The determination of the content of ecotoxic elements directly in flue gas is important for determining its actual emission from coal combustion. Moreover, in the BAT for large combustion plants conclusions adopted in 2017, apart from tightening of pollutants emission standards, i.e. SO 2, NO x and dusts, and setting emission limits, among others, for mercury, the monitoring of the actual emission of toxic elements has been established with the use of specific analytical methods. The review and comparison of available methods of analyzing the content of elements in flue gases in accordance with American and European standards has been presented in the article. Moreover, the factors influencing the quality of the obtained measurement results were identified.
Various experiences related to research work, including the less successful ones, are all part of the research process. Awareness of their existence allows to draw conclusions from one’s mistakes and a more responsibly design of a research. This article aims to understand the traps a researcher, exploring intellectual disability, may fall into. As a result of search and reflection, three kinds of traps can be listed: resistance — submission, norm — pathology, correctness — negligence.
The European Commission Green Paper, among other documents, describes the ongoing integration of the EU maritime policy with respect to financing and finance management. Both the Programme to support the further development of an Integrated Maritime Policy and the European Fisheries Fund are to remain operative until at least the end of 2013. The Commission, however, has proposed to merge those instruments into European Maritime and Fisheries Fund. The article provides description of the integration process and allows for an assessment of its progress.
The paper analyzes the impact of potential changes in the price relation between domestic and imported coal and its influence on the volume of coal imported to Poland. The study is carried out with the application of a computable model of the Polish energy system. The model reflects fundamental relations between coal suppliers (domestic coal mines, importers) and key coal consumers (power plants, combined heat and power plants, heat plants, industrial power plants). The model is run under thirteen scenarios, differentiated by the ratio of the imported coal price versus the domestic coal price for 2020–2030. The results of the scenario in which the prices of imported and domestic coal, expressed in PLN/GJ, are equal, indicate that the volume of supplies of imported coal is in the range of 8.3–11.5 million Mg (depending on the year). In the case of an increase in prices of imported coal with respect to the domestic one, supplies of imported coal are at the level of 0.4–4.1 million Mg (depending on the year). With a decrease in the price of imported coal, there is a gradual increase in the supply of coal imports. For the scenario in which a 30% lower imported coal price is assumed, the level of imported coal almost doubles (180%), while the supply from domestic mines is reduced by around 28%, when compared to the levels observed in the reference scenario. The obtained results also allow for the development of an analysis of the range of coal imports depending on domestic versus imported coal price relations in the form of cartograms.
Artykuł prezentuje projekt badawczy oparty na procesie zbierania danych przy wykorzystaniu metody pamiętnikarskiej oraz indywidualnego studium przypadku. Projekt był skoncentrowany na eksploracji doświadczeń bezrobocia we współczesnej Polsce. Autorzy wskazują tradycje badań pamiętnikarskich w Polsce oraz podstawowe założenia konkursu i badań z lat 2017–2018. Autorzy dokonują przeglądu współczesnych badań nad problematyką bezrobocia i na tle dominujących perspektyw oraz ich ustaleń zarysowują nowy wymiar kwestii społecznej bezrobocia. Sięgając do treści pamiętników portretują wyłączenia z rynku pracy z powodu naruszeń godności pamiętnikarzy i niezgody na podejmowanie pracy poniżej kwalifikacji. Autorzy pamiętników powszechnie wskazują na doświadczaną w przeszłości eksploatację w miejscu pracy i jednoczesne aspirowanie do podejmowania pracy na miarę potrzeb, potencjału i przypisywanych sobie kompetencji. Autorzy wskazują szereg wymiarów doświadczeń bezrobocia przez młodych, wykształconych Polaków, odwołując się w tym względzie do „jakości” dostępnej pracy, doświadczeń w poszukiwaniu pracy, kontaktów z administracją pracy, problemów w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego czy kryzysów w relacjach.
The physical phenomena occurring in sound-absorbing and insulating enclosures are subject of the present paper. These phenomena are: absorption in air and by the sound-absorbing material covering the walls and the coincidence effect. The absorption in the air can be neglected in small size enclosures for low ultrasonic frequencies (20-30 kHz). The coincidence plays a role in decrease of the sound insulation, however the main role play the leaks. The boards made of ceramic fibers have been chosen as the optimal sound-absorbing material. They are dense and have deeply porous structures. The enclosure for insulation of 20-kHz noise produced by a welding machine has been designed and manufactured, and reductions of 25 dB of peak and Leq levels have been achieved.
A practical method with high accuracy in generation and application of error values for calibration of current transformer test sets is described. A PC-controlled three-phase power source with a standard wattmeter is used for generating the nominal and error test currents while an electronically compensated current comparator is used to provide summation and subtraction of them, precisely. With this method, any ratio error and phase displacement values could be generated automatically and nominal and test currents could be grounded on the test set safely. Because of its high accurate ratio and phase error generating capability, any type of test set regardless of its operating principles could be calibrated.
Etyka cnót jest obecnie jedną z najważniejszych koncepcji etycznych. Jej głównym założeniem jest przekonanie, że dobre moralnie działanie może zagwarantować właściwie ukształtowany charakter moralnego sprawcy, na który składają się cnoty etyczne. W szczytowym momencie rozwoju etyka cnót została ostro skrytykowana przez sytuacjonistów – etyków zainspirowanych badaniami przeprowadzonymi w obrębie współczesnej psychologii społecznej (J.M. Doris, G. Harman, M.W. Merritt, P.B.M. Vranas). Jednym z efektów tej dyskusji jest powstanie deflacyjnych koncepcji cnoty, zarówno na gruncie sytuacjonizmu, jak i w obrębie samej etyki cnót. W moim artykule omawiam dwa deflacyjne ujęcia cnoty etycznej – jedno sformułowane przez sytuacjonistów i drugie przez etyka cnót – Roberta Adamsa, które sytuacjoniści uznali za pokrewne ich propozycji. Dokonuję krytyki porównawczej obu podejśći pokazuję ich trudności.
ARGUMENTUM
In Gedaniensi Theatro Litoris spectari possunt Euripidis Troades a Ioanne Klata directae. Qui director omnia fecit, ut spectatoris rerum novarum cupidi benivolentiam captaret, sensumque Troadum oblitteravit multas scaenas delendo et pro eis locos ex aliis tragoediis Euripideis sumptos inducendo. Digna laude videtur sola Dorothea Kolak, quae optime Hecubae partes agat.
Integrated gasification combined cycle systems (IGCC) are becoming more popular because of the characteristics, by which they are characterized, including low pollutants emissions, relatively high efficiency of electricity production and the ability to integrate the installation of carbon capture and storage (CCS). Currently, the most frequently used CO2 capture technology in IGCC systems is based on the absorption process. This method causes a significant increase of the internal load and decreases the efficiency of the entire system. It is therefore necessary to look for new methods of carbon dioxide capture. The authors of the present paper propose the use of membrane separation. The paper reviews available membranes for use in IGCC systems, indicates, inter alia, possible places of their implementation in the system and the required operation parameters. Attention is drawn to the most important parameters of membranes (among other selectivity and permeability) influencing the cost and performance of the whole installation. Numerical model of a membrane was used, among others, to analyze the influence of the basic parameters of the selected membranes on the purity and recovery ratio of the obtained permeate, as well as to determine the energetic cost of the use of membranes for the CO2 separation in IGCC systems. The calculations were made within the environment of the commercial package Aspen Plus. For the calculations both, membranes selective for carbon dioxide and membranes selective for hydrogen were used. Properly selected pressure before and after membrane module allowed for minimization of energy input on CCS installation assuring high purity and recovery ratio of separated gas.
In the paper an algorithm and computer code for the identification of the hysteresis parameters of the Jiles-Atherton model have been presented. For the identification the particle swarm optimization method (PSO) has been applied. In the optimization procedure five design variables has been assumed. The computer code has been elaborated using Delphi environment. Three types of material have been examined. The results of optimization have been compared to experimental ones. Selected results of the calculation for different material are presented and discussed. A novel vector operated one-cycle control matrix rectifier (OCC-MR) is proposed in this paper. Matrix rectifier (MR) is a generalized buck three-phase AC-DC converter with four-quadrant operation capability. MR can also be the front-stage circuit of AC-DC-AC equivalent structure of MC. One-cycle control (OCC) is a nonlinear control technique, which integrates modulation algorithm and control strategy. By applying OCC to current control loop, the OCC-MR achieves balance only in a switching cycle,and realizes unitary input power factor. Furthermore, vector operation of OCC results In minimum switching losses. In order to make up for the insufficiency of OCC on load disturbance suppression, a PID controller is added onto output voltage control to improve load regulation. The OCC-MR features great simplicity, fast dynamic response and good immunity on input disturbance. On the basis of theoretical analysis, a systematic simulation of OCC-MR is implemented by means of Matlab/Simulink. Both static state performance and dynamic state performance of OCC-MR are discussed deeply. The simulation results have proved theoretical analysis of the vector operation of OCC-MR, and the control effects are satisfactory.
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