape layers. Within each layer, the basic qualities can be further specified as determinants of landscape character. The proposed concept provides an opportunity to diagnose the sources of the complex character of the urban landscape and to make parallels between the analysed layers of the landscape, as exemplified by the cultural dimension of the landscape. It was also referred to James Corner’s themes. The concept opens the field for further classifications, evaluations and verifications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eliza Sochacka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

The recreation of orangery plant collections is one of the most challenging tasks in historic garden conservation, and requires extensive knowledge and familiarity with traditional craftsmanship. The projects that have been carried out across Europe in recent decades represent a previously unmeasured source of good practice. This paper aims to present the results of the first cross-sectional study on the experiences and needs of professionals in this field.

Data was collected using a questionnaire available in 8 languages and containing 13 questions. An online survey (CAWI) was conducted in 2023 among sites with collections of orangery plants grown in containers and stored over winter in orangeries or greenhouses. The questionnaire was completed by representatives of 47 institutions and historic gardens from 13 European countries.

The results of the study allowed for a general characterisation of the plant collection and the identification of the most common methods for recreating. The first group identified, among others, the estimated size of the collection, the number of plant species and their most common types. The style or historical era represented and the types of containers were also to be examined. The second group of questions identified the sources of knowledge on the collection elements.

The results showed the importance of gardening craft and the most important areas of traditional knowledge and skills needed to recreate orangery plant collections. They will serve as a starting point for further in-depth research and the formulation of recommendations to support professionals in the conservation process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Kuśmierski
1
Katarzyna Hodor
2

  1. Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Chair of Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

This paper defines the style of the contemporary garden in Étretat based on an assessment of the similarities and differences between this garden and other historical and contemporary gardens.
The case study method was used in the research. In the second stage of the research, a comparative method with elements of quality assessment based on an ordinal scale was used to determine the style of the garden in Étretat based on a comparison with nine selected garden styles. The comparison of the characteristics of the gardens studied was summarised in a table and then in a descriptive summary of the similarities and differences between the garden in Étretat and the gardens compared.
Les Jardins d’Étretat is an example of contemporary garden art that refers to the past but reinterprets classic garden styles in an artistic, modern way. The analytical material for comparing styles was a list of the basic features of gardens in historical styles: Italian, French, English, and in contemporary styles: surrealist, neo-futurist, Japanese strolling, minimalist, festival and Postmodern.
Research indicates that in the case of historical gardens, there are overarching principles of order, composition and development that form the basis for subsequent projects. In contrast, these rigid compositional rules no longer apply in the garden in Étretat. The garden in Étretat draws on both historical and contemporary gardens.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Piotr Szumigała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karolina Olenia Szumigała
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Landscape Architecture
  2. Poznań University of Life Sciences, Studio of Civil Engineering, Engineering Structures and Architecture
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Abstract

This paper analyses selected memorial projects dedicated to Jewish culture in Poland and abroad. The aim of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of ten selected memorial sites, to identify the universal elements that enable memory gardens to function as places of contemplation and historical education, and to explore the formal and spatial relationship between greenery and monument structures. This study covered the following sites: the Garden of Exile in Berlin, the Valley of the Communities in Jerusalem, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Babi Yar Memorial Park in Denver, the Holocaust Museum LA Garden in Los Angeles, the Survivors’ Park in Łódź, the Raoul Wallenberg Holocaust Memorial Park in Budapest, the Holocaust Memorial Park in Brooklyn, the Holocaust Memorial Garden in London, and the Giardino dei Giusti in Milan. The research methods include iconographic and symbolic analysis, archival study, and case study methodology. The results reveal recurring motifs of rebirth, the contrast between emptiness and vegetation, and a sequence of movement that leads the viewer from disorientation to catharsis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Wysznacki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering

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